ABSTRACT
Abstract Color removal from textile effluents was evaluated using a laboratory-combined process based on an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a shallow polishing pond (SPP). The anaerobic reactor was fed with a real textile effluent, diluted 10-times in a 350 mg/L solution of pre-treated residual yeast extract from a brewery industry as nutrient source. The parameters color, COD, N-NH3 and toxicity were monitored throughout 45 days of operation. According to the results, decolorization and COD removal were highest in the anaerobic step, whereas the effluent was polished in the SPP unit. The overall efficiency of the complete UASB-SPP system for COD and color were 88 and 62%, respectively. Moreover, the N-NH3 generated by the residual yeast extract ammonification was below 5 mg/L for the final effluent. Finally, no toxicity was detected after the treatment steps, as shown by the Vibrio fischeri microscale assay.
Subject(s)
Animals , Textiles/toxicity , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Purification/methods , Yeasts , Toxicity Tests , Bioreactors , Aliivibrio fischeri , AnaerobiosisABSTRACT
Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) are the most harmful neurotoxins create a serious public health problem. It is important to assess PSP in Shellfish destined for human consumption. However, recommended methods have some limitations for example in the case of Mouse Bioassay (MBA) showed a low sensitivity and reproducibility, and undesirability for ethical reasons; while physico-chemical techniques rest expensive and time-consuming. The main objective of this study, after discovered that PSP inhibited the luminescence of Vibrio fischeri, was the quantification of PSP by using Bioluminescence Inhibition Assay (BIA), and comparing the results obtained with those determined by MBA and LC-MS. Bivalve used were collected from Corniche Martil, Kabila and Oued Laou, along the Mediterranean coast of Morocco in Mars-2015. Results showed a weak correlation between LC-MS and MBA with r = 0.11, while, the correlation between LC-MS and BIA was very strong with r = 0.97, which suggests that, BIA could offer an interesting additional assessment of PSP risk. In addition, after seen its rapidity, ease, reliability, sensitivity, reproducibility and cost effectiveness, it would be eligible to use for monitoring in surveillance programs.
ABSTRACT
A água é um importante recurso natural que contribui para melhorias no bem-estar social e desenvolvimento inclusivo. A presença de produtos químicos, rejeitos radioativos e agentes infecciosos pode comprometer a qualidade desse recurso, afetando a biodiversidade e a subsistência de milhões de pessoas. A Ecotoxicologia Aquática é uma ciência que surgiu para dar suporte no enfrentamento dos problemas de contaminação dos corpos d'água por compostos tóxicos. Seus instrumentos de análise são capazes de avaliar a toxicidade de compostos químicos, sinalizando os potenciais efeitos ecotoxicológicos e seus mecanismos de ação em organismos vivos em ambientes impactados. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo (UGRHI 04) abrange 27 municípios com um importante contingente populacional (1.092.477 habitantes), inserido em uma região cuja prática agrícola baseia-se na cultura de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol e açúcar. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade para organismos bioindicadores de amostras de água superficial do Rio Pardo, principal afluente da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, e toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia. Adicionalmente, analisaram-se Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), pH e Temperatura da água. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados estão de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 [OD (>= 5 mgO2/L); pH (6 a 9)]. Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Daphnia similis, tanto na estação chuvosa quanto na estação seca, não observou-se toxicidade sobre os organismos testados. Todas as amostras foram classificadas como Não Tóxicas (NT). Nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação chuvosa, nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou toxicidade. Das amostras analisadas na estação seca, 50% apresentaram Efeito Crônico (EC); os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre o número médio de neonatos produzidos por adulta no grupo controle (19,2) e nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) e 5 (8,1). No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) e 6 (14,3), classificadas como NT. A comparação entre os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, mostrou similaridade com a série histórica de dados (2010-2015) fornecida pela Agência Ambiental do Governo do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Vibrio fischeri, nas estações chuvosa e seca do ano de 2016, não observou-se toxicidade sobre a bactéria após os períodos de 5 e 15 minutos de exposição; todas as amostras foram classificadas como NT. Apesar do Rio Pardo estar inserido em área com reconhecido uso de produtos agrícolas e pouca proteção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), os resultados mostraram toxicidade apenas para o organismo Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação seca do ano de 2016, possivelmente relacionada com a diminuição da vazão média e a concentração de poluentes na água. Cabe destacar a importância da manutenção do monitoramento periódico pela CETESB, considerando o Art. 14 da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, que prevê a "não verificação de efeito tóxico crônico a organismos" para águas doces de Classe 1 e 2 no contexto brasileiro
Water is an important natural resource that contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive development. The presence of chemicals, radioactive waste and infectious agents can compromise the quality of this resource, affecting the biodiversity and livelihoods of millions of people. Aquatic Ecotoxicology is a science that has emerged to support the problems of contamination of water bodies by toxic compounds. Its analytical instruments are able to evaluate the toxicity of chemical compounds, signaling the potential ecotoxicological effects and their mechanisms of action in living organisms in impacted environments. The Pardo River Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI 04) covers 27 municipalities with a significant population (1.092.477 inhabitants), inserted in a region whose agricultural practice is based on the cultivation of sugarcane for the production of ethanol and sugar. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity to bioindicators organisms of surface water samples of the Pardo River, main tributary of the the Pardo River Hydrographic Basin. Acute toxicity tests were performed with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, and chronic toxicity with Ceriodaphnia dubia. In addition, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and water temperature were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the physical-chemical parameters analyzed are in accordance with the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 [DO (>= 5 mgO2 / L); pH (6 to 9)]. In the acute toxicity tests performed with Daphnia similis, both in rainy season and in dry season, no toxicity was observed on the organisms tested. All samples were classified as Non-Toxic (NT). In the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia in the rainy season none of the analyzed samples presented toxicity. Of the samples analyzed in the dry season, 50% presented Chronic Effect (CE); The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean number of neonates produced by the adult in the control group (19,2) and the collection points 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) and 5 (8,1). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the samples from collection points 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) and 6 (14,3), classified as NT. The comparison between the results obtained in the present study in the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed similarity with the historical data series (2010-2015) provided by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB). In the acute toxicity tests performed with Vibrio fischeri in the rainy and dry seasons of 2016, no toxicity was observed on the bacteria after periods of 5 and 15 minutes of exposure; All samples were classified as NT. Although Rio Pardo is inserted in an area with recognized use of agricultural products and little protection from Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), the results showed toxicity only for the Ceriodaphnia dubia organismo, in the dry season of 2016, possibly related to the decrease in average flow and the concentration of pollutants in the water. It is important to highlight the importance of Maintenance of periodic monitoring by CETESB, considering Art. 14 of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, which provides for "non-verification of chronic toxic effect to organisms" for Class 1 and 2 fresh waters in the Brazilian context
Subject(s)
Surface Waters , Biological Assay , EcotoxicologyABSTRACT
A água é um importante recurso natural que contribui para melhorias no bem-estar social e desenvolvimento inclusivo. A presença de produtos químicos, rejeitos radioativos e agentes infecciosos pode comprometer a qualidade desse recurso, afetando a biodiversidade e a subsistência de milhões de pessoas. A Ecotoxicologia Aquática é uma ciência que surgiu para dar suporte no enfrentamento dos problemas de contaminação dos corpos d'água por compostos tóxicos. Seus instrumentos de análise são capazes de avaliar a toxicidade de compostos químicos, sinalizando os potenciais efeitos ecotoxicológicos e seus mecanismos de ação em organismos vivos em ambientes impactados. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo (UGRHI 04) abrange 27 municípios com um importante contingente populacional (1.092.477 habitantes), inserido em uma região cuja prática agrícola baseia-se na cultura de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de etanol e açúcar. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade para organismos bioindicadores de amostras de água superficial do Rio Pardo, principal afluente da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, e toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia. Adicionalmente, analisaram-se Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), pH e Temperatura da água. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados estão de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 [OD (>= 5 mgO2/L); pH (6 a 9)]. Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Daphnia similis, tanto na estação chuvosa quanto na estação seca, não observou-se toxicidade sobre os organismos testados. Todas as amostras foram classificadas como Não Tóxicas (NT). Nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação chuvosa, nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou toxicidade. Das amostras analisadas na estação seca, 50% apresentaram Efeito Crônico (EC); os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre o número médio de neonatos produzidos por adulta no grupo controle (19,2) e nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) e 5 (8,1). No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nas amostras dos pontos de coleta 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) e 6 (14,3), classificadas como NT. A comparação entre os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, nos ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, mostrou similaridade com a série histórica de dados (2010-2015) fornecida pela Agência Ambiental do Governo do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB). Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda realizados com Vibrio fischeri, nas estações chuvosa e seca do ano de 2016, não observou-se toxicidade sobre a bactéria após os períodos de 5 e 15 minutos de exposição; todas as amostras foram classificadas como NT. Apesar do Rio Pardo estar inserido em área com reconhecido uso de produtos agrícolas e pouca proteção de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), os resultados mostraram toxicidade apenas para o organismo Ceriodaphnia dubia, na estação seca do ano de 2016, possivelmente relacionada com a diminuição da vazão média e a concentração de poluentes na água. Cabe destacar a importância da manutenção do monitoramento periódico pela CETESB, considerando o Art. 14 da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, que prevê a "não verificação de efeito tóxico crônico a organismos" para águas doces de Classe 1 e 2 no contexto brasileiro
Water is an important natural resource that contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive development. The presence of chemicals, radioactive waste and infectious agents can compromise the quality of this resource, affecting the biodiversity and livelihoods of millions of people. Aquatic Ecotoxicology is a science that has emerged to support the problems of contamination of water bodies by toxic compounds. Its analytical instruments are able to evaluate the toxicity of chemical compounds, signaling the potential ecotoxicological effects and their mechanisms of action in living organisms in impacted environments. The Pardo River Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI 04) covers 27 municipalities with a significant population (1.092.477 inhabitants), inserted in a region whose agricultural practice is based on the cultivation of sugarcane for the production of ethanol and sugar. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity to bioindicators organisms of surface water samples of the Pardo River, main tributary of the the Pardo River Hydrographic Basin. Acute toxicity tests were performed with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, and chronic toxicity with Ceriodaphnia dubia. In addition, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and water temperature were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the physical-chemical parameters analyzed are in accordance with the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 [DO (>= 5 mgO2 / L); pH (6 to 9)]. In the acute toxicity tests performed with Daphnia similis, both in rainy season and in dry season, no toxicity was observed on the organisms tested. All samples were classified as Non-Toxic (NT). In the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia in the rainy season none of the analyzed samples presented toxicity. Of the samples analyzed in the dry season, 50% presented Chronic Effect (CE); The results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean number of neonates produced by the adult in the control group (19,2) and the collection points 2 (10,7), 3 (10,5) and 5 (8,1). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the samples from collection points 1 (13,7), 4 (12,3) and 6 (14,3), classified as NT. The comparison between the results obtained in the present study in the chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed similarity with the historical data series (2010-2015) provided by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB). In the acute toxicity tests performed with Vibrio fischeri in the rainy and dry seasons of 2016, no toxicity was observed on the bacteria after periods of 5 and 15 minutes of exposure; All samples were classified as NT. Although Rio Pardo is inserted in an area with recognized use of agricultural products and little protection from Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), the results showed toxicity only for the Ceriodaphnia dubia organismo, in the dry season of 2016, possibly related to the decrease in average flow and the concentration of pollutants in the water. It is important to highlight the importance of Maintenance of periodic monitoring by CETESB, considering Art. 14 of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, which provides for "non-verification of chronic toxic effect to organisms" for Class 1 and 2 fresh waters in the Brazilian context
Subject(s)
Surface Waters , Biological Assay , EcotoxicologyABSTRACT
Vibrio fischeri CS234 was used to establish and optimize microtox assay system, laying a foundation for the application of this method in comprehensive acute toxicity test of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections. Firstly, the Plackett-Burman method was carried out to optimize the factors which would affect Vibrio fischeri CS234 luminescence. Secondly, ZnSO4•7H2O was chosen as reference substance to establish its reaction system with quality control samples. The optimal luminescence conditions were achieved as follows: ①At a temperature of (15±1) ℃, Vibrio fischeri CS234 lyophilized powders were balanced for 15 min, then, 1 mL resuscitation fluid was added and blended for 10 min. 100 μL bacteria suspension was taken to measure the initial luminescence intensity, and then 1 mL resuscitation fluid or test sample was immediately added; after reaction for 10 min, corresponding luminescence intensity was measured again. Resuscitation diluent, osmotic pressure regulator and ZnSO4•7H2O stock solution showed no interference to the determination of Vibrio fischeri CS234 luminescence intensity, so this method was of good specificity. The within-and between-batch precisions of quality controls and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) samples were <5% and <10% respectively, while the accuracy ranged between 85.8% and 103.2%. The standard curve equation of ZnSO4•7H2O ranged from 3.86 mg•L⁻¹ to 77.22 mg•L⁻¹ (final concentrations) was y=21.78lnx-15.14, R2=0.998; meanwhile, IC₅₀ of ZnSO4•7H2O to Vibrio fischeri CS234 was 19.90 mg•L⁻¹. ZnSO4•7H2O stock solution and its quality controls were continuously investigated for 120 h and 8 h respectively, and their RSD was lower than 2%, indicating stability at room temperature and 4 ℃ storage conditions. Between pH 4.5-8.0, luminescence intensity of Vibrio fischeri CS234 was controlled within ±10%, and such pH value range could meet the testing needs of the vast majority of traditional Chinese medicine injections. The Vibrio fischeri strain CS234 assay system was specific, stable, sensitive, accurate and adaptable after optimization, so it was suitable for the comprehensive acute toxicity assessment of TCM injections.