A Longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Working Memory in Patients Following a Transient Ischemic Attack: A Preliminary Study / 神经科学通报·英文版

In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate longitudinal changes in brain activation during a verbal working memory (VWM) task performed by patients who had experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Twenty-five first-ever TIA patients without visible lesions in conventional MRI and 25 healthy volunteers were enrolled. VWM task-related fMRI was conducted 1 week and 3 months post-TIA. The brain activity evoked by the task and changes over time were assessed. We found that, compared with controls, patients exhibited an increased activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and cerebellum during the task performed 1 week post-TIA. But only the right IFG still exhibited an increased activation at 3 months post-TIA. A direct comparison of fMRI data between 1 week and 3 months post-TIA showed greater activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, right DLPFC, IPL, cerebellum, and left IFG in patients at 1 week post-TIA. We conclude that brain activity patterns induced by a VWM task remain dynamic for a period of time after a TIA, despite the cessation of clinical symptoms. Normalization of the VWM activation pattern may be progressively achieved after transient episodes of ischemia in TIA patients.

Deficits in Verbal Working Memory among College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Traits: An Event-related Potential Study

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated verbal working memory in college students with traits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using event-related potentials and the 2-back task. METHODS: Based on scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale and Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale, participants were assigned to the normal control (n=28) or ADHD-trait (n=29) group. The 2-back task, which was administered to evaluate working memory, consists of a congruent condition, under which the current stimulus is the same as the one presented two trials earlier, and an incongruent condition, under which the current stimulus is not the same as the one presented two trials earlier. The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used as stimuli. RESULTS: On the 2-back task, the ADHD-trait group committed significantly more errors in response to congruent stimuli and showed a smaller P300 amplitude than did the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that college students with ADHD traits have deficits in verbal working memory, possibly due to difficulties in memory updating or attentional allocation.

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the verbal working memory of amnesic patients with mild cognitive impairment / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate if anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) of the right cerebellum improves verbal working memory in amnesic persons with mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).Methods Thirty-nine aMCI were randomly divided into an observation and a control group using a random number table.The observation group was given atDCS at 1.2 mA for 20 minutes every day for 5 days,while the control group was provid ed with fake atDCS in the same way.Before and after the treatment,both groups were tested using forward and back ward digit spans,word reading,visually cued sensorimotor tests and finger tapping.Results After the treatment,the forward and backward digit spans of the observation group had improved significantly compared with before the treatment and with the control group's improvements.Significant improvement was observed in the average backward digit span of the control group,but not in their forward digit span after the treatment.No significant differences be tween the two groups were observed in the other measurements before or after the treatment.Conclusion Direct current stimulation of the cerebellum may improve the verbal working memory deficits of aMCI.Further research should be conducted to find the mechanism.

The Development and Validation of Memory Tasks Using Smart Devices for School Aged Children

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop auditory-verbal and visual-spatial memory tasks using smart devices for children aged 8 to 10 years and examine their validity. METHODS: One-hundred and fourteen school-aged children were recruited through internet advertising. We developed memory tasks assessing auditory-verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, and working memory, and then examined their construct validity by examining the developmental trend of the children's mean scores with age. In order to examine the concurrent validity of the tasks, we conducted correlation analyses between the children's scores on the newly developed auditory-verbal, visual-spatial memory and working memory tasks and their scores on well-known standardized tests of memory and working memory, including the auditory-verbal memory subtests of the Korean Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children, Korean Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, digit span and arithmetic subtest of Korean Educational Development Institute Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised, and Corsi block test. RESULTS: The memory and working memory scores measured by the newly developed tasks tended to increase with age. Further, there were significant correlations between the scores of the four cognitive tasks and the corresponding scores of the standardized assessment tools. CONCLUSION: This study revealed promising evidence for the validity of the memory tasks using smart devices, suggesting their utility for school-aged children in research and clinical settings.

Memoria de trabajo verbal y su relación con variables socio-demográficas en niños colombianos / Verbal working memory and its relations hip with socio-demographic variables in Colombian childrens / Memória de trabalho verbal e sua relação com variáveis sóciodemográficas em crianças colombianas

La creciente inclusión de variables socio-demográficas en los estudios de desarrollo cognitivo de niños apunta a un renovado interés de la comunidad científica por identificar cómo el contexto moldea el desarrollo humano. En esta línea de conocimiento, el presente trabajo busca contribuir al estudio de las relaciones entre desarrollo de memoria de trabajo verbal, edad, nivel socioeconómico, tipo de colegio y actividades cotidianas que realizan 159 niños colombianos de años de edad. Su memoria de trabajo verbal se evaluó empleando las pruebas de Dígitos en Progresión y Regresión y Letras y Números de la escala WISC-IV. Los resultados muestran que los niños mayores se desempeñan mejor en ambas pruebas, y que los niños de estratos medios y altos que asisten a colegios privados son quienes obtienen mejores puntajes en la prueba de Dígitos en Progresión y Regresión. Además, se encuentra que actividades como usar el computador, practicar un deporte y realizar los deberes escolares posibilitan una mejor ejecución en la tarea anteriormente mencionada. Los resultados de este trabajo sugieren que la tarea de Dígitos en Progresión y Regresión depende de variables socio-demográficas, en tanto, la prueba de Letras y Números parece estar libre de ellas.

The increasing inclusion of socio-demographic variables in studies of cognitive development in children points to a renewed interest in the scientific community to identify how context shapes human development. Along this line of knowledge, this study aims to examine the relationship between development of verbal working memory, age, socioeconomic status, type of school and daily activities performed by 159 Colombian children aged 6 and 8 years old. Their verbal working memory was assessed using the Progression and Regression Digit Span Test, and the Letters and Numbers Tests of the WISC-IV. Results show that older children perform better in both tests, and that children of middle and upper classes who attend private schools are those who score higher on the Progression and Regression Digit Span Test. In addition, it was found that activities like using the computer, practicing sports and doing homework allow a better performance in the above mentioned task. Results of this study suggest that the Progression and Regression Digit Span task depends on socio-demographic variables, while the Letters and Numbers Test does not seem to be linked to them.

A crescente inclusão de variáveis sócio-demográficas nos estudos de desenvolvimento cognitivo de crianças aponta a um renovado interesse da comunidade científica em identificar como o contexto molda o desenvolvimento humano. Nesta linha de conhecimento, o presente trabalho procura contribuir ao estudo das relações entre desenvolvimento de memória de trabalho verbal, idade, nível socioeconômico, tipo de colegio e atividades cotidianas que realizam 159 crianças colombianas de 6 a 8 anos de idade. Sua memória de trabalho verbal foi avaliada empregando os testes de Dígitos em Progressão e Regressão e Letras e Números da escala WISC-IV. Os resultados mostram que as crianças maiores desempenham-se melhor em ambos testes, e que as crianças de classe média e alta que estudam em colégios particulares são as que obtêm as melhores pontuações nos testes de Dígitos em Progressão e Regressão. Além disso, encontra-se que atividades como usar o computador, praticar esporte e fazer os deveres escolares possibilitam uma melhor execução na tarefa anteriormente mencionada. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem que a tarefa de Dígitos em Progressão e Regressão depende de variáveis sócio-demográficas, enquanto que o teste de Letras e Números parece estar livre delas.