ABSTRACT
Introduction: Assessment of human sex from skeletal remains plays a key role in anthropological and medico legal studies. Hence this study was taken to assess the sex form an isolated bone i.e. femur, with as far as possible minimal parameters to ascertain the sex. Subjects and Methods: A study was conducted with 100 non pathological femora. (50male, 50 females ) in different age groups of known sex. The present study was to determine the sex by using 5 parameters i.e Maximum length, Head vertical diameter, Transverse head diameter, Proximal breadth, Distal breadth of the femur has been taken because it gives some useful data in medico legal cases, When only the remains of femur bone were left in deceased individuals. The measurements of femur bone were taken with the help of osteometric board and Vernier calliper. Results: The readings were noticed. The readings were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. It was noticed that all the studied parameters were greater in males than in females. Conclusion: The present study on the determination of sex of femora will be more reliable basis for the sex determination because it shows the values in this geographical region. This is believed to be more useful in the investigative procedures in the Forensic Medicine and also in the field of orthopaedics.
ABSTRACT
The Suprascapular notch is situated in the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula, just adjacent to the base of Coracoid process. The notch is bridged by the superior transverse scapular ligament (STSL) which some time ossifies and is attached laterally to the root of the coracoid process and medially to the limit of the notch. A number of variations occur in the shape of suprascapular notch, from a discrete notch to "J" shaped, "V" shaped, "U" shaped or "O" shaped (i.e. as a complete foramen). To study morphological and morphometric variations of suprascapular notch of Indian population. We studied 140 dried scapula bone and measurements of SSN were done using digital vernier calipers. We used the Rengachary classification for this study. The following measurements were The superior transverse diameter - maximum distance between superior most edges of suprascapular notch (SSN). The inferior transverse diameter - maximum distance between the edges of the curved arch at the base of the SSN. The results of our study were: J-shaped -28%, U-shaped-26%, V-shaped -15%, Partial-ossification-7%, Indentation-10%, Absent-9%, Complete ossification- 2%. Type IV supra scapular notch was found to be the most prevalent type amongst all shapes. We also found that the characteristics of the scapula (dimensions) are related to the characteristics of the supra scapular notch (type and dimensions) and there is a distinct difference between right and left side scapula.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Femur bone can be used for anthropometric analysis in the cases of unidentified parts if available. As it is very difficult to identify sex by an individual bone. Therefore this study was done to calculate a range of anthropometric parameters of the proximal end of dried femora for sex determination. Methods: The study was carried out on undamaged, dried, non-pathological350 dried femora of both sexes at Anatomy at SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Nashik. Total length of femur, vertical diameter of Neck, vertical diameter of Head measured through osteometric board and Vernier caliper. Result: The outcome was statistically significant. All bones were found to be symmetrical. Conclusion: P value of present study point towards symmetrical femora. Femoral length were next best sex discriminatory parameter after Vertical diameter of Head.
ABSTRACT
Background: The suprascapular notch is a semicircular notch located at the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the base of the coracoid process which constitutes the main site of compression of the suprascapular nerve. The aim of present study is to study morphological variations of the suprascapular notch in the North Indian population, classify the suprascapular notch into various types and to correlate the type of notch to the incidence of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. Materials and Methods: Material for the present study comprised of 100 adult scapulae (Right : Left :: 50:50) of unknown age and sex, obtained from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Results: Suprascapular notch was present in 95% bones, was transversely oval in 66%, vertical diameter = 5.9mm (3.29-16.80mm), transverse diameter = 5.96mm(2.93-13.70mm), distance from the base of suprascapular notch to the superior rim of glenoid = 29.98mm (21.7-39.25mm). It was classified as per Natsis et al classification into type I (20%), type II (39%), type III (34%), type IV (5%) and type V (2%). Our results were compared with the studies of other authors. Conclusions: The knowledge of classification and the anatomical variations of suprascapular notch helps the clinician to define easily and quickly the type of notch and be able to correlate suprascapular nerve entrapment with a specific type of notch.
ABSTRACT
Skeleton is playing important role in various like Medicine, Forensic sciences, Anthropology etc. Estimation of sex, age, race, stature by skeleton and the presence of disease is discovered by Krogman and Iscan (1986). Sex is determined after death by skeletal remains of that individual by some forensic anthropologists with the help of pelvis, skull and long bones. The study was undertaken in 50 femurs for measuring epicondylar breadth, Neck shaft angle, transverse and vertical diameter of head. The results were the average meanepicondylar breadth was 75.6 ± 6.06mm, mean right epicondylar breadth was 73.96 ± 4.99mm and left it was 76.35 ± 7.0mm. The average mean neck shaft angle was 125.3 ± 6.50mm, mean right neck shaft angle was 124.44 ± 5.7mm and left it was 126.3 ± 7.33mm. The average mean transverse diameter of head was 37.86 ± 3.06mm, mean right transverse diameter of head was 37.74 ± 3.05mm and left it was 38.00 ± 3.13mm. The average mean vertical diameter of head was 42.24 ± 3.53mm, mean right vertical diameter of head was 41.63 ± 3.09mm and left it was 42.96 ± 3.92mm, Neck shaft angle ranges from a minimum of 106° to maximum 135° with a mean value of 125.3°. The knowledge of osteometric values is helpful to anthropological and forensic practice.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To estimate sex using demarking points and index of sexual dimorphism of horizontal and vertical diameters of lumbar pedicles in male and female Nigerians. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Human Anatomy and Department of Radiology (University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital), University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria between February 2007 and June 2008. Methodology: Four hundred (400) radiographs of adult Nigerians (200 males and 200 females) were measured. Age range for the individuals was 18-76 years. Radiographs used for this study were obtained from the collection of record unit of the Radiology Department, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) in Borno state, Nigeria.Radiographic viewing box, temporary maker, pencil and a meter rule were used for the measurements.The radiographs for males and females were classified separately into six (6) age groups with ten (10) years interval. Vertical and Horizontal diameters of lumbar pedicle were represented on the radiographs by “h” (taken as the maximum dimension of the pedicle between the upper and lower margins of the pedicles) and by “t” (maximum diameter between the medial and lateral aspect of each pedicle). Distance between upper and lower extremities, as well as that between medial and lateral extremities of each pedicle were marked and measured as vertical and horizontal diameters respectively. Results: The result of the present study showed that, the vertical and horizontal diameters of the lumbar pedicles in adult Nigerians were all greater in male than in female counterpart. It was also observed that sexual differences in the two parameters were found to be statistically significant (P<0.001) in both sexes. Index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) was also calculated and it was observed that all parameters were found to be greater than 100; this showed that male had higher values over female counterpart. Demarking points were also calculated for each parameter, the result also showed similar pattern of increase in male parameters over female counterpart. The result also showed age-related significant (P<0.001) variations for the lumbar pedicle diameters, from 18-27 through 38-47 years age groups with a decrease in diameters at the 48-57 through 68-77 years age groups in both sexes. Conclusion: It was observed that the vertical and horizontal diameters were sexually dimorphic; the demarking points of male diameter were all higher than those of the female counterpart. Index of sexual dimorphism also showed that male vertical and horizontal diameters were all greater than female vertical diameter as the index of sexual dimorphism were all greater than 100 from L1 through L5. This study reconfirms the fact that osteometric assessment is highly population- specific. It may be added that more studies are required in the southern part of Nigerian population to give a better picture of the racial variation that exists there and to offer more osteometric standards for assessing sex for the entire country.