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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 71(1)dic. 2023.
Article in Spanish | SaludCR, LILACS | ID: biblio-1514955

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las hormigas cumplen funciones ecológicas importantes en muchos ecosistemas, y son altamente sensibles a los cambios en el uso del suelo. Sin embargo, la respuesta ante estos cambios está poco documentada, a grandes escalas espaciales y en distintos usos de suelo, en ecosistemas poco estudiados como la Serranía del Perijá. Objetivo: Analizar la riqueza, diversidad y composición de las comunidades de hormigas en cuatro usos de suelo de dos paisajes agroforestales de la Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia. Métodos: En dos paisajes agroforestales (compensación y no compensación) se delimitaron dos ventanas de muestreo de 4 × 4 km. Dentro de cada ventana y paisaje se escogieron cuatro usos de suelo: bosques, sistemas agroforestales de café, regeneración natural y pastizales, en los cuales se aplicaron dos métodos de captura: trampas Pitfall y sacos Winkler. Se midieron seis variables ambientales: cobertura de dosel, altura de la hojarasca, densidad aparente, temperatura, humedad y dureza del suelo. El esfuerzo de muestreo fueron 384 trampas Pitfall y 192 m2 de extracción de hojarasca. El trabajo de campo se realizó entre febrero y marzo de 2021. Resultados: Las hormigas mostraron alta sensibilidad a los cambios en el uso del suelo. La diversidad y riqueza de especies disminuyó en los usos de suelo con menor cobertura vegetal natural, como los pastizales; mientras que los bosques, en ambos paisajes, conservaron la mayor riqueza de especies. La cobertura de dosel y la disponibilidad de hojarasca fueron los parámetros ambientales que favorecieron la diversidad y riqueza de las comunidades de hormigas en todos los usos de suelo. No se encontraron diferencias entre la composición de hormigas de los dos paisajes estudiados. Conclusiones: Las hormigas responden a los cambios de uso de suelo y en particular a la cobertura vegetal. Se confirmó nuestra hipótesis puesto que los usos de suelo con alta cobertura vegetal fueron los hábitats con mayor riqueza y diversidad de hormigas. La heterogeneidad ambiental, producto de la dinámica de transformación de los paisajes es un elemento que debe considerarse en futuras investigaciones.


Introduction: Ants fulfill important ecological functions in many ecosystems and are highly sensitive to changes in land use. However, the response to these changes is poorly documented, at large spatial scales and in different land uses, in poorly studied ecosystems such as the Serranía del Perijá. Objective: To analyze the richness, diversity, and composition of ant communities in four land uses of two agroforestry landscapes of the Serranía del Perijá, Cesar, Colombia. Methods: Two sampling windows of 4 × 4 km were delimited in two agroforestry landscapes (compensation and non-compensation). In each window and landscape four land uses were chosen: forests, coffee agroforestry systems, natural regeneration and pastures, in which two trapping methods were applied: Pitfall traps and Winkler bags. Six environmental variables were measured: canopy cover, leaf litter height, bulk density, temperature, humidity and soil hardness. The sampling effort was 384 Pitfall traps and 192 m2 of leaf litter extraction. The fieldwork was conducted between February and March 2021. Results: Ants showed high sensitivity to changes in land use. Species diversity and richness decreased in land uses with less natural vegetation cover, such as pastures; while forests, in both landscapes, retained the highest species richness. Canopy cover and leaf litter availability were the environmental parameters that favored the diversity and richness of ant communities in all land uses. No differences were found between the ant composition of the two landscapes studied. Conclusions: Ants respond to changes in land use, particularly to vegetation cover. Our hypothesis was confirmed since land uses with high vegetation cover were the habitats with the greatest richness and diversity of ants. Environmental heterogeneity, a product of the dynamics of landscape transformation, is an element that should be considered in future research.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ants/classification , Colombia
2.
CienciaUAT ; 18(1): 6-24, jul.-dic. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1513968

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) del centro de Veracruz, México, representa un paisaje alterado por actividades antrópicas, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial evolutivo y adaptativo de las aves refugiadas en el sitio, las cuales se enfrentan a un paisaje con un gradiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de aves en fragmentos de BMM y vegetación secundaria (VS), en el predio Finca La Pastoría, Huatusco, Veracruz, así como, asociar su presencia y/o alimentación a cada hábitat evaluado. Se identificaron las especies y número de individuos en 14 sitios de observación de aves, con el método de muestreo basado en conteo por puntos con radio fijo de 30 m. Se registraron 100 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias y 15 órdenes. En el BMM se identificaron 916 individuos, correspondientes a 89 especies, y en VS 331 individuos de 54 especies, encontrando diferencias significativas de diversidad de aves entre coberturas de muestreo. Destacan los registros de Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi y Vireo griseus, por ser endémicas. La primera está clasificada en peligro de extinción, mientras que la segunda se encuentra sujeta a protección especial y la tercera amenazada. También se registraron Pionus senilis, especie amenazada; Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis y Amazona albifrons, sujetas a protección especial. Este estudio brinda información sobre cómo la avifauna hace uso diferencial de dos coberturas de vegetación, la cual puede servir para generar estrategias sustentables para el manejo y conservación del bosque.


ABSTRACT The Cloud Forest (CF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, represents a landscape that has been altered by anthropic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the evolutionary and adaptive potential of the birds sheltered in the site, which face a landscape with a heterogeneous gradient. The objective of the study was to describe the diversity of birds in fragments of CF and secondary vegetation (VS), in the property "Finca La Pastoría", Huatusco, Veracruz. The species and number of individuals in 14 bird watching sites were identified, with the sampling method based on counting points with a fixed radius of 30 m. 100 species from 33 families and 15 orders were recorded. In the CF, 916 individuals were identified, corresponding to 89 species, and in VS 331 individuals of 54 species, finding significant differences in bird diversity between sampling coverages. The records of Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi and Vireo griseus stand out for being endemic and classified as endangered and threatened, respectively. Furthermore, Pionus senilis, a threatened species, as well as Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis and Amazona albifrons, subject to special protection, were also recorded. This study provides information on how the birds make differential use of two vegetation covers, which can be used to generate sustainable strategies for forest management and conservation.

3.
Acta biol. colomb ; 24(1): 97-108, ene.-abr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-989042

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Los bosques tropicales son importantes a nivel mundial por su biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen, son claves en el ciclo global del agua. Los cambios y presiones de origen antrópico que afectan a los bosques tropicales inciden en el papel fundamental de estos en la provisión de agua. En este trabajo se evalúa la relación de las coberturas vegetales presentes en el Bosque altoandino de la Reserva Forestal Protectora "El Malmo" con la calidad y cantidad de interceptación y escorrentía; la zona de vida analizada comprende cuatro tipos de coberturas: bosque denso altoandino, vegetación secundaria baja, plantación de latifoliadas y mosaico de pastos con espacios naturales. Se instalaron ocho montajes (dos por cobertura) compuestos cada uno de una parcela de escorrentía y un medidor de precipitación bajo el dosel; el levantamiento de datos se efectúo cada ocho días durante 24 semanas. Los resultados indican que la interceptación de la precipitación no difiere en cada cubierta, mientras que si se ve afectada la escorrentía superficial y su calidad respecto a sedimentos, cambios que obedecen fuertemente a las diferencias en las condiciones físicas del suelo. La cobertura que permite las mejores dimensiones de calidad y cantidad de agua es el bosque denso altoandino. La influencia de la intervención antrópica en el área y la presencia de invasoras afectan negativamente estas variables. Este trabajo aporta conocimiento sobre el comportamiento hidrológico de la Reserva, para su uso en la gestión forestal. Así mismo, genera información, hasta el momento inexistente, sobre la relación interceptación/escorrentía en bosques de la región Cundiboyacense, convirtiéndose en punto inicial de comparación para nuevas investigaciones en ecosistemas altoandinos.


ABSTRACT Tropical forests are important globally for their biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide are key to the global water cycle. The changes and pressures of anthropic origin that affect tropical forests affect the fundamental role of these in the provision of water. In this work the relationship between the vegetation cover in the High Andean Forest of the Protective Forest Reserve "El Malmo" with the quality and quantity of interception and runoff is evaluated; the life zone analyzed includes four types of cover: dense high Andean forest, low secondary vegetation, broadleaf planting and mosaic of pastures with natural spaces. Eight assemblies were installed (two per cover) each composed of a runoff plot and a pluviometer under the canopy; the data was collected every eight days for 24 weeks. The results indicate that the interception of precipitation does not differ in each cover, whereas if surface runoff and its quality with respect to sediments are affected, changes that are strongly related to differences in soil physical conditions. The coverage that allows the best dimensions of quality and quantity of water is the high Andean dense forest. The influence of anthropic intervention on the area and the presence of invasive species adversely affect these variables. This work provides knowledge about the hydrological behavior ofthe Reserve, for its use in forest management. Also, it generates information, until the moment nonexistent, on the interception / runoff relationship in forests of the Cundiboyacense region, becoming an initial point of comparison for new research in High Andean ecosystems.

4.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 17(1): e180099, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-984766

ABSTRACT

The expansion of the Amazonian agricultural frontier represents the most extensive land cover change in the world, detrimentally affecting stream ecosystems which collectively harbor the greatest diversity of freshwater fish on the planet. Our goal was to test the hypotheses that deforestation affects the abundance, richness, and taxonomic structure of headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, in Southeastern Amazonia. Standardized sampling surveys in replicated first order streams demonstrated that deforestation strongly influences fish assemblage structure. Deforested stream reaches had twice the fish abundance than reference stream reaches in primary forests. These differences in assemblage structure were largely driven by increases in the abundance of a handful of species, as no influence of deforestation on species richness was observed. Stream canopy cover was the strongest predictor of assemblage structure, possibly by a combination of direct and indirect effects on the provision of forest detritus, food resources, channel morphology, and micro-climate regulation. Given the dynamic nature of change in land cover and use in the region, this article is an important contribution to the understanding of the effects of deforestation on Amazonian stream fish, and their conservation.(AU)


A expansão da fronteira agrícola amazônica representa a mais ampla mudança na cobertura e uso da terra no mundo contemporâneo, e ameaça a integridade de ecossistemas de riachos que abrigam a maior diversidade de peixes de água doce do planeta. Nosso objetivo foi testar as hipóteses de que o desmatamento afeta a abundância, a riqueza e a estrutura taxonômica de assembleias de peixes em riachos de cabeceira na bacia do alto rio Xingu, no sudeste da Amazônia. Por meio de amostragens padronizadas realizadas em riachos de primeira ordem, demonstramos que o desmatamento influencia fortemente a estrutura das assembleias de peixes. Riachos em áreas desmatadas tiveram o dobro da abundância de peixes que riachos em áreas florestadas. Essas diferenças na estrutura das assembleias foram em grande parte causadas pelo aumento na abundância de algumas poucas espécies, já que nenhuma influência do desmatamento na riqueza de espécies foi observada. A cobertura de dossel sobre os riachos foi o mais forte preditor da estrutura das assembleias, possivelmente por uma combinação de efeitos diretos e indiretos relacionados à provisão de detritos florestais, recursos alimentares, morfologia dos canais, e regulação micro-climática. Dada a natureza dinâmica da mudança na cobertura e uso da terra na região, este artigo é uma contribuição importante para a compreensão dos efeitos a longo prazo do desmatamento nos peixes de riachos amazônicos e, portanto, para sua conservação.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Conservation of Natural Resources/trends , Biodiversity , Rivers , Plant Dispersal , Fishes/classification
5.
Univ. sci ; 22(1): 9-29, Jan.-Apr. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-904703

ABSTRACT

Abstract Between the second semester of 2009 and the first semester of 2011, camera traps were set up in conserved and disturbed habitats in the Otun Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary. From a sampling effort of 2,066 camera-days, 673 photographs of 157 independent events were obtained for eight species of wild mammals and a domestic one. Their activity patterns were mainly nocturnal even for those species reported as diurnal. The impact of human interference and exotic species was evident for two species: Tapiruspinchaque and Cerdocyon thous. The former was observed below its altitudinal range with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. The second was observed in the same habitats where domestic dogs were found, with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. These findings suggest that both species have altered their activity patterns. Actions must be focused on decreasing the interaction of these mammals with humans and domestic dogs.


Resumen La información sobre los mamíferos de mediano y gran tamaño que habitan áreas protegidas en Colombia es cada vez más necesaria para impulsar acciones tendientes a su protección. La identificación completa de estas especies, sus números y sus patrones de actividad son esenciales en programas de monitoreo, especialmente por las relaciones entre estos animales y las dinámicas antropogénicas. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya (Colombia). Entre el segundo semestre de 2009 y el primer semestre de 2011, se colocaron trampas cámara en áreas conservadas y perturbadas del Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya. Con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 2066 días-cámara se obtuvieron 673 fotografías de 157 eventos independientes para 8 especies silvestres y una doméstica. Los patrones de actividad observados fueron principalmente nocturnos, incluso para especies reportadas como diurnas. El impacto de la interferencia humana y de las especies exóticas fue evidente en 2 especies: Tapirus pinchaque y Cerdocyon thous. La primera fue observada por debajo de su rango altitudinal con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. La segunda se observó en los mismos hábitats donde se encontraron los perros domésticos, con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que ambas especies han alterado sus patrones de actividad. Es necesario enfocar acciones en la disminución de la interacción de estos mamíferos con los humanos y con perros domésticos.


Resumen Entre o segundo semestre de 2009 e o primeiro semestre de 2011, câmeras foram armadas em habitats conservados e perturbados no Santuário de Flora e Fauna Otún Quimbaya. A partir de uma amostragem de 2066 dias de instalação da câmera, foram obtidas 673 fotografias de 157 eventos independentes para oito espécies de mamíferos selvagens e uma espécie doméstica. Os padrões de atividade observados eram principalmente noturnos, inclusive para espécies reportadas como diurnas. O impacto da interferência humana e de espécies exóticas foi observado para duas espécies: Tapirus pinchaque e Cerdocyon thous. A primeira foi observada abaixo de seu intervalo de altitude com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. A segunda espécie foi observada nos mesmos habitats em que espécies de cachorros domésticos foram observados, com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. Estes resultados sugerem que ambas as espécies alteraram seus comportamentos padrão. Ações devem ser focalizadas para reduzir a interação de estes mamíferos com os humanos e cães domésticos.


Subject(s)
Protected Areas , Mammals/classification , Colombia
6.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 19(2): 146-155, Mar-Apr/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-746519

ABSTRACT

Urban heat islands are characterized by high land surface temperature, low humidity, and poor vegetation, and considered to favor the transmission of the mosquito-borne dengue fever that is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. We analyzed the recorded dengue incidence in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, in 2010-2011, in terms of multiple environmental and socioeconomic variables. Geographical information systems, thermal remote sensing images, and census data were used to classify city areas according to land surface temper- ature, vegetation cover, population density, socioeconomic status, and housing standards. Of the 7415 dengue cases, a majority (93.1%) mapped to areas with land surface temperature >28 ◦ C. The dengue incidence rate (cases per 100,000 inhabitants) was low (3.2 cases) in high vegetation cover areas, but high (72.3 cases) in low vegetation cover areas where the land surface temperature was 29 ± 2 ◦ C. Interestingly, a multiple cluster analysis phenogram showed more dengue cases clustered in areas of land surface temperature >32 ◦ C, than in areas characterized as low socioeconomic zones, high population density areas, or slum-like areas. In laboratory experiments, A. aegypti mosquito larval development, blood feeding, and oviposition associated positively with temperatures of 28-32 ◦ C, indicating these temperatures to be favorable for dengue transmission. Thus, among all the variables studied, dengue incidence was most affected by the temperature.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Aedes/physiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Hot Temperature , Insect Vectors/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cluster Analysis , Cities/epidemiology , Dengue/transmission , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Geographic Information Systems , Incidence , Oviposition/physiology , Remote Sensing Technology , Seasons , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population
7.
Rev. biol. trop ; 62(supl.1): 257-264, feb. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: lil-753737

ABSTRACT

Diversity of Psocoptera (Insecta: Psocodea) at the National Natural Park Gorgona (Pacific Ocean, Colombia). Psocopterans are insects that have been recorded from all zoogeographic regions but have more species in the tropics. We studied their diversity of in four habitats (Beaches, Village, Trails and Arboreal strata) at the Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia, from samples collected during November 2009 and October 2010. We added the arboreal Psocoptera collected by canopy fogging in November 2007. The specimens collected were identified to genus and/or to species or morphospecies level. Comparisons were made of the richness and diversity among sites. Although there was no significant difference in the diversity estimated by the Shannon-Wiener index, high species richness and abundance were recorded for the Beaches and Village habitats. The psocid community of Gorgona occurs mainly where vegetation cover is low. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 257-264. Epub 2014 February 01.


El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer la diversidad de Psocoptera en cuatro hábitats (Playas, Poblado, Senderos y Estratos arbóreos) del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Colombia. Se realizaron dos campañas de recolecta durante los meses de noviembre de 2009 y octubre de 2010, con un total de 30 horas/hombre. Se revisó además el material de artrópodos arbóreos del muestreo realizado en el parque en noviembre de 2007, depositado en el Museo de Entomología de la Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV). Los especímenes recolectados en los cuatro sitios, se identificaron como mínimo a nivel de género, y posteriormente se cuantificaron para comparar la riqueza específica y diversidad entre los sitios. Aunque no hubo diferencia significativa en la diversidad estimada por el índice de Shannon-Wiener, se registró una alta riqueza de especies y abundancia para los hábitats “Playas” y “Poblado”. Se observó una tendencia de los Psocoptera del PNN Gorgona a ocupar espacios donde la cubierta vegetal es baja.


Subject(s)
Insecta/classification , Phthiraptera , Anoplura , Colombia
8.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 80(1): 117-123, jan.-mar.2013. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1462201

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência de plantas invasoras na abundância de himenópteros parasitoides associados a uma cultura de coqueiro anão verde, no Município de Linhares, ES. Para a captura dos insetos foram utilizadas armadilhas tipo Mõericke, de cor amarela, em duas áreas, uma mantida roçada e outra com a presença de plantas invasoras. Em cada área foram instaladas seis armadilhas ao nível do solo, distanciadas entre si por 22,5 m. As amostragens, semanais, foram realizadas entre março de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009. Foram coletados 19.861 himenópteros parasitoides dos quais 70,8% ocorreram na área com plantas invasoras e 29,2% na roçada. As famílias mais frequentemente coletadas foram Diapriidae, Scelionidae, Ceraphronidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae e Ichneumonidae; as demais famílias apresentaram frequencias relativas inferiores a 3%. As plantas invasoras presentes na área foram Ageratum conyzoides L., Bidens pilosa L., Emilia sanchifolia (L.) DC., Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae), Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae), Ipomoea sp. (Convolvulaceae), Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae), Cassia hirsuta L., Desmodium barbatum (L.), Indigofera hirsuta L. (Fabaceae), Sida sp. (Malvaceae), Borreria verticillata (L.) (Rubiaceae), Lantana camara L. e Stachytarphetta cayenensis (Rich.) M. Vahl (Verbenaceae); para algumas delas há relatos na literatura como fornecedoras de recursos alimentares e suplementares para a sobrevivência de himenópteros parasitoides.


Influence of the vegetation cover on the abundace of parasitoids hymenoptera (Insecta, hymenoptera) collected in a cover coconut palm, in Linhares, ES, Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of vegetation cover on the abundance of Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with a cover coconut palm, in Linhares, ES, Brazil. Yellow Mõericke traps were used to capture the insects in two areas, one kept clear and the other with the presence of vegetation cover. In each area six traps were installed at ground level, spaced 22.5 m apart. The samples were collected weekly between March 2008 and February 2009. We collected 19.861 parasitoids of which 70.8% occurred in the area with vegetation cover and 29.2% in the clear area. The families collected most frequently were Diapriidae, Scelionidae, Ceraphronidae, Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Encyrtidae and Ichneumonidae, and the remaining families had relative frequencies of less than 3%. Invasive plants in the area were Ageratum conyzoides L., Bidens pilosa L., Emilia sanchifolia (L.) DC., Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae), Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae), Ipomoea sp. (Convolvulaceae), Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae), Cassia hirsuta L., Desmodium barbatum (L.), Indigofera hirsuta L. (Fabaceae), Sida sp. (Malvaceae), Borreria verticillata (L.) (Rubiaceae), Lantana camara L. and Stachytarphetta cayenensis (Rich.) M. Vahl (Verbenaceae), some of which have been described in the literature as providing food and additional resources for the survival of Hymenopteran parasitoids.


Subject(s)
Introduced Species , Insecta/classification , Plants/classification , Hymenoptera
9.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 107(3): 396-401, May 2012. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-624022

ABSTRACT

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Ecosystem , Insect Vectors/physiology , Psychodidae/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/transmission , Endemic Diseases , Geographic Information Systems , Housing , Insect Vectors/classification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Psychodidae/classification , Risk Factors , Seasons , Urban Population
10.
Univ. sci ; 16(2): 119-139, 2011. mapas, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-619182

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre estructura y dieta de la comunidad íctica y la cobertura vegetal riparia (CVR) en dos períodos hidrológicos (PEHI) en riachos de la cuenca del río La Vieja. Materiales y métodos. Las colectas fueron realizadas con electropesca y rapiché en marzo y mayo de 2010. La eficiencia del esfuerzo muestral fue evaluada con el estimador Chao2. La estructura fue analizada mediante los índices: riqueza, dominancia, diversidad y equidad, siendo comparados a través de un ANOVA. Los contenidos gastrointestinales se analizaron usando los índices: coeficiente de vacuidad, frecuencia de ocurrencia, volumétrico e importancia alimentaria. Para analizar la relación entre dieta, PEHI y CVR se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación múltiple (r), el coeficiente de determinación (r2) y un Análisis de Correspondencias Canónicas (ACC). Resultados. Según el estimador Chao2, en la mayoría de los riachos los valores de riqueza íctica en estos ambientes son representativos. No existen diferencias significativas (P>0,05) entre las variables estructurales, el PEHI y las CVR. Según el r y el r2, la dieta de la mayoría de las especies no varió en función de la CVR y el PEHI. Sin embargo, según el ACC la dieta varió en función del PEHI, pero no en función de la CVR. Conclusiones. La estructura de la comunidad íctica no presentó cambios según la CVR o el PEHI. Aunque la mayoría de especies no cambiaron de dieta, la comunidad sí presenta cambios en esta en función del PEHI, debido al cambio en la composición; no obstante, los cambios de dieta no se detectaron por tipo de CV...


Relationship between fish community and riparian vegetation cover in two hydrological periods (Coffee-growing region, Colombia) Objective. To assess the relationship between structure and diet of the fish community and the riparian vegetation cover (RVC), in two hydrological periods (HYPE) in streams of the La Vieja river basin. Materials and methods. Collections were done with electrofishing and rapiché in March and May 2010. Efficiency of sampling effort was assessed with the estimator Chao2. Structure was analyzed using the indices of richness, dominance, diversity and evenness which were compared with an ANOVA. Gastrointestinal contents were analysed with the indices of vacuity coefficient, frequency, volume and food importance. We examined the relationship among diet, HYPE and RVC using the multiple correlation coefficient (r), the coefficient of determination (r2) and a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results. According to the Chao2 estimator, in most streams the fish species richness values are representative. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the structural variables, the HYPE and the RVC. According to r and r2 the diet of most fish species did not vary as a function of RVC and HYPE; however, according to the CCA diet varies as a function of HYPE but not of RVC. Conclusions. The fish community structure did not show changes according to RVC and HYPE. Although most species showed no changes in their diet, the community did show changes in diet according to HYPE, due to a change in composition; however diet changes were not detected by RVC...


Relação da comunidade de peixes e o tipo de cobertura da vegetação ripária em dois períodos hidrológicos (Eixo Cafeteiro” da Colômbia). Objetivo. Avaliar a relação entre estrutura e dieta da comunidade de peixes e a cobertura da vegetação ripária (CVR) em dois períodos hidrológicos (PEHI), em córregos da bacia do Rio “La Vieja”. Materiais e métodos. As coletas foram realizadas com pesca elétrica e rapiché em março e maio de 2010. A eficiência do esforço amostral foi avaliada com o estimador Chao2. A estrutura foi analisada através dos índices de riqueza, diversidade, dominância e equidade, e comparados pelo teste ANOVA. A dieta foi analisada pelos conteúdos gastrointestinales, utilizando-se os índices: coeficiente de vacuidade, freqüência de ocorrência, volume e importância alimentar. Para examinar a relação entre dieta, PEHI e CVR foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação múltipla (r), o coeficiente de determinação (r2) e Análise de Correspondência Canônica (ACC). Resultados. De acordo com o estimador Chao2 na maioria dos córregos os valores da riqueza de peixes nestes ambientes foram representativos. Não existem diferencias significativas (P>0,05) entre as variáveis estruturais, tipo de CVR e PEHI. Segundo o r e o r2, a dieta da maioria das espécies variou em função da CVR e PEHI. Embora.Analizando a dieta da comunidade e segundo o ACC, a dieta variou em função do PEHI mas não em função da CVR. Conclusões. A estrutura da comunidade de peixes não apresentou mudanças segundo a CVR ou PEHI. Apesar que a maioria de espécies não apresentaram mudanças em sua dieta, a comunidade sim apresenta mudanças em esta em função do PEHI, devido á mudança na composição; embora, as mudanças na dieta não foram detectadas segundo o CVR...


Subject(s)
Aquatic Flora/analysis , Fishes , Colombia
11.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 53(5): 1127-1136, Sept.-Oct. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-564090

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to study the influence of natural vegetation in two subwatersheds of the Tietê-Jacaré Water Resources Management Unit in São Paulo State on the pulse of their rivers. In Jacaré-Pepira Subwatershed, having higher remaining cover index, pulses were more predictable and had lower amplitude in the study period, indicating less perturbation of the water body and higher resilience of the aquatic ecosystem. Jacaré-Pepira River specific mean discharge was higher than the Q5 percent calculated through the Hydrologic Regionalization Method for São Paulo State, whereas Jaú River mean discharge was lower than Q5 percent. The minimum discharge recorded for Jacaré-Pepira River was higher than Q7.10 and equal to Q95 percent, whereas for Jaú River this value was practically equal to Q7,10 and lower than Q95 percent..


Este trabalho discute a influência da cobertura vegetal natural remanescente de duas sub-bacias hidrográficas, localizadas na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Tietê - Jacaré, estado de São Paulo, no pulso dos rios de cada uma delas. A sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Jacaré-Pepira, com maior índice de cobertura remanescente, apresentou pulsos mais previsíveis e de menor amplitude no período estudado, indicando menor perturbação do corpo hídrico e maior resiliência do ecossistema aquático. Constatou-se que a vazão média específica do rio Jacaré-Pepira no período foi maior que a Q5 por cento calculada pelo método de Regionalização Hidrológica do Estado de São Paulo, enquanto que para o rio Jaú a vazão média foi menor que a respectiva Q5 por cento. A vazão mínima registrada no período para o rio Jacaré-Pepira foi maior que a Q7,10 e igual a Q95 por cento. e para o rio Jaú a vazão mínima registrada no período foi praticamente igual a Q7,10 e menor que Q95 por cento.

12.
Interciencia ; 34(2): 100-105, feb. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-630761

ABSTRACT

Mortality patterns were analyzed in a one-year old Nothofagus dombeyi plantation at mid-elevation in the Chilean Andes. Ripley´s univariate function was used to detect spatial patterns of mortality and damage (as reflected in crown dieback) of seedlings by assigning them into four categories: no crown damage, 1/3 of the crown damaged, 2/3 of the crown damaged and dead. Through correspondence analysis, variables (plant attributes, topography, weed competition, neighboring vegetation and fertilization) that could affect mortality were tested. At the end of the first growing season 67% of the seedlings survived, and by the end of the following dormant season only 37% were alive. Mortality patterns were random for seedlings with 1/3 of the crown damaged, and clustered for all other categories. Environmental variables with the greatest influence on mortality were increasing distance to a neighboring 10m tall plantation, absence of tall vegetation cover and convex micro-topography. Results suggest that large temperature oscillations with events of freezing temperatures (defined as the reported lethal temperature for 50% of its leaves) during the growing season, and severe frost during the dormant season, were the main causes of mortality and damage. The convenience of providing seedlings with some shelter when outplanted, or with an appropriate cold-acclimation treatment to resist low freezing temperatures when outplanted in open fields in harsh cold regions of the south-central Andes is discussed.


Se analizaron los patrones de mortandad en una plantación de Nothofagus dombeyi de un año de edad a altura media en los Andes chilenos. La función univariada de Ripley fue utilizada para detectar patrones espaciales de mortalidad y daño de las plantas asumiendo cuatro categorías: sin daño en la copa, 1/3 de copa dañada, 2/3 de copa dañada y muerte. Las variables (atributos de la planta, topografía, competencia de maleza, vegetación vecina y fertilización) fueron probadas por análisis de correspondencia. Al final de la primera estación de crecimiento 67% de las plantas sobrevivieron y al final del siguiente período latente solo 37% sobrevivían. Los patrones de mortalidad fueron aleatorios en plantas con 1/3 de la copa dañada, y agrupados en las otras tres categorías. Las variables ambientales con la mayor influencia en mortalidad fueron: distancia a una plantación vecina de 10m de altura, ausencia de cobertura vegetal alta y microtopografía convexa. Los resultados sugieren que grandes variaciones de temperatura con eventos de congelamiento (definido como la temperatura reportada como letal para 50% de las hojas) en la estación de crecimiento y congelamiento severo en la estación de latencia fueron las causas principales de mortalidad y daño. Se discute la conveniencia de proteger las plantaciones transplantadas o de una aclimatación apropiada para resistir las bajas temperaturas en plantas transplantadas a campo abierto en zonas frías de los Andes chilenos sur-centrales.


Analisaram-se os padrões de mortalidade em uma plantação de Nothofagus dombeyi de um ano de idade a altura média nos Andes chilenos. A função univariada de Ripley foi utilizada para detectar padrões espaciais de mortalidade e dano das plantas assumindo quatro categorias: sem dano na coroa, 1/3 de coroa danificada, 2/3 de coroa danificada e morte. As variáveis (atributos da planta, topografia, competência de maleza, vegetação vizinha e fertilização) foram provadas por análise de correspondência. No final da primeira estação de crescimento 67% das plantas sobreviveram e no final do seguinte período latente somente 37% sobreviviam. Os padrões de mortalidade foram aleatórios em plantas com 1/3 da coroa danificada, e agrupados nas outras três categorias. As variáveis ambientais com a maior influência em mortalidade foram: distância a uma plantação vizinha de 10m de altura, ausência de cobertura vegetal alta e microtopografía convexa. Os resultados sugerem que grandes variações de temperatura com momentos de congelamento (definido como a temperatura relatada como letal para 50% das folhas) na estação de crescimento e, congelamento severo na estação de latência, foram as causas principais de mortalidade e dano. Discute-se a conveniência de proteger as plantações transplantadas ou de uma aclimatação apropriada para resistir as baixas temperaturas em plantas transplantadas a campo aberto em zonas frias dos Andes chilenos sul-centrais.

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