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1.
J. Phys. Educ. (Maringá) ; 34: e3435, 2023. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1528865

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the basic principles of Biomechanics in relation to the objective measurements carried out by the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) operators and systems in soccer. It was presented an overall framework about the determination of kinematical variables, the definition and the sources of error, the understanding of factors contributing to errors in VAR decisions, and prospects for future solutions. To exemplify these concepts, the offside rule was chosen as it offers numerous instances of tools aiding for accurate measurements. Based on consolidated procedures of literature, a discussion about the actual challenges and an suggestions for a fully comprehension and improvement of VAR were provided.


RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi explorar os princípios básicos da Biomecânica em relação às medições objetivas realizadas pelos operadores e sistemas do Árbitro Assistente de Vídeo (VAR) no futebol. Foi apresentado uma estrutura geral sobre a determinação das variáveis ​​cinemáticas, a definição e as fontes de erro, a compreensão dos fatores que contribuem para os erros nas decisões do VAR e as perspectivas de soluções futuras. Para exemplificar esses conceitos, a regra do impedimento foi escolhida, pois oferece inúmeras instâncias de ferramentas que requerem medições acuradas. Com base em procedimentos consolidados da literatura, foram apresentadas discussões sobre os atuais desafios e sugestões para compreensão e aprimoramento completos do VAR.


Subject(s)
Biomechanical Phenomena , Negotiating , Sports , Technology , Calibration , Bias , Official Instructions , Athletes , Data Visualization
2.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 26(1): 24-29, ene.-mar. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-675244

ABSTRACT

Background: a potential negative impact on the welfare and growth of the calf occurs when it is separated from its mother. Objective: this study was conducted in order to understand how the vocal and behavioral characteristics of cows and calves differ between partial and complete separations. Methods: 30 cows and their calves (60 study participants in total) housed in different barns were observed for 10 consecutive hours using video technology on days 1, 6, and 11 after partial and complete separations. Results: vocalization frequency was higher (p<0.05) following partial separation for both cows and calves. After complete separation, cows exhibited significantly more (p<0.05) lying behavior as well as fewer (p<0.05) standing and sniffing behaviors. Conclusions: the study revealed higher intensity and occurrence of vocalization levels and behavioral changes in cows and calves following partial separation. It is concluded that partial separation could imply higher interaction between cows and calves and also greater animal welfare challenges in comparison with complete separation.


Antecedentes: un posible impacto negativo sobre el bienestar y el crecimiento del ternero se produce cuando este se separa de su madre. Objetivo: este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender como las características vocales y de comportamiento de vacas y terneros difieren luego de la separación parcial o completa entre ambos. Métodos: 30 vacas y sus terneros (60 animales en total) alojados en establos separados fueron observados durante 10 horas consecutivas utilizando tecnología de vídeo durante los días 1, 6, y 11 después de separacion parcial o completa. Resultados: la frecuencia de vocalización fue mayor (p <0,05) tras la separación parcial de vacas y ternero. Después de la separación completa, las vacas yacían más en el piso (p <0,05), permanecían menos tiempo de pie y tenían menos comportamiento de olfateo (p <0,05). Conclusiones: el estudio reveló una mayor intensidad y frecuencia de vocalizaciones y cambios de comportamiento en las vacas y los terneros tras la separación parcial. Se concluye que la separación parcial podría implicar una mayor interacción entre las vacas y los terneros y también mayores desafíos de bienestar animal en comparación con la separación completa.


Antecedentes: um possível impacto negativo no bem-estar e crescimento ocorre quando o bezerro é separado de sua mãe. Objetivo: descrever as características comportamentais e emissões vocais de bezerros e vacas Holandesas após separação parcial e completa. Métodos: 30 vacas e seus bezerros (para um total de 60 amostras no estudo) localizados em diferentes lugares foram observados consecutivamente usando a tecnologia do vídeo por 10 h nos dias 1, 6 e 11 em separações completas e parciais. Resultados: a frequência de emissões vocais foi maior tanto nas vacas quanto nos bezerros (p<0,05) após uma separação parcial. Após uma separação completa, as vacas exibiram com uma frequência significativamente maior o comportamento de estar deitadas (p<0,05), tanto quanto significativamente menor (p<0,05) o comportamento de estar paradas e de cheirar. Conclusões: a pesquisa revelou maiores níveis de vocalização e comportamento nas vacas e bezerros após a separação parcial. Conclui-se com estes resultados que a separação parcial permite uma maior interação entre a vaca e o ternero, fato que implica um maior desafio em relação ao bem-estar animal comparado com a separação completa.

3.
The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery ; : 177-188, 2008.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-26835

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as potential therapeutic agents of acute lung injury, we analyzed the morphology in vivo of the pulmonary microstructure using intravital videomicroscopy in a rat model of acute lung injury. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: a control group that underwent normal saline aspiration, an acute lung injury (ALI) group that underwent hydrochloric acid aspiration, and three treatment groups that underwent hydrochloric acid aspiration and were administered therapeutic agents- the S1P group, the NO group, and the S1P+NO group (n=7 per group). To quantify alveolar compliance and interstitial edema, the diameters of all measurable alveoli and interalveolar septa were averaged at one and two hours after aspiration. Alveolar compliance was determined according to diameter changes during the respiratory cycle and the change in tidal volume. RESULT: At two hours after aspiration, the mean alveolar compliance (% change) in the ALI group decreased significantly versus the control group of rats (respiratory cycle: 1.9% for the ALI group vs 6.5% for the control group, p=0.03; tidal volume: 3.2% for the ALI group vs 9.1% for the control group, p=0.003) and versus the NO group (tidal volume: 3.2% for the ALI group vs 16.9% for the NO group, p=0.001). At two hours after aspiration, the mean interalveolar septal thickness in the NO group tended to be smaller as compared to that in the ALI group (15.2micrometer for the ALI group vs 12.3micrometer for the NO group, p=0.06). S1P did not exert a significant effect on the pulmonary microstructure of the injured rat lung. CONCLUSION: Improved alveolar compliance and reduced interstitial edema, observed by intravital videomicroscopy, suggest that inhaled NO ameliorates lung injury.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Acute Lung Injury , Compliance , Edema , Hydrochloric Acid , Lung , Lung Injury , Lysophospholipids , Microscopy, Video , Nitric Oxide , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sphingosine , Tidal Volume
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