Formation of Hyperprogression of Immunotherapy from Perspective of "Yang Deficiency and Toxin Knot" and Role of "Five Views on Differentiation and Treatment" Intervention / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICIs） have shown good efficacy in tumor treatment and have changed the landscape of tumor treatment. However， some patients treated with ICIs have not only failed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect， but also developed an atypical response pattern of abnormally accelerated tumor growth， namely hyperprogressive disease （HPD）. The pathogenesis of HPD is still unclear and it is difficult to diagnose， which poses a challenge for clinical identification and treatment decisions. Exploring the underlying mechanism of HPD is important to improve the effect of immunotherapy. Based on the theory of "Yang deficiency and toxic knot"， this paper discussed the mechanism of HPD in immunotherapy from the perspective of "spleen and kidney Yang deficiency and hefty toxic pathogens". It was concluded that the inactivation of p53 oncogene and immunosuppressive microenvironment were the manifestations of the deficiency of healthy qi in the body and declined yang in the spleen and kidney， serving as an important basis for the occurrence of HPD. Adverse reactions caused by ICIs belong to the category of "drug toxicity". The occurrence and development of murine double minute 2 （MDM2）/murine double minute 4 （MDM4） activation， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） mutation， and tumor inflammatory microenvironment are the manifestations of the hyperactivity of pathogenic Qi， conflict of cancer toxicity and drug toxicity， and being hefty by virtue of deficiency， which can promote the abnormal proliferation of tumor cells， and they are the core pathogenic elements of HPD and are closely related to disease prognosis. In terms of treatment， under the guidance of the theory of "five views on differentiation and treatment" （time-space view， core view， symptom view， precision view， and disease-before-onset view）， which was summarized according to the clinical practice of this research team， this paper， taking the prevention and treatment of HPD as the entry point， formulated traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） compounds to reinforce healthy Qi and warm Yang and realize the dynamic management of the whole spatiotemporal cycle， and removed toxins and resisted cancer to realize the all-round systemic intervention of the specimen. Additionally， targets were enriched in the macro-clinical manifestations and microscopic pathological changes of HPD to improve the targeting of drug selection and the precision of prevention and treatment， giving full play to the unique therapeutic advantages of TCM， and providing new ideas for the clinical application of TCM in the prevention and treatment of HPD.

Clinical application of special fluoroscopy method in the treatment of distal radius fractures with volar locking plate / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#The relationship between the distal screws and the wrist articular surface was assessed by the additional lateral oblique fluoroscopic view during the operation, and the dorsal tangential view of the wrist was used to observe whether the distal screw penetrated the dorsal cortex, so as to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the volar locking plate in the treatment of distal radius fractures.@*METHODS@#From January 2020 to June 2021, 45 cases of fresh distal radius fractures were treated using the volar Henry's approach, including 20 males and 25 females, aged from 32 to 75 years old with an average of (52.4±8.1) years old. During the operation, they were divided into 2 groups according to the different intraoperative fluoroscopic views:the control group of 20 cases, treated with standard anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopic view;25 cases in the observation group, additional lateral oblique fluoroscopic view and dorsal tangential view of the wrist were taken. The wrist joint function score and postoperative complications were evaluated at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after operation between two groups.@*RESULTS@#All 45 patients were followed up and the duration ranged from 6 to 14 months, with an average of (10.8±1.7) months, all patients achieved bone union and the incision healed well. The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In terms of Gartland-Werley score of wrist joint function, the score of wrist function in the observation group was (4.58±1.31) at 6 weeks, (2.98±0.63) at 3 months and (1.95±0.65) at 6 months post-operatively, which were better than those in the control group (6.32±1.96) at 6 weeks, (3.63±0.76) at 3 months and (2.43±0.73) at 6 months. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In the observation group, 7/25 cases(28%) were found to have screw penetration during the operation by additional lateral oblique and dorsal tangential radiograph fluoroscopic views of wrist.@*CONCLUSION@#The addition of lateral oblique and dorsal tangential during the operation could improve the accuracy of distal screw placement, reduce postoperative complications, and achieve early functional exercise.

The impact of the responsibility of teachers regarding reproductive healthcare to teenage learners

The Life Orientation subject at school is meant to equip learners with important life skills and prepare them to be responsible adults that will contribute positively to the economy of the country. One of such skills is to avoid pregnancy while being a learner and therefore needs information about sex and sexuality. The school curriculum should thus include the subject Reproductive Health Care and the teachers be allowed the responsibility to teach the subject. Teenage girls who become pregnant as learners are in many times compelled to drop out of school to raise the child as it becomes challenging to cope with studies and looking after the baby. The study used a qualitative exploratory research design aimed to determine the impact of the responsibility of teachers regarding reproductive healthcare to teenage learners. The objectives were to, explore the knowledge of school teachers with regard to reproductive healthcare. To explore and describe the views of the teachers with regard to their responsibility to teach the reproductive healthcare topic to teenage girls. Lastly, to develop guidelines for schools to assist teachers regarding their responsibility to teach the reproductive healthcare topic to teenage girls. The article will report on the first two objectives only. Indepth focus group interviews were conducted with twenty willing participants and a narrative questionnaire was completed. The data analysis method used was the spiral method which follows the process of coding and categorising transcribed data. The processallows data to be organised and setting it for several times so as to get a sense of the whole. identifying general categories and themes of the data is the next step followed by integrating and summarising the data to get a response to the research question. Data analysis results were teachers who felt burdened with the responsibility. Some had a positive opinion of the subject as part of the school curriculum and thus the need for stakeholder collaboration for their assistance. In conclusion, teachers are in need of empowerment for the responsibility to teach reproductive healthcare. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[4]: 82-91).

Five Views on Differentiation and Treatment-Building New System of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Tumors / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As one of the diseases with high incidence in China， cancer seriously endangers human health. The scientific research and clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the prevention and treatment of tumors during the Sixth Five-Year Plan period and the 13th Five-Year Plan period show that TCM has certain advantages in preventing and treating postoperative metastasis and recurrence， prolonging survival period， alleviating adverse reactions， and improving the quality of life of patients with advanced tumors. However， innovation of the TCM theoretical thinking and realization of the TCM full-cycle management are needed urgently， which limits the improvement of clinical efficacy. Malignant tumor is a truly representative of major difficult diseases. The simple mode of syndrome differentiation and treatment cannot meet the clinical needs， and thus the triple mode of disease， syndrome and symptom differentiation and treatment emerged， and has received widespread attention. However， since malignant tumors have their own characteristics of occurrence， development and evolvement， it is urgent to establish a new system of TCM differentiation and treatment for special diseases to adapt to the law of modern disease development. Therefore， on the basis of the triple mode， this paper innovatively proposed a new system of cancer prevention and treatment based on five views on differentiation and treatment in TCM， forming a new paradigm of whole-cycle， whole-chain and all-directional integrated Chinese and western medicine prevention and treatment of tumors. Specifically， time-space view： On the basis of the holistic concept and combined with the complex characteristics of different pathological types， lesion location， disease course and treatment stages of malignant tumors， the dynamic and systematic participation of TCM in the whole process of tumor treatment was brought into play from the time and space dimensions. Core view： The core pathogenesis was summarized based on the combination of disease and syndrome， and its key role in guiding differentiation and treatment of malignant tumors was emphasized. Additionally， the pathogenesis characteristics and evolvement rules of various cancer types in different stages were paid attention. Symptom view： The symptoms were ameliorated and the quality of life was improved. The current obvious contradictions of patients were solved to enhance the humanistic nature of treatment. Precision view： In combination of modern medical concepts， TCM constitutions and laboratory indicators， TCM advantages were enriched and emphasized for precise clinical positioning. Disease-before-onset view： As prevention is more important than treatment， precaution was focused on in each stage of tumors. The five views had different emphases and were interrelated， covering new understandings of the existing TCM prevention and treatment system of malignant tumors. In addition， new ideas and concepts have been introduced on the basis of the original TCM theory， which provided new strategies for the comprehensive prevention and treatment of tumors.

An Examination of Psychological Adjustment Process to Getting Close to Death of Palliative Care Staff Using TEM: Focusing on Views on Death and Time Perspectives

Objective: This study aimed to reveal the psychological adjustment process to getting close to death of palliative care staff focusing on views on death and time perspectives. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 palliative care staff. The obtained data analyzed using TEM (Trajectory Equifinality Model). Results: palliative care staffs worked maintaining mental health by changing the way they perceive death in palliative care careers. In addition, it is speculated that the environment of palliative care where death is familiar extends the perspective to the past, present and future, and promotes the formation of an adaptive time perspective. Furthermore, it was inferred that such an environment would increase awareness to send a better life. Conclusion: It is necessary to understand and to promote positive meaning of view on death of the staff. In addition, it is thought that taking time perspective into palliative care may also lead an awareness of the engagement as a source of human growth and change a consciousness of daily care. Therefore it can be said that taking time perspective into palliative care is very beneficial.

La psicoterapia como una construcción conjunta del sentido de realidad: un acercamiento a los principios constituyentes de una interacción psicoterapéutica / Psychotherapy as a joint construction of the sense of reality: an approach to the constituent principles of a psychotherapeutic interaction

El desarrollo de una intervención psicoterapéutica compromete un encuentro interaccional, caracterizado por la necesaria conjunción de multiversos que convergen en una esfera dialógica, asociada a la resolución de una problemática o consecución de objetivos por parte de la figura consultante. Es en esta interacción dialógica, donde surgen las dudas sobre si la psicoterapia responde a un encuentro de miradas o bien, a una co-construcción de un sentido de realidad entre terapeuta y consultante, miradas que representan un posible descarte o complementariedad en su propia constitución. Una postura sobre la interacción en psicoterapia necesita establecer una posición activa respecto del rol del terapeuta, nutrida de una visión ontológica que repercuta directamente en un trabajo de interacción discursiva. Asimismo, estaría orientada hacia un propósito metódico que configure los quehaceres de los participantes, como elementos en continuo desarrollo, mas no en una respectiva predefinición. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una propuesta de modelo de integración comunicativa, resultando una oportunidad de convergencia en el encuentro de universos desde una dimensión lingüística de interacción en el desarrollo de un proceso psicoterapéutico.

The development of psychotherapeutic intervention engages an interactional encounter, characterized by the necessary conjunction of multiverses that converge in a dialogical sphere associated with the resolution of a problem or achievement of objectives by the consulting figure. It is in this dialogical interaction, where doubts arise as to whether psychotherapy responds to a meeting of views or, to a co-construction that comprises a sense of reality between therapist and consultant, views that represent a possible discard or complementarity in its own nature. An approach to the interaction in psychotherapy raises the need to establish an active position regarding the role of the therapist, nourished by an ontological vision that directly affects the constitution of a work of discursive interaction. In addition, this position should be oriented towards a methodical purpose that configures the tasks of participants, not as a respective predefinition but as elements in continuous development. The present article aims to propose a communicative integration model, resulting in an opportunity for convergence in the meeting of universes from a linguistic dimension of interaction in the development of a psychotherapeutic process

Childbirth satisfaction and maternal role confidence of early postpartum mothers from maternity units

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">Promoting positive birth experiences may help create circumstances amenable to enhancing the quality of obstetric care and improving outcomes for mothers and infants. This study aims to examine the relationship between childbirth satisfaction and maternal confidence during early postpartum period in mothers from maternity units of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing Women's Views of Birth Labour Satisfaction Questionnaire (WOMBLSQ) and Maternal Confidence Questionnaire (MCQ). To correlate the level of childbirth satisfaction and maternal role confidence of early postpartum mothers, Pearson's R correlation was used. A p value of 0.05 was taken for statistical significance. It revealed that the early postpartum mother respondents in the study were satisfied with their childbirth experience and confident with their maternal role. Moreover, the childbirth satisfaction was positively correlated with maternal role confidence. It is implicated in the practice of healthcare professionals to provide better understanding of the factors that influence maternal role within their particular social contexts.</p>

Simulation of sparse views CT image iterative reconstruction based on defective projection data / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To reconstruct sparse views CT image based on defective projection data.Methods The position of bad bins in detector determined whether the linear interpolation was applied to the defective projection data.Moreover,reconstruction of air pixels in CT image was achieved rapidly and accurately.Results he experimental results showed that the proposed method could solve the problem from classical ART-TV method that the robustness was unstable due to the different positions of bad bin in CT detector.Conclusion Compared to analytical reconstruction methods,iterative methods can solve the reconstruction problems in this modality so that the radiologist is facilitated to perform image processing and quantitative analysis.

Holistic integrative medicine: the road to the future of the development of burn medicine / 中华烧伤杂志

Holistic integrative medicine is the road to the future of the development of burn medicine. Not only burn medicine, but also human medicine gradually enters the era of holistic integrative medicine. Holistic integrative medicine is different from translational medicine, evidence-based medicine or precision medicine, which integrates the most advanced knowledge and theories in medicine fields with the most effective practices and experiences in clinical specialties to form a new medical system.

Concepções de fracasso escolar: um estudo com professores das cinco regiões brasileiras / Conceptions of school failure: a study with teachers of the five Brazilian regions

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as concepções de professores do ensino fundamental e médio da rede pública de ensino acerca do fracasso escolar. Participaram da pesquisa 563 professores com idades que variaram de 19 a 66 anos (M=34,2 DP= 9,23), de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, do tipo ex post facto que utilizou dados transversais. Contou-se com entrevistas estruturadas e questionários sócios demográficos que foram analisados pelo software Iramuteq, e apreendeu as concepções dos docentes em classe de proximidade lexical. Os resultados apresentaram quatro classes no corpus textual, que seguem em ordem de maior representatividade dos discursos quanto à concepção sobre o fracasso escolar: desrespeito às singularidades dos alunos na escola, 30,24%; incapacidade do aluno, 24,7%; desinteresse do professor e do aluno e falta de acompanhamento familiar, 22,73%; e, produto de múltiplos fatores internos e externos à escola, 22,33%. Assim, salienta-se que as concepções obtidas nesse estudo evidenciam os conceitos naturalizantes do fracasso escolar, com significativa tendência culpabilizadora do aluno e de seus familiares, voltando-se às formas patologizantes de se compreender o aluno em experiência de escolarização, desconsiderando os percalços pedagógicos e o contexto histórico-cultural como território de produção de fracasso.

This study aims to identify the conceptions of elementary school teachers and average public school about school failure. The participants were 563 teachers with ages ranging 19-66 years (M = 34.2 SD = 9.23) in different regions. It was a quantitative and qualitative research, ex post facto that used cross-sectional data. It included structured interviews and demographic partners questionnaires were analyzed by Iramuteq software, and seized the conceptions of teachers in lexical proximity class. The results showed four classes in the textual corpus, which follow in order of most representative of the discourse on the design of school failure: disrespect to the singularities of students in school, 30.24%; inability of the student, 24.7%; disinterest of the teacher and the student and lack of family support, 22.73%; and product of multiple internal and external factors to school, 22.33%. Thus, it is noted that the conceptions obtained in this study indicate the naturalizing concepts of school failure, with significant culpabilizadora trend of students and their families, turning to pathologizing ways to understand the student in school experience, disregarding the teaching mishaps and the historical-cultural context as failure production territory.

(De)Gendering Older Patients: exploring Views on Aging and Older Patients in Romanian General Practitioners

Purpose: Demographic changes make it necessary to improve communication with older patients and design gender sensitive health promotion. The present article aimed to explore how general practitioners see old age and what role gender may play in their representations of aging. It also looked whether the gender of the older patients played a role for how general practitioners treated them. Methods: Episodic interviews were conducted with 17 women and 17 men who worked as general practitioners in Romania. Thematic coding was used to analyze data. Results: Findings showed that general practitioners saw old age as negative no matter their gender. Older patients were perceived as difficult and mostly older women were given as negative examples to illustrate treatment non-adherence and psychological or social problems related to aging. Conclusion: Negative aging views combined with a (de)gendering of aging patients may lead to maintain negative aging stereotypes and gender inequality in old age. Implications for preventing this from happening are discussed.

Propósito: Los cambios demográficos hacen necesario mejorar la comunicación con pacientes mayores y diseñar promoción de la salud sensible al género. El presente artículo explora cómo médicos generales perciben la adultez mayor y qué rol puede jugar el género en sus representaciones sobre el envejecimiento. También examina si el género de los pacientes mayores jugó un rol en la forma en la que los médicos generales los trataron. Métodos: Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas episódicas con 17 mujeres y 17 hombres que trabajaron como médicos generales en Rumanía. Se usó codificación temática para analizar los datos. Resultados: Los hallazgos mostraron que los médicos generales ven la adultez mayor como negativa sin importar el género. Se percibió a los pacientes mayores como difíciles y se mencionó principalmente a mujeres como ejemplos negativos para ilustrar falta de adherencia al tratamiento y problemas psicológicos y sociales relacionados con el envejecimiento. Conclusión: Ejemplos de envejecimiento negativo combinados con una invisibilización del género de los pacientes puede guiar hacia el mantenimiento de estereotipos negativos sobre el envejecimiento y la desigualdad de género en la adultez mayor. Se discuten implicaciones para prevenir que esto pase.

An update on transesophageal echocardiography views 2016: 2D versus 3D tee views.

In 1980, Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) first technology has introduced the standard of practice for most cardiac operating rooms to facilitate surgical decision making. Transoesophageal echocardiography as a diagnostic tool is now an integral part of intraoperative monitoring practice of cardiac anaesthesiology. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography are systematically developed recommendations that assist in the management of surgical patients, were developed by Indian Association of Cardiac Anaesthesiologists (IACTA). This update relates to the former IACTA practice guidelines published in 2013 and the ASE/EACTA guidelines of 2015. The current authors believe that the basic echocardiographer should be familiar with the technical skills for acquiring 28 cross sectional imaging planes. These 28 cross sections would provide also the format for digital acquisition and storage of a comprehensive TEE examination and adds 5 more additional views, introduced for different clinical scenarios in recent times. A comparison of 2D TEE views versus 3D TEE views is attempted for the first time in literature, in this manuscript. Since, cardiac anaesthesia variability exists in the precise anatomic orientation between the heart and the oesophagus in individual patients, an attempt has been made to provide specific criteria based on identifiable anatomic landmarks to improve the reproducibility and consistency of image acquisition for each of the standard cross sections.

Discussion on academic viewsof the theory of epidemic heat syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Our study was based on the book Theory of Epidemic Heat Syndrome. This book was written by Mr. Shao Dengying of Qing dynasty, who was famous in Qing Dynasty on curing virus infection. We described his unique insights in diagnosis and treatment of epidemic heat syndrome in six aspects: the origin, position of epidemic heat invasion, difference between epidemic heat syndrome and typhus, paying attention to the symptoms of epidemic heat, differentiation and treatment from qi, bloods and stomach, and attaching importance to the stomach Qi and kidney essence etc.

Factors Related to Care Workers’ Terminal Care Attitudes: Personal Attributes and Views on Life and Death

<p>Objective: This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the terminal care attitudes, personal attributes, and views on life and death of care workers in nursing and group homes. Method: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was mailed to 772 staff members at nursing and group homes. We used the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (Japanese version) and the Death Attitude Inventory, which is a scale of views on life and death, to form the questionnaire. Results: After excluding missing data, 338 staff responses were analyzed (valid response rate: 43.8%). The total terminal care attitude scores were significantly higher among managers compared to other staff members (β=0.182, p=0.001), and among those having provided end-of-life cared to 10 or more people (β=0.155, p=0.003). Additionally, the total terminal care attitude scores were significantly higher among those with lower scores in the “death avoidance” subscale (β=−0.183, p=0.001) and higher scores in the “afterlife beliefs” subscale (β=0.168, p=0.001) of the Death Attitude Inventory. Conclusion: Terminal care attitudes were influenced by job position, the number of persons provided with end-of-life care to, and views on life and death. We need to investigate factors that affect terminal care attitudes to ensure provision of high quality care in nursing homes.</p>

Discussion on the Anti-scientific Views on Cancer Treatment and Their Influencing / 中国医学伦理学

Some anti -scientific views on cancer treatment on network have serious adverse effects on some cancer patients:impacting the health promotion , patients′compliance , patients′positive psychology , patients′so-cial supports and people′s correct understanding to medical staff .And put forward the following two solutions to this effect:improve medical science website , improve the understanding of cancer prevention and control of masses , hired authoritative expert lectures on site or television , government , medical institutions and hospitals should ac-tively resist vulgar anti-science view , shoulder the moral responsibility .

Critical Care Nurses’ Attitudes about Influences of Technology on Nursing Care.

Aims: This paper begins with developing a quantitative instrument to examine the opinions of critical care nurses’ regarding the influences of technology on nursing practice. Study Design and Methodology: After reviewing related literature, the draft of a 29-items questionnaire was developed. Based on the review of a panel of 3 experts, it was reduced to 23 items because 6 items measured similar criteria. Content validity index (CVI) of this instrument, based on the opinions of another panel of ten experts reached 0.92. Face validity was established via two focused groups of critical care nurses. All of the items were clear, relevant, and simple for these two groups. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation resulted two factors which altogether accounted for 52.5% of the total variance. These factors revealed negative and positive aspects of influence of technology on nursing practices. Coronbach’s a coefficient (a= 0.824) Showed acceptable internal consistency for the entire questionnaire and it’s the negative and positive aspects (0.896 and 0.925, respectively). In the next phase of the study, a convenience sample of 200 critical care nurses, in a cross-sectional study, filled the questionnaire. Results: The mean score for this sample was calculated as 82.21±9.88, indicating this sample of nurses held positive opinions regarding influences of technology on their practice. Younger nurses and those working in intensive care units had significantly higher mean scores in negative subscale compared to others. Conclusion: Considering the important role of technology in diagnosis, treatment and caring of various health conditions, adequate training of nurses for managing different technological tools and understanding the culture and values of technological care, can help them balance technological and humanized aspects of care, make technological caring more efficient and improve the quality of nursing care.

Study of Clinical Medical Teachers' Attitudes to the Knowledge of Gross Anatomy of Medical Students / 체질인류학회지

There is concerns about the perceived decline in the knowledge of gross anatomy of the medical students and postgraduate trainees. It is partly caused by the introduction of integrated medical curriculum and the shortage of basic medical science program and the extension of clinical clerkship consequently. There is widespread variability in the teaching style and anatomical curricular content at the medical school in Korea. Despite these changes in the anatomical education, there have been few attempts to assess the opinions of senior clinical teachers on the state of anatomical knowledge of students and the place of anatomy teaching within the curriculum. We sought the views of the clinical teachers on the adequacy of the anatomical knowledge of current students and recent graduates of 5 medical schools in Pusan and Gyeongsang-Nam do areas. Most of the clinical teachers were of the opinion that current medical students have an insufficient anatomical knowledge. They indicated the causes of decline were the clinical irrelevant anatomical teaching content and weakness of identity of anatomy by the introduction of the integrated medical education program. There was widespread support for both the concepts of spreading anatomy teaching throughout the medical course, and an optional, clinically related final year student project in the anatomy.

Physical Activity and Quality of Life / 예방의학회지

Physical activity (PA) professionals and participants recognize enhanced quality of life (QoL) as a benefit of and motivator for PA. However, QoL measures are often problematic and rarely consider the participants'perspective. This paper focuses on recent findings from a larger project on the role of QoL in PA and health promotion. More specifically, we focus on the views of participants and potential participants to better understand the relationship of PA and QoL. In earlier stages of the project we began with a conceptual model of QoL and developed a survey. We now focus on participants' views and ask two questions: 1) what is QoL? and 2) how does PA relate to QoL? We first asked those questions of a large sample of university students and community participants as open-ended survey items, and then asked focus groups of community participants. Overall, participants' responses reflected the multidimensional, integrative QoL model, but the responses and patterns provided information that may not be picked up with typical survey measures. Findings suggest that PA contributes to multiple aspects of QoL, that social and emotional benefits are primary motivators and outcomes for participants, and that the meaning of QoL and PA benefits is subjective and contextualized, varying across individuals and settings. Programs that directly target and highlight the multiple dimensions and integrative QoL, while considering the individual participants and contexts, may enhance both PA motivation and participants' health and QoL.

Una metodología ágil para la obtención de reportes en estudios clínicos / An agile methodology for obtaining clinical studies reports

Los numerosos estudios de personas con discapacidad llevados a cabo en el marco del ALBA han demostrado la necesidad de conformar un procedimiento o recurso que permita la obtención rápida de reportes y consultas. Esto ocurre porque no es posible prever, desde la etapa de diseño del sistema de recogida de datos, toda la información que será requerida o utilizada en función social. Los reportes, así como el propio sistema, también varían de un estudio a otro al desarrollarse en diferentes países con diferentes grados de profundidad. Se propone entonces la sistematización de una metodología que fue utilizada con éxito durante la Misión Dr. José Gregorio Hernández en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Esta alternativa permite el desarrollo rápido de consultas y reportes en bases de datos típicas para estos estudios. Tiene la ventaja adicional del bajo acoplamiento con el sistema de recogida de datos, lo que posibilita su extensión o modificación sin riesgo de alterar el flujo de trabajo en dicho sistema(AU)

The numerous studies about people with disabilities conducted in the framework of ALBA, have demonstrated the need to obtain a method or resource that allows rapid retrieval of reports and queries. This occurs because it is not possible to anticipate, from the design stage of the data collection system, all the information that will be required or used. These reports, and the system itself, also vary from one study to another since they are carried out with different depth in different countries. Then, here is the proposal of systematization for the methodology that was used successfully on the Mission Dr. José Gregorio Hernández in Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. This approach allows the fast development of queries and reports typical of such studies databases. It has de additional advantage of very low coupling with the data collect system which makes it expandable and modifiable without risk to alter normal work flow(AU)

Viruses, definitions and reality

Viruses are known to be abundant, ubiquitous, and to play a very important role in the health and evolution of life organisms. However, most biologists have considered them as entities separate from the realm of life and acting merely as mechanical artifacts that can exchange genes between different organisms. This article reviews some definitions of life organisms to determine if viruses adjust to them, and additionally, considers new discoveries to challenge the present definition of viruses. Definitions of life organisms have been revised in order to validate how viruses fit into them. Viral factories are discussed since these mini-organelles are a good example of the complexity of viral infection, not as a mechanical usurpation of cell structures, but as a driving force leading to the reorganization and modification of cell structures by viral and cell enzymes. New discoveries such as the Mimivirus, its virophage and viruses that produce filamentous tails when outside of their host cell, have stimulated the scientific community to analyze the current definition of viruses. One way to be free for innovation is to learn from life, without rigid mental structures or tied to the past, in order to understand in an integrated view the new discoveries that will be unfolded in future research. Life processes must be looked from the complexity and trans-disciplinarity perspective that includes and accepts the temporality of the active processes of life organisms, their interdependency and interrelation among them and their environment. New insights must be found to redefine life organisms, especially viruses, which still are defined using the same concepts and knowledge of the fifties. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 993-998. Epub 2011 September 01.

Los virus son abundantes, ubicuos, y juegan un papel muy importante en la salud y en la evolución de los organismos vivos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los biólogos los siguen considerado como entidades separadas de la red de la vida y que actúan como meros artefactos mecánicos a la hora de intercambiar genes entre los diferentes organismos. Este artículo revisa varias definiciones de organismos vivos para determinar si los virus se ajustan a ellas, y adicionalmente, considera los nuevos descubrimientos que retan las definiciones actuales de los virus. La fábricas de virus son discutidas ya que estas mini-organelas son un buen ejemplo de la complejidad de las infecciones virales, no como una usurpación mecánica de las estructuras de la célula, pero como una fuerza vital que lleva a la reorganización y la modificación de las estructuras de las células por enzimas celulares y virales. Los nuevos descubrimientos como los Mimivirus, su virófago y virus que producen colas filamentosas cuando se encuentran fuera de la célula, han estimulado a la comunidad científica a analizar la definición actual de los virus. Para la innovación se debe estar libre de estructuras mentales rígidas o apegadas al pasado, para lograr comprender e integrar los nuevos descubrimientos que traerán las investigaciones futuras. Los procesos de la vida deben verse desde la perspectiva de la complejidad y la trans-disciplinariedad que incluye y acepta la temporalidad de los procesos activos de los organismos vivos y su interdependencia e interrelación entre ellos y su ambiente.