Descriptive Model of Ecological Restoration in Areas Affected by Forest Fires and Invasion of Gorse in Cerros Orientales, Bogotá / Modelo descriptivo de restauración ecológica en zonas afectadas por incendios forestales e invasión de retamo espinoso en los cerros orientales de bogotá

RESUMEN Se presenta la trazabilidad del proceso de recuperación de los Bosques Altoandinos de los Cerros Orientales afectados por incendios forestales y retamo espinoso, por medio de modelos conceptuales. Para ello, se revisó información sobre variables meteorológicas, vegetales, sociales e institucionales, que permitieran caracterizar los disturbios y su influencia sobre este ecosistema. En el primer modelo, se describe la afectación total de los Bosques Altoandinos bajo un escenario de incendio forestal y retamo espinoso, donde el componente de vegetación es el principal combustible para la generación y propagación del fuego; las consecuencias del evento van desde la alteración en la generación de servicios ecosistémicos, hasta los cambios en la sucesión ecológica. En el segundo modelo es el de transición, donde se presentan las acciones que deben incluirse para el restablecimiento del ecosistema. Entre ellas se tienen los procesos de restauración ecológica, como el manejo integral del suelo, la recomposición de coberturas vegetales, el manejo y control de especies exóticas y los acercamientos entre las instituciones ambientales y la comunidad. El tercer modelo, hace referencia a un escenario ideal de un ecosistema restaurado, donde todos los componentes han sido restablecidos, hay una sucesión ecológica apropiada y se genera una apropiación de los Cerros Orientales como generadores de bienes y servicios. Finalmente, se proponen una serie de conclusiones que permitirán la generación de modelos para eventuales procesos de restauración, además de pautas para el manejo de especies exóticas y el abordaje de temas interinstitucionales.

ABSTRACT The traceability of the recovery process of The High Andean Forests of the Cerros Orientales affected by forest fires and gorse, through conceptual models is presented. Do this information on meteorological, vegetation, social and institutional variables were reviewed, which has allowed to characterize the disturbances and their influence on this ecosystem. In the first model, the total affectation of High Andean Forests was described under a scenario of forest fire and gorse, where the vegetation component is the main fuel for the generation and propagation of fire; the consequences of the event come from the alteration in the generation of ecosystem services to the changes in the ecological succession. The second model corresponds to the transition model, where the actions that must be included for the restoration of the ecosystem are presented. Among them, there are the ecological restoration processes; such as the integrated management of the soil, the recomposition of vegetation coverage, the management and control of exotic species and the approaches between environmental institutions and the community. The third model refers to an optimum scenario for a restored ecosystem, where all the components have been restored, there is an appropriate ecological succession and an appropriation of the Cerros Orientales is produced to work as both goods and services generators. Finally, a series of conclusions that will allow coming up with the generation of models for eventual restoration processes are proposed, as well as the guidelines for the management of exotic species and the inter-institutional issues approach.

VARIACIÓN DE COBERTURAS FORESTALES Y OCUPACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO EN EL MUNICIPIO DE ARMENIA 1939-1999 / VARIATION OF FOREST COVERAGE AND OCCUPATION OF THE LAND IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARMENIA 1939-1999

Introducción: Al observar la variación de la cobertura vegetal en un territorio, se puede observar su historia escrita sobre ese paisaje. Objetivo: El presente artículo pretende describir la variación de coberturas vegetales en relación con la dinámica de ocupación y poblamiento de la ciudad de Armenia, desde el año 1939 hasta el año 1999. Método: La serie de aerofotografías del municipio de Armenia existentes en el IGAC, desde 1939 hasta 1999, se georreferenciaron, se construyeron los mosaicos para cada uno de los años, se calcularon las áreas a través de una herramienta SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica) y se determinaron coberturas vegetales y áreas pobladas. Se comparó la variación año a año con la dinámica de ocupación y el poblamiento del territorio. Resultados: El área urbanizada creció de 132,9 ha en 1939, a 1.316,23 ha en 1999. El área en coberturas vegetales creció de 82,52 ha que representaban el 38,32% del área poblada en 1939, hasta 1.048 ha que representaban el 45,35% del perímetro urbano en 1999. Conclusión: El porcentaje de cobertura vegetal aumentó y ahora se considera suelo de protección, lo cual confiere especiales características al paisaje de Armenia, que debe ser protegido y conservado.

Introduction: By observing the variation of the vegetation coverage in an area, it is possible to see its history written on the landscape. Objective: This article aims to describe the variation of vegetation coverage in relation to the dynamics of occupation and settlement of the city of Armenia, from 1939 until 1999. Method: The series of aerial photographs (by Agustin Codazzi Geographical Institute IGAC) of the city of Armenia from 1939 to 1999 were georeferenced and mosaics for each of the years were assembled by calculating the areas through a GIS tool. Vegetation coverage and urban land use were determined. The variation year to year was compared with the dynamics of occupation and settlement of the territory. Results: The urbanized area has increased from 132.9 hectares in 1939 to 1316.23 hectares in 1999. The vegetation coverage area rose from 82,52 hectares which represented 38.32% of the populated area in 1939, to 1,048 hectares, representing 4535% of the city limits in 1999. Conclusion: The percentage of vegetation coverage increased and is now considered protected land which gives special characteristics to the landscape of Armenia that must be protected and conserved.

Vegetation coverage in hydrographic basins in the central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Cobertura vegetal nas bacias hidrográficas na região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

AbstractVegetation coverage can be inappropriately used, especially in the absence of proper planning, and can result in a reduction of the occupied area. Demographic and economic alterations are factors that contribute to the degradation of vegetation coverage in landscape units. In addition, because vegetation is essential for protection of recharge areas in aquifers, the fragmentation of habitats in hydrographic basins causes changes in climate temperature, soil erosion, eutrophication, and siltation of watercourses. This study analyzed the vegetation coverage from the municipality of São Carlos, State of São Paulo (SP) to assess the environmental quality of water resources in the hydrographic basins and sub-basins, in the Guarani Aquifer System. The vegetation coverage was analyzed in three scales: municipality, Hydric Resource Management Units (UGRHIs), and hydrographic sub-basins based on map overlapping from the LAPA/UFSCar Digital Cartographic Collection and visual interpretation of LANDSAT 5, TM sensor, Path 220, row 075 on satellite images. The municipality of São Carlos has vegetation coverage of 31,776.4 hectares, in which 57% is classified as preserved vegetation typology, and 58% is over the Guarani aquifer recharge area. The vegetation coverage with savannas, riparian forests, and mesophyll forests represented 28% of the total studied area and is located over 28.3% of the Guarani aquifer recharge area extension. The Permanent preservation areas (PPAs) represent 21.6% of the total vegetation coverage with 51% of it being vegetated. The municipality has a total of 686 springs (Topographic maps of IBGE, escale 1:50,000) distributed on an average of 60 springs per km2; 40% of these are protected by vegetation.

ResumoAlterações demográficas e econômicas são fatores que contribuem para a degradação da cobertura vegetal em unidades de paisagem. Além disso, a vegetação é essencial para a proteção de áreas de recarga de aquíferos. A fragmentação do habitat provoca mudanças climáticas locais, a erosão dos solos, a eutrofização e assoreamento dos cursos de água. Assim, o conhecimento sobre a hidrologia , flora e fauna de corpos d'água são essenciais para as estratégias conservacionistas. Este estudo analisou a cobertura vegetal do município de São Carlos, Estado de São Paulo (SP) para avaliar a qualidade ambiental dos recursos hídricos nas bacias hidrográficas e sub-bacias hidrográficas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani. A cobertura vegetal foi analisada em três escalas - municipal, Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHIs) e sub-bacias hidrográficas - com base no mapa de sobreposição da Coleção Cartográfica Digital LAPA/UFSCar e na interpretação visual de imagens LANDSAT 5 TM sensor, caminho 220, linha 075 no satélite imagens. O município de São Carlos tem cobertura de vegetação em 31.776,4 hectares, dos quais 57% são classificados como tipologia de vegetação preservada e 58% está sobre a área de afloramento do Aquífero Guarani. A cobertura vegetal, constituída por cerrados, florestas ciliares e florestas mesófilas representou 28% do total da área estudada e cobre 28,3% da extensão da área de recarga do Aquífero Guarani. As áreas de preservação permanentes (APPs) representam 21,6% da cobertura total de vegetação, com 51% de área vegetada. O município tem um total de 686 nascentes (Cartas topográficas do IBGE, escala 1:50.000) distribuídas em uma média de 60 molas por km2, 40% deles estão protegidos por vegetação.