ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: En pacientes críticos ha sido propuesta la medida de los parámetros derivados de las presiones parciales de CO2 como indicadores de una adecuada perfusión y oxigenación tisular. Su utilización en cirugía cardiaca (CC) con circulación extracorpórea (CEC) no está aún dilucidada. Objetivo primario: Determinar la utilidad del ∆pv-aCO2 y del cociente ∆pv-aCO2/C(a-v)O2 como indicadores de gasto cardíaco y metabolismo anaeróbico. Como objetivo secundario: el valor pronóstico de ambos, en pacientes adultos sometidos a CC con CEC. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en: PubMed, EBSCOhost, LILACS, SciELO, CO-CHRANE y en el sitio Web de SCIENCE DIRECT. Fueron seleccionados 12 artículos originales. Resultados: En 7 estudios se analizó el ∆pv-aCO2 y en 2 el cociente ∆pv-aCO2/C(a-v)O2). No existió relación entre estos y el gasto cardíaco, SvO2, SvCO2 y el lactato o esta fue estadísticamente muy débil por lo que su relevancia clínica fue cuestionable. Siete estudios analizaron el valor pronóstico ∆pv-aCO2 y/o el ∆pv-aCO2/C(a-v)O2) en cuanto a complicaciones postoperatorios y/o mortalidad, encontrando resultados contradictorios. Los estudios seleccionados tuvieron un alto riesgo de sesgo por los tipos de estudios y por sus diferencias metodológicas. Conclusión: No existe evidencia suficiente que permita sostener que la ∆pv-aCO2 y/o el ∆pv-aCO2/C(a-v)O2) sean indicadores confiables de gasto cardiaco y/o de perfusión periférica así como de la evolución postoperatoria en pacientes adultos sometidos a CC con CEC. Se requiere una mejor comprensión de los acontecimientos fisiopatológicos que suceden en este tipo de cirugías.
Background: In critical patients, it has been proposed to measure the parameters derived from partial CO2 pressures as indicators of adequate peripheral perfusion and tissue oxygenation. Its use in cardiac surgery (CC) with extracorporeal circulation (CPB) is not yet elucidated. Primary objective: To determine the utility of ∆pv-aCO2 and the quotient ∆pv-aCO2/Ca-v O2 as indicators of cardiac output and anaerobic metabolism. As a secondary objective: to study the prognostic value of both, in adult patients undergoing CC with CPB. Methods: A literature search was carried out on: PubMed, EBSCOhost, LILACS, SciELO, COCHRANE and on the SCIENCE DIRECT website. 12 original articles were selected. Results: 7 studies analyzed the ∆pv-aCO2 and 2 the quotient ∆pv-aCO2/Ca-v O2. There was no relationship between these variables with the cardiac output, SvO2, SvCO2 and lactate or this was statistically very weak, so its clinical relevance was questionable. 7 studies analyzed the prognostic value ∆pv-aCO2 and/or ∆pv-aCO2/Ca-v O2 in terms of postoperative com-plications and/or mortality, finding contradictory results. The selected studies had a high risk of bias due to the types of studies and their methodological differences. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence to support that the ∆pv-aCO2 and/or the ∆pv-aCO2/Ca-v O2 are reliable indicators of cardiac output or tissue oxygenation as well as postoperative evolution in adult patients undergoing CC with CPB. It requires a better understanding of the pathophysiological events that occur in this type of surgery.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Carbon Dioxide/therapeutic use , Cardiac Output , Extracorporeal Circulation , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Anaerobiosis , Postoperative Complications , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Objective To investigate whether mixed venous-arterial carbon dioxide difference (Pv-aCO2) combined with passive leg raising (PLR) could better guide volume management for patients post off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).Methods Eighty patients experienced OPCABG, and admitted to Tianjin Chest Hospital from June 1st to October 1st in 2016 were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups: observation group given Pv-aCO2 combined with PLR directed therapy and control group given central venous pressure (CVP) directed therapy, 40 cases in each group. The difference in body temperature (T), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), CVP, oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), Pv-aCO2, blood lactate (Lac), fluid intake, scores of the vasoactive agents at 6 hours post-operation, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) of 24 hours, mechanical ventilation time, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and hospitalization time were compared. The correlation between Pv-aCO2 and cardiac index (CI), Pv-aCO2 and Lac were analyzed by Spearman analysis in observation group.Results The T, HR, MAP, CVP, PaO2/FiO2, SvO2 and Lac at 6 hours post-operation were higher than those at admission in two groups, and Pv-aCO2 were significantly decreased. The SvO2 and fluid intake in observation group were higher than those in control group [SvO2: 0.671±0.068 vs. 0.634±0.052, fluid intake (mL): 454±151 vs. 304±106, bothP < 0.05], Pv-aCO2, Lac and scores of the vasoactive agents were lower than those in control group [Pv-aCO2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 6.1±1.8 vs. 7.0±1.8, Lac (mmol/L): 1.7±0.5 vs. 2.8±0.6, scores of the vasoactive agents: 3.18±1.01 vs. 4.48±1.50, allP < 0.05], mechanical ventilation time and the length of ICU stay were less than those in the control group (hours: 16.52±6.41 vs. 21.96±9.00, 45.51±9.36 vs. 51.76±13.66, bothP< 0.05). There was no significant difference in SOFA, hospitalization time between the two groups. There was negative correlation with Pv-aCO2 and CI (r = -0.752,P < 0.01), and no correlation with Pv-aCO2 and Lac (r = -0.154,P = 0.171).Conclusion Pv-aCO2 combined with PLR can better guide volume management in the patients post OPCABG, reduce the usage of vasoactive agents and decrease the mechanical ventilation time and the length of ICU stay.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the value of central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference [ P( cv-a) CO2 ] in evaluation of disease severity and prognosis in patients with septic shock.Methods There were 45 consecutive resuscitated septic shock patients from April 2009 to October 2010 included immediately after their admission into our ICU.The patients were divided into low P(cv-a) CO2 group and high P(cv-a) CO2 group according to a threshold of 6 mm Hg ( 1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).All patients were treated by early goal directed therapy (EGDT).The parameters of hemodynamics,lactate clearance rate,the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ ) score,the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA)score,6 h rate of EGDT achievement,the ICU mortality and 28 days in-hospital mortality were recorded for all patients.Results There were 30 patients in the low P(cv-a) CO2 group,and 15 in the high P(cv-a)CO2group.There were no significant differences between low P(cv-a) CO2 and high P(cv-a) CO2 patients in age,APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score (all P ＞ 0.05 ).Compared with the high P(cv-a)CO2 group,the low P(cv-a) CO2 group had higher cardiac index ( CI ) and 24 h CI,higher delivery O2 ( DO2 ) and 24 h DO2,higher central venous oxygen saturation ( ScvO2 ) [ (74 ± 9) ％ vs (67 ± 8) ％ ],lower lactate [ ( 3.4 ± 2.1 )mmol/L vs (5.7 ± 4.5 ) mmol/L] and higher △SOFA score [ (0.7 ± 1.8 ) vs ( - 0.4 ± 1.1 ) ],lower 24 h SOFA score [ (7.8 ± 2.0) vs (9.8 ± 2.0 ) ],higher 6 h rate of EGDT achievement ( 83.3％ vs 53.3 ％ )(P ＜ 0.05 ),however,there were no differences in 28 days mortality and ICU mortality between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion P(cv-a) CO2 might be an indicator for predicting the severity of patients with septic shock and evaluating tissue perfusion.