Violencia intrafamiliar en familias con niños en edad prescolar de un consultorio médico / Intrafamily Violence in Families with Children at Preschool Aged from a Family Medical Office

Introducción: La violencia intrafamiliar ocurre en el interior de la familia y, por lo general, la ejercen uno o varios miembros contra otros; casi siempre las víctimas son mujeres, ancianos y niños. Objetivo: Caracterizar el estado actual de la violencia intrafamiliar en familias con niños en edad prescolar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No. 1, poblado de Cuatro Caminos perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Mártires del 10 de abril, Corralillo, Villa Clara, de enero del 2020 a junio del 2021. La población estuvo constituida por 66 familias y la muestra por 64, según muestreo no probabilístico por criterio. Para la recogida de la información se utilizaron cuestionario y observación a las familias en estudio. Resultados: Presencia de violencia intrafamiliar (32,8 por ciento), familias extensas (70,3 por ciento), hacinamiento (14,1 por ciento), malas relaciones entre los adultos (66,6 %), maltrato en la niñez (66,6 por ciento) manifestaciones psicológicas: padres ausentes físicamente (57,1 por ciento), violencia psicológica (100 por ciento), violencia física (66,6 por ciento) y violencia sexual (42,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las malas relaciones entre los adultos, el maltrato en la niñez y los padres ausentes físicamente son asociados a la violencia intrafamiliar. La violencia psicológica estuvo presente en la totalidad de las familias. Las mayores cifras de tipos de violencia fueron en la familia extensa(AU)

Introduction: Intrafamily violence occurs within the family and is generally exercised by one or several members against others; almost always, the victims are women, the elderly or children. Objective: To characterize the current state of domestic violence in families with preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in the family medical office 1, in the neighborhood of Cuatro Caminos, belonging to the Policlínico Docente Mártires del 10 de Abril, in Corralillo Municipality, Villa Clara Province, from January 2020 to June 2021. The population consisted of 66 families and the sample was made up of 64, according to nonprobabilistic sampling by criteria. For the collection of information, a questionnaire and the observation method were used with the families under study. Results: There was presence of intrafamily violence (32.8percent) extended families (70.3percent), overcrowding (14.1percent), poor relationships between adults (66.6percent) and child abuse (66.6percent). The psychological manifestations were related to physically absent parents (57.1percent), psychological violence (100%), physical violence (66.6percent) and sexual violence (42.9percent). Conclusions: Poor relationships between adults, childhood abuse and physically absent parents are associated with intrafamily violence. Psychological violence was present in all families. The highest numbers of types of violence occurred in the extended family(AU)

Tipos y circunstancias de unión conyugal en la violencia física de pareja en Chiapas, México, 2016

La violencia en contra de las mujeres en la pareja heterosexual, además de ser un tema muy complejo, es un problema de salud pública. Este trabajo contribuye a profundizar no solamente en el tipo de unión conyugal (cohabitación y matrimonio), sino también toma en cuenta las circunstancias en donde ocurre para explicar tanto en mujeres indígenas como no indígenas su relación con la magnitud y la gravedad de las expresiones de maltrato físico en Chiapas, México. El estudio fue realizado a través de un enfoque cuantitativo con base en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares 2016 (ENDIREH); se incluyeron 2604 mujeres de 15 a 49 años, actualmente unidas, indígenas y mestizas. Los resultados mostraron que la unión libre es más frecuente en las indígenas y se asocia significativamente con una mayor probabilidad de violencia física en sus distintas formas; adicionalmente, las circunstancias en las cuales esta se establece dan cuenta de la variación en la frecuencia de las agresiones, sobre todo cuando las mujeres son forzadas a unirse. La desventaja social de las mujeres subyace al tipo y las circunstancias de unión, destaca su participación o ausencia al decidir y los aspectos normativos que rigen la materia en Chiapas. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz del cambio reproductivo y el compromiso de los varones en el establecimiento de la unión como elementos constitutivos de la cohabitación y el matrimonio, así como de la violencia íntima de pareja.

Violence against women in heterosexual couples is not only a very complex issue, but also a public health problem. The work contributes to the study not only in the type of conjugal union (cohabitation and marriage) but also taking into account the circumstances in which the union occurs, to explain both in indigenous and non-indigenous women their relationship with the magnitude and severity of the expressions of physical violence against women in Chiapas. The study was conducted through a quantitative approach taking as a basis data from the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships 2016 (ENDIREH); 2604 women aged 15 to 49 years, currently in union, indigenous and mestizo were included. The results show that free union is more frequent in indigenous women and that this type of union is significantly associated with a higher probability of occurrence of physical violence in its different expressions. Additionally, the circumstances in which the union is established provide evidence of differences in the frequency of physical violence in them, particularly when women are forced to join. The social disadvantage of women underlies the type and circumstances in which the union occurs, highlighting the participation or not of women in the decision to join and the normative aspects that govern unions in Chiapas, Mexico. Results are discussed in light of reproductive change and male involvement in the establishment of the union as elements underlying both cohabitation or marriage and intimate partner violence.

Maltrato en la gestante adolescente y su efecto en el peso del recién nacido en la altura geográfica peruana, Huancayo, Perú / Abuse in adolescent pregnant women and its effect on newborn weight in the Peruvian geographical altitude, Huancayo, Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La violencia en la gestante está asociada a muchos factores del recién nacido, pero esto casi no se ha reportado en la altura geográfica. OBJETIVO: Determinar si existe asociación entre el maltrato en la gestante adolescente y su efecto en el peso del recién nacido en la altura geográfica peruana. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se tomó la información de 855 gestantes. La variable exposición fue que hubieran sufrido violencia, lo cual se asoció al peso y otros datos del recién nacido en la ciudad de Huancayo, Perú. RESULTADOS: Según el análisis multivariado, hubo más riesgo de que el niño tuviera un peso inadecuado cuando hubo violencia física (riesgo relativo ajustado [RRa]: 1,42; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,01-2,00; p = 0,045), cuando se tuvo un parto pretérmino según Capurro (RRa: 4,90; IC95%: 2,85-8,45; p < 0,001), cuando hubo complicaciones en el parto (RRa: 2,11; IC95%: 1,25-3,61; p = 0,006) y si el abuso inició en el primer trimestre (RRa: 14,74; IC95%: 4,70-46,27; p < 0,001), el segundo (RRa: 18,72; IC95%: 5,78-60,63; p < 0,001) o el tercero (RRa: 18,87; IC95%: 4,71-75,60; p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre sufrir violencia física durante la gestación y el bajo peso al nacer, y también se encontró asociación con otras variables.

INTRODUCTION: Violence in the pregnant woman is associated with many newborn factors, but this has hardly been reported in the geographical altitude. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is an association between adolescent pregnancy abuse and its effect on newborn birth weight in high altitude Peru. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study. Information was taken from 855 pregnant women. The exposure variable was whether they had suffered gender-based violence, the exposure variable was that they had suffered violence, which was associated with the weight and other data of the newborn in Huancayo city, Peru. RESULTS: In the multivariatee analysis it was found that there was a higher risk of the child having an inadequate weight when there was physical violence (adjusted relative risk [RRa]: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.01-2.00; p = 0.045), when there was a preterm birth according to Capurro (RRa: 4.90; 95% CI: 2.85-8.45; p < 0.001), when there were complications in childbirth (RRa: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.25-3.61; p = 0.006) and if the abuse started in the first trimester (RRa: 14.74; 95% CI: 4.70-46.27; p < 0.001), second (RRa: 18.72; 95% CI: 5.78-60.63; p < 0.001) or third (RRa: 18.87; 95% CI: 4.71-75.60; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between suffering physical violence during gestation and low birth weight, and association was also found with other variables.

Violencia en las parejas adolescentes. Implicaciones del sexismo y la religión / Teen dating violence. Implications of sexism and religion

Resumen La violencia en las parejas adolescentes es un tema de especial importancia por la implicación en la salud y en las relaciones afectivas de los adolescentes. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la influencia del género y de la religión en la violencia física, de comunicación/relación y psicológica, recibidas por los adolescentes, y en la satisfacción con la vida que estos presentan, además, del papel que juegan las conductas sexistas en esta violencia. Los participantes han sido 1 036 adolescentes pertenecientes a siete centros de educación secundaria del sudeste español, de edades comprendidas entre 14 y 19 años, de los que el 48.1 % eran hombres y el 51.9 %, mujeres. Para alcanzar los objetivos de la investigación, junto con los datos demográficos y personales, se aplicó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS), la Escala de Violencia en la pareja desarrollada y validada para este estudio que recoge tres subescalas: violencia psicológica, violencia física, y violencia en la comunicación y relación con otros. Finalmente, el cuestionario sobre conductas sexistas da información sobre creencias falsas y conductas sexistas. Los resultados muestran niveles más altos de violencia física, psicológica y de comunicación/relación sufrida por los hombres. Aunque son los hombres los que se sienten más satisfechos con la vida y los que manifiestan más conductas sexistas. La creencia religiosa no interviene en la violencia ejercida, pero son los adolescentes practicantes los que se muestran más satisfechos con la vida.

Abstract Teen dating violence is defined as the physical, sexual, psycho-emotional violence that occurs within couple relationships during adolescence. These are relationships that threaten the well-being, health or integrity of the couple and that use mechanisms of control or domination of the couple through coactive or coercive tactics. With this research we have tried to find out about life satisfaction, the physical, psychological and communicative violence suffered by adolescent men and women who are religious or not. In addition, detect sexist behaviours in young people of both sexes and assess behaviours based on religious practice. A descriptive, cross-sectional and predictive study was carried out. Cluster random sampling was carried out when selecting secondary schools in South-eastern Spain. The study included 1 036 adolescents with ages between 14 and 19 years old, of whom 48.1 % were men and 51.9 % women. To fulfill the objectives together with demographic and personal data, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is applied, which assesses the cognitive aspects of well-being. The Psychological Violence Scale is applied with the objective of assessing the psychological and emotional violence. To know the physical violence and authoritarian behaviour, the Physical Violence Scale is applied. Finally, the Violence in Communication and Relationship with Others Scale is introduced for studying online violence and relationship violence. The three violence scales have been adapted, developed and validated by Soriano and Aguilera (2017). Finally, the questionnaire on sexist behaviours collects information on false beliefs and sexist behaviours. The data collection procedure followed the standards set out in the Helsinki Convention (2013) for scientific research involving human participants. Regarding the results, in the first of the logistic regression models, it is good for boys to go out with many girls, but not the other way around (Wald = 14.461; p = .000; OR = 4.047), it is observed to be that boys are 4.047 times more likely to agree with this attitude than girls. Also, it is statistically significant that sometimes you have to threaten others to know who is in charge, (Wald = 8.107; p = .004; OR = 2.173), which indicates that the boys are 2.173 times more likely in accordance with that conduct that the girls. It is also statistically significant that when a woman is assaulted by her partner she will have done something to provoke him, (Wald = 16.315; p = .000; OR = 3.538), making it 3.538 times more likely that boys support this attitude than girls. At the same time, it is statistically significant that the violence that occurs within the home is a family matter and should not leave there, (Wald = 4.132; p = .042; OR = 1.694), which also indicates that boys are 1.694 times more likely to adopt this behaviour than girls. Regarding the perception of violence, it is observed that men perceive more violence than women, being significant for the three types of violence studied (p < .05): Communication, psychological and physical. Personal satisfaction also shows significant results (Z = -2.61; p = .009). In this case, men perceive greatersatisfaction with their life than women. For students with religious beliefs and practices, statistically significant results were evident only in personal satisfaction (Z = -3.42; p = .001), showing that students who practice a religion have more satisfaction with life. The results show higher levels of physical, psychological and communication / relationship violence suffered by men. However, men feel more satisfation with life and show more sexist behaviour. Religious belief does not intervene in violence, but the practicing adolescents are those most satisfied with life.

Ocurrencia y factores asociados con la violencia física y psicológica a mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital materno infantil / Occurrence and associated factors with physical and psychological violence on pregnant women users of a motherhood and children hospital

Resumen OBJETIVO: Estimar la ocurrencia y los factores asociados con la violencia física y psicológica ejercida a las embarazadas por parte de sus parejas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo y transversal efectuado en las pacientes atendidas entre los meses de junio a noviembre de 2019 en el Hospital de la Madre y el Niño Guerrerense, México. Mediante un cuestionario electrónico (Abuse Assessment Screen), autoadministrado, se indagaron los datos sociodemográficos, de violencia física y psicológica y los antecedentes ginecoobstétricos. La estimación de factores asociados se hizo mediante razón de momios y análisis multivariado. RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 463 registros útiles para el análisis; 125 (27%) reportaron violencia psicológica y 7% (n = 32) violencia física. Los factores asociados con la violencia psicológica fueron: antecedente de este tipo de violencia en la infancia (razón de momios ajustada [RMa] 2.5; IC95%: 1.3-4.8) y antes del embarazo (RMa: 33.9; IC95%: 18.9-60.6). Los factores asociados con la violencia física fueron: antecedente de este tipo de violencia antes del embarazo (RMa: 24.6; IC95%: 10.4- 58.6) y en la infancia (RMa: 3.6; IC95%: 1.5-8.5) además, consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo (RMa: 5.5; IC95%: 1.3-24.4). Estar casada o en unión libre fue un factor protector en contra de la violencia psicológica (RMa: 0.33; IC95%: 0.11-0.97) y física (RMa: 0.29; IC95%: 0.08-0.99). CONCLUSIONES: La violencia psicológica fue mayor que la reportada para la física. Ambas se experimentaron durante los años de infancia o antes del embarazo e incrementaron el riesgo de sufrirla durante el proceso reproductivo. Las embarazadas casadas o en unión libre tuvieron menor riesgo de sufrir violencia física y psicológica.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate the occurrence and factors associated with physical and psychological violence exerted on pregnant women by their partners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohort, retrospective and cross-sectional study carried out in patients attended from June to November 2019 at the Hospital de la Madre y el Niño Guerrerense, Mexico. An electronic questionnaire (Abuse Assessment Screen), self-administered, was used to inquire about sociodemographic data, physical and psychological violence and gynecological and obstetric history. The associated factors were estimated by odds ratio and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We collected 463 records useful for analysis; 125 (27%) reported psychological violence and 7% (n = 32) physical violence. Factors associated with psychological violence were history of such violence in childhood (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.5; 95%CI: 1.3-4.8) and before pregnancy (aOR: 33.9; 95%CI: 18.9-60.6). The factors associated with physical violence were history of this type of violence before pregnancy (aRI: 24.6; 95%CI: 10.4-58.6) and in childhood (aRI: 3.6; 95%CI: 1.5-8.5) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy (aRI: 5.5; 95%CI: 1.3-24.4). Being married or in union was a protective factor against psychological (RMa: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.11-0.97) and physical violence (RMa: 0.29; 95%CI: 0.08-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological violence was higher than that reported for physical violence. Both were experienced during the childhood years or before pregnancy and increased the risk of suffering it during the reproductive process. Pregnant women who were married or in union had a lower risk of suffering physical and psychological violence.

El empoderamiento de la mujer panameña y su relación con la violencia conyugal según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva

Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce que la violencia conyugal es una problemática que va más allá del ámbito familiar, afecta a todos los sectores de la sociedad convirtiéndose en un grave problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos. Objetivo: examinar la relación entre elementos del empoderamiento femenino y tipos de violencia conyugal. Métodos: con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (2014-2015) se analizaron 3679 mujeres casadas/unidas. Se construyeron tres indicadores de empoderamiento como variable independiente, como variable dependiente se estudió la violencia física/sexual. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS utilizando descripciones de frecuencia, cruce de variables y pruebas de significancia estadística. Resultados: Aquellas mujeres que más justifican la violencia conyugal, son las que más sufren agresiones físicas como empujones y/o sacudidas (15%), las que no justifican la violencia por ninguna razón, solo 4.1% sufren ataques de este tipo (p=0.000). El 3.1% de las mujeres con menor participación en el hogar son las que menos agresiones sufren en comparación con las que toman más decisiones y sufren más agresiones (8.1%) (p< 0.000). El grado de participación en aspectos importantes de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva (SSR), muestra que aquellas que no tenían ningún tipo de intervención, padecen mayores agresiones de tipo sexual (7.3%), estas agresiones disminuyen cuando la mujer toma mayores decisiones en SSR (0.4%) (p=0.000). Conclusiones: Hay una asociación positiva entre una menor vivencia de violencia física/sexual con mayores niveles de autonomía en temas de SSR y Rechazo a la Violencia Conyugal. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Physical violence inside female prisons in Brazil: prevalence and related factors / Violência física dentro das prisões femininas no Brasil: prevalência e fatores relacionados

Abstract The present study aims to identify the prevalence of physical violence against female prisoners in Brazil, as well as related factors. This is a cross-sectional national survey conducted in 15 female prisons in five regions of Brazil selected in multiple stages. The following types of analysis were performed: univariate analysis; stratified analysis relating the outcome (suffer physical violence inside prison) to predictor variables, using the Pearson chi-square test; calculation of the Odds Ratio (O.R.); and multiple logistic regression. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used for analysis of goodness of fit and adequacy of the model. The prevalence of physical violence inside female prisons was 37.4%. There was a correlation between physical violence victimization in prison and the following variables: physical victimization prior to arrest (p = 0.013), solitary confinement (p = 0.000), mental suffering (p = 0.003), current or previous abusive intake of alcohol (p = 0.011), current or previous injection of cocaine (p = 0.002) and not performing prison labor (p = 0.003). Physical violence has become inherent in the Brazilian female prison system. Continued studies are needed to monitor the situation and to develop interventions to prevent physical violence inside the facilities.

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva identificar a prevalência de violência física no interior das prisões femininas brasileiras, bem como fatores associados. Estudo transversal de abrangência nacional, realizado em 15 unidades prisionais femininas nas cinco regiões do Brasil em amostra selecionada por múltiplos estágios. Realizou-se análise univariada; análise estratificada em relação ao desfecho (sofrer violência física dentro da prisão) e as variáveis preditoras através do teste de Chi-quadrado de Pearson; cálculo da Odds Ratio; e regressão logística múltipla. Utilizou-se o teste Hosmer-Lemeshow para análise de qualidade de ajuste e adequação do modelo. A prevalência de violência física dentro das prisões femininas brasileiras foi de 37.4%. Houve correlação entre a vitimização da violência física na prisão e as seguintes variáveis: vitimização física prévia (p = 0.013), isolamento (p = 0.000), sofrimento mental (p = 0.003), ingestão abusiva e/ou dependência alcoólica (p = 0.011), uso atual ou prévio de cocaína injetável (p = 0.002) e ócio prisional (p = 0.003). A violência física tornou-se inerente ao sistema prisional feminino brasileiro. Estudos futuros são necessários no intuito de fornecer propostas para intervenções efetivas de modo a prevenir a violência física dentro das instalações prisionais.

Exposición a la violencia durante la formación profesional de los residentes médicos / Exposure to violence during the vocational training of resident physicians

Resumen Las residencias médicas garantizan la formación y preparación de los futuros especialistas, no solo académica, sino también humana. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de maltrato, discriminación y abusos en los residentes médicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar experiencias de violencia física, psicológica o sexual de los residentes médicos del estado de Veracruz, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una metodología cuantitativa, de una población conformada por 656 médicos residentes de 16 unidades receptoras durante el año 2014. El 87 % reportó por lo menos una experiencia de agresión en su tiempo de formación como especialistas y hasta el 50.46 % refirió violencia psicológica. Sus principales agresores fueron jefes de servicio (33.5 %) y compañeros residentes (33.5 %), viéndose más afectados en el turno matutino (34.76 %). De la población total, 51.52 % son hombres y 48.48 % mujeres. En relación al análisis bivariado se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: correlación entre sexo y violencia psicológica: X 2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; violencia fisica: X 2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; y violencia sexual: X 2 = 4.868 4, P = 0.001. Los varones presentaron tasas de agresión más altas en el grupo de médicos residentes sometidos a mayor nivel de violencia psicológica, física y sexual. Con este estudio se enfatiza la importancia de forjar valores institucionales en la práctica médica, como el respeto y la dignidad, entre los médicos residentes, superiores y/o profesionales que intervienen en la formación y perfeccionamiento de sus especialidades.

Abstract The Medical residencies guarantee the academic and human apprenticeship and training of the future medical specialists. Nevertheless, there is evidence of maltreatment, discrimination and abuse against the medical residents. The purpose of this work was to identify experiences of physical, psychological or sexual violence of medical residents in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. A cross-sectional quantitative analysis was carried out focusing on a population of 656 residents from 16 receiving medical centers during 2014. Results indicate that 87% reported at least one experience of physical violence during their medical internship as specialists. Additionally, and up to 50.46% it reported psychological violence. The main aggressors were reported to be chiefs of service (33T5 %) and resident partners (33.5 %) and participants were more affected during the morning shift (34.76 %). 51.52 % of the participating population are males and 48.48 % are fema les. As regards The bivariate analysis revealed the following results: correlation between gender and psychological violence: X2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; physical violence: X2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; and sexual violence: X2 = 4.868 4, p = 0.001. Males reported higher aggression rates in their medical internships since they were subject to higher levels of psychological, physical and sexual violence. The results of the study emphasize the importance of forging institutional values as an integral part of medical residency programs. Respect and the dignity among medical residents, superiors and health professionals who are involved in training and apprenticeships of specialists should be promoted.

Predictors of marital physical violence: personal and relational characteristics / Preditores da violência física conjugal: características pessoais e relacionais / Predictores de violencia física conyugal: características personales y relacionales

Conjugal violence is a complex phenomenon that deserves attention because of its prevalence. The aim of this study was to verify the predictive power of the family-of-origin experiences, early maladaptive schemas, love, marital adjustment and family climate to marital physical violence occurrence. In this quantitative, correlational and explanatory study 186 men and 186 women took part, aged from 19 to 81 (M=41,17; SD=12,75). The instruments used measured general information, family of origin (FBQ), maladaptive schemes (YSQs), love (TLS), marital adjustment (DAS), family climate (FCI) and marital conflicts (CTS2). The results showed an association between the studied variables. In addition, the variables family conflict and sexual abuse in childhood were predictive of physical violence committed by women, while marital dissatisfaction was the predictor of marital violence committed by men. In view of the results, it can be established that the phenomenon of violence in intimate relationships is multidetermined, requiring attention from health professionals. (AU)

A violência conjugal é um fenômeno complexo que merece atenção pela alta prevalência. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o poder preditivo de experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, amor, ajustamento conjugal e clima familiar para a ocorrência de violência física conjugal. Participaram deste estudo, quantitativo, correlacional e explicativo, 186 homens e 186 mulheres, com idades entre 19 a 81 anos (M=41,17; DP=12,75). Os instrumentos utilizados mediram informações gerais, família de origem (FBQ), esquemas desadaptativos (IEDs), amor (ETAS), ajustamento conjugal (DAS), clima familiar (ICF) e conflitos conjugais (CTS2). Os resultados evidenciaram associação entre as variáveis estudadas. Além disso, as variáveis conflito familiar e abuso sexual na infância foram preditoras da violência física cometida pelas mulheres, enquanto que a insatisfação conjugal foi a variável preditora da violência conjugal cometida pelos homens. A partir dos resultados foi possível constatar quanto o fenômeno da violência em relacionamentos íntimos é multideterminado, exigindo atenção dos profisisonais da saúde. (AU)

La violencia conjugal es un fenómeno complejo que merece atención por su alta prevalencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el poder predictivo de experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, amor, ajuste conjugal y el clima familiar para la aparición de violencia física conjugal. Participaron deste estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y explicativo 186 hombres y 186 mujeres, con edades entre 19 y 81 años (M = 41,17, SD = 12,75). Los instrumentos utilizados midieron informaciones generales, familia de origen (FBQ), esquemas desadaptativos (IEDs), amor (ETAS), ajuste conyugal (DAS), clima familiar (ICF) y conflictos conyugales (CTS2). Los resultados mostraron asociación entre las variables estudiadas. Además, las variables conflicto familiar y abuso sexual en la infancia fueron predictores de la violencia física cometida por las mujeres, mientras que la insatisfacción conyugal fue la variable predictora de la violencia conjugal cometida por los hombres. Los resultados muestran que el fenómeno de violencia en relacionamientos íntimos es multi-determinado, requiriendo atención de profesionales de la salud. (AU)

Analysis of contextual variables in the evaluation of child abuse in the pediatric emergency setting / Análise das variáveis contextuais na avaliação dos maus-tratos infantis a partir da realidade de uma urgência pediátrica

Abstract Objective: This article comprises a sample of abuse modalities observed in a pediatric emergency room of a public hospital in the Lisbon metropolitan area and a multifactorial characterization of physical and sexual violence. The objectives are: (1) to discuss the importance of social and family variables in the configuration of both types of violence; (2) to show how physical and sexual violence have subtypes and internal diversity. Methods: A statistical analysis was carried out in a database (1063 records of child abuse between 2004 and 2013). A form was applied to cases with suspected abuse, containing data on the child, family, abuse episode, abuser, medical history, and clinical observation. A factorial analysis of multiple correspondence was performed to identify patterns of association between social variables and physical and sexual violence, as well as their internal diversity. Results: The prevalence of abuse in this pediatric emergency room was 0.6%. Physical violence predominated (69.4%), followed by sexual violence (39.3%). Exploratory profiles of these types of violence were constructed. Regarding physical violence, the gender of the abuser was the first differentiating dimension; the victim's gender and age range were the second one. In the case of sexual violence, the age of the abuser and co-residence with him/her comprised the first dimension; the victim's age and gender comprised the second dimension. Conclusion: Patterns of association between victims, family contexts, and abusers were identified. It is necessary to alert clinicians about the importance of social variables in the multiple facets of child abuse.

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta uma casuística de modalidades de maus-tratos numa urgência pediátrica (UP) de um hospital público na área metropolitana de Lisboa e uma caracterização multifatorial da violência física e violência sexual. Os objetivos são: 1) discutir a importância de variáveis sociais e familiares na configuração de ambos; 2) mostrar como violência física e violência sexual apresentam subtipos e diversidade interna. Métodos: Fez-se uma análise estatística de uma base de dados (1.063 registos de maus-tratos infantis, entre 2004-2013). Usou-se o formulário aplicado a casos com suspeita de maus-tratos, com dados sobre a criança, família, episódio de maus-tratos, agressor, história médica e observação clínica. Foi feita uma análise fatorial de correspondências múltiplas para identificar padrões de associação entre variáveis sociais e violência, física e sexual, bem como sua diversidade interna. Resultados: A prevalência de maus-tratos nessa UP foi de 0,6%. Predominam a violência física (69,4%) e a violência sexual (39,3%). Perfis exploratórios desses tipos foram construídos. Quanto à violência física, o sexo do agressor estrutura a primeira dimensão diferenciadora; sexo e grupo etário da vítima estruturam a segunda. No caso da violência sexual, a idade do agressor e corresidência com ele estruturam a primeira dimensão; idade e sexo das vítimas organizam a segunda dimensão. Conclusão: Identificaram-se padrões de associação entre vítimas, contextos familiares e agressores. É necessário alertar os clínicos para a importância das variáveis sociais nas múltiplas faces que os maus-tratos assumem.

Caracterización de mujeres víctimas de violencia intrafamiliar atendidas en sala psicosocial del movimiento comunal Nicaragüense Matagalpa en el Periódo 2014-2015

El objetivo de este estudio es Caracterizar a la mujeres víctimas de violenciaintrafamiliar que son atendidas en la sala psicosocial del Movimiento ComunalNicaragüense del departamento de Matagalpa en el periodo 2014 – 2015.Metodología: Para la recolección de información se contó con autorización demovimiento comunal nicaragüense de Matagalpa para la revisión de expedientesclínico de víctimas de violencia, la firma de consentimiento informado, la aplicación detest de autoestima y el desarrollo de un grupo focal con mujeres que participaron en elproceso.Los resultados del estudio reflejan que el 58% de las mujeres participantes delproceso 58% son afectadas por violencia psicológica, un 43% por violencia económicao patrimonial, un 38% por violencia física, y un 31% por violencia sexual, las mujeresque gozan de nivel de autoestima buena, muy buena o excelente han realizadoacciones para salir del circulo de la violencia, como buscar ayuda, denuncias anteautoridades competentes, o deciden dejar una relación de violencia.

Violencia en la relación de pareja de los alumnos de enfermería, 2015 / Violence in the relationship of nursing students, 2015

Objetivo: Conocer y adentrarse en el estudio de violencia en las relaciones de pareja de los estudiantes de la ENEO-UNAM. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, la unidad de observación fueron alumnos de las carreras: Lic. en Enfermería y Lic. en Enfermería y Obstetricia, el muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se aplicó un cuestionario exprofeso “Detección de violencia en pareja”, de 15 reactivos. Resultados: Se estudiaron 112 alumnos, el 84.8% correspondió al género femenino, el 51% tienen menos 20 años, 37% tiene entre 20-23 y el 12% más de 23 años de edad. El 85.7% de las (os) alumnos, informo que tiene violencia emocional (controla su tiempo, celos y la acusa de ser le infiel), El 38.3% está en proceso de gestación de dependencia, el 15.8% tiene violencia económica, el 1.8% dijo tener violencia física, el 8.9% reportó violencia psicológica y solo se reportó un caso de violación por parte de su pareja. Conclusiones: Se confirma que existe violencia en las relaciones de pareja de tipo: emocional, dependencia, física, económica y sexual en los alumnos de enfermería, por lo que se debe de implementar y aplicar una intervención para disminuir esta. Es necesario fomentar que toda pareja llegue a acuerdos, donde se establezcan límites y distancias, sobre todo fomentar el mutuo respeto.

Introduction: The National Survey on the Dynamic of Household Relations (ENDIREH) 2011, reported that 46.1% of women over 15 have experienced violence by their partners. Objective: To determine and enter the study of violence in relationships of students ENEO-UNAM. Methodology: A descriptive study, the observation unit were students of the races: Lic. Nursing and Nursing and Midwifery, was non-probability sampling. a questionnaire exprofeso "Detection of violence as a couple" of 15 items was applied. Results: 112 students were studied, 84.8% were female, 51% are under 20 years, 37% are between 20- 23 and 12% over 23 years old. 85.7% of the (old) students reported having emotional violence (control your time, jealousy and accuses her of being unfaithful), 38.3% is in the making of dependence, 15.8% is economic violence, 1.8 % reported physical violence, 8.9% reported psychological violence and only one reported case of rape by an intimate partner. Conclusions: It is confirmed that there is violence in the relationships of type: emotional dependency, physical, economic and sexual in nursing students, so it must implement and apply an intervention to reduce this. It is necessary to encourage all couples reach agreements, which set limits and distances, especially foster mutual respect.

Violencia física en el embarazo: realidad en el extremo sur de Chile / Physical violence in pregnancy: reality in the southern tip of Chile

Objetivo: Describir el perfil de las mujeres adscritas al Programa de Violencia, Punta Arenas, Chile, y que han presentado violencia física durante el embarazo. Método: Estudio de abordaje cuantitativo, con diseño descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se entrevistó a 59 mujeres, utilizando el Instrumento de la OMS sobre la violencia contra las mujeres Versión 9.1 para Chile modificado. Resultados: La prevalencia de violencia durante el embarazo fue 28,8 por ciento. En su mayoría el agresor fue la pareja y el 52,9 por ciento declaró que los golpes o patadas fueron en el abdomen. El 100 por ciento presento violencia psicológica, física leve y grave y 70,6 por ciento violencia sexual. El 58,8 por ciento tenía entre 15 a 29 años al momento de vivenciar la violencia, el 35,5 por ciento completó la enseñanza media, de religión católica, trabajan fuera del hogar, convivían, tenían tres o más hijos y con estrato socioeconómico medio y medio bajo. Las manifestaciones de violencia que se relacionaron con violencia física en el embarazo fueron la presencia de manifestaciones de violencia física leve: abofeteado o tirado cosas que pudieran herirla (p=0,000) y violencia física grave: golpeado con su puño u otra cosa que pudiera herirla (p=0,006), pateado, arrastrado o dado una golpiza (p=0,004), estrangularla a propósito (p=0,010), presencia de lesiones (p=0,048). Los factores que se relacionaron con la presencia de violencia física en el embarazo fueron el nivel educacional de la pareja (p=0,047), condición laboral de la mujer (p=0,018) y antecedentes de peleas físicas en la pareja con otros hombres (p=0,046). Conclusión: Los hallazgos obtenidos permiten identificar precozmente a las embarazadas con mayor riesgo de violencia, y permiten ofrecer una intervención oportuna, minimizando las graves consecuencias que tiene para la mujer y los hijos.

Aim: To describe the profile of the women assigned to the Violence Program who have submitted physical violence during pregnancy in Punta Arenas, Chile. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study with a quantitative approach. 59 women were interviewed using the WHO instrument on violence against women, modified Version 9.1 for Chile. Results: Prevalence of violence during pregnancy corresponded to 28.8 percent. Most of the time, the aggressor was the intimate partner and 52.9 percent declared that the blows or kicks were in the abdomen. 100 percent presented severe and mild physical and psychological violence, and 70.6 percent presented sexual violence. 58.8 percent were between 15 and 29 years at the time of experiencing violence. 35,5 percent were catholic women who have finished high school, worked outside home, lived together with an intimate partner, had three or more children, and belonged to a middle and lower middle socioeconomic strata. Manifestations of violence which were related to physical violence during pregnancy were slapping or throwing things that could hurt them (p=0.000). Severe physical violence included punching or being hurt with something that could hurt them (p=0.006); kicking, dragging on the ground or being beaten (p=0.004); strangling on purpose (p=0.010), and appearance of injuries (p=0.048). Factors related to manifestations of physical violence in pregnancy were: intimate partner's educational level (graduated high school or less than high school education (p=0.047), employment status of women (p=0.018) and the intimate partner history ofphysical fights with other men (p=0,046). Conclusion: The findings obtained in this study give us the opportunity to visualize the phenomenon of physical violence during pregnancy, contributing to early identification of pregnant women at increased risk in order to provide timely intervention, minimizing the serious consequences for women and children.

Trauma craniano violento pediátrico: uma revisão da literatura / Abusive head trauma in children: a literature review

OBJETIVO: Fornecer uma revisão de literatura científica sobre trauma craniano violento pediátrico enquanto forma de maus-tratos físicos contra bebês e crianças, ressaltando prevalência, sinais e sintomas, consequências, fatores de risco para sua ocorrência e, principalmente, estratégias de prevenção. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS e Web of Science no período de 2001 a 2012 utilizando os termos "síndrome do bebê sacudido" e "trauma craniano violento" em inglês, espanhol e português. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O trauma craniano violento é definido como a lesão ao crânio ou ao conteúdo intracraniano de um bebê ou criança menor de cinco anos devido a um impacto brusco intencional e/ou a uma sacudida violenta. Ocorre principalmente com bebês e crianças menores de um ano de idade, e pode resultar em consequências graves, desde deficiências físicas ou mentais até a morte. Apesar de haver sinais específicos para esta forma de maus-tratos, eles podem se confundir com doenças comuns em crianças ou traumas cranianos acidentais, sendo imprescindível o preparo clínico dos profissionais envolvidos na avaliação dos casos para o diagnóstico correto. As estratégias de prevenção devem incluir tanto a identificação precoce dos casos, como a educação parental sobre o desenvolvimento infantil, especialmente sobre o padrão de choro do bebê. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando a gravidade do trauma craniano violento pediátrico, é fundamental que estratégias de prevenção sejam implementadas e avaliadas no contexto brasileiro. Sugere-se que indicadores de sua incidência sejam pesquisados nacionalmente.

OBJECTIVE: To review the scientific literature on pediatric abusive head trauma as a form of physical abuse against infants and young children, highlighting the prevalence, signs and symptoms, consequences, risk factors for its occurrence, and prevention strategies. DATA SOURCE: The MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, and Web of Science databases from 2001 to 2012 were reviewed, using the terms "shaken baby syndrome" and "abusive head trauma" in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pediatric abusive head trauma is defined as injury to the skull or intracranial contents of a infant or child younger than 5 years due to intentional abrupt impact and/or violent shaking. It occurs mainly in infants and children under 1 year of age, and may result in severe consequences, from physical or mental disabilities to death. Although there are specific signs for this form of abuse, they can be mistaken for common illnesses in children or accidental head injury; thus, clinical training of professionals involved in the assessment of cases to attain the correct diagnosis is crucial. Prevention strategies should include early identification of cases, as well as parental education on child development, especially on the infant's crying pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the severity of abusive head trauma in children, it is critical that prevention strategies be implemented and evaluated in the Brazilian context. It is suggested that its incidence indicators be assessed at the national level.

Physical violence against patients with mental disorders in Brazil: sex differences in a cross-sectional study / Violência contra pacientes com transtorno mental no Brasil: diferenças por sexo em estudo transversal

OBJECTIVES: Patients with mental illness are more exposed to violence than the general population. This study assessed factors associated with lifetime physical violence against these patients stratified by sex in Brazil. METHODS: This is a National cross-sectional multicenter study with a representative sample of 2,475 patients randomly selected from 26 public mental health services. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with physical violence and crude (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence interval were estimated. Statistical level considered was 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime physical violence against mental patients was similar for women (57.6%) and men (57.8%). Physical violence against women was independently associated with: previous psychiatric hospitalizations (aOR = 2.09), lifetime STD (aOR = 1.75), lifetime alcohol consumption (aOR = 1.59), age of sexual debut (< 16 y.o.) (aOR = 1.40), lifetime sex under alcohol/drugs use (aOR = 2.08), having received/offered money for sex (aOR = 1.73) and lifetime incarceration (aOR = 1.69). Among men, associated factors were: age (18-40 y.o.) (aOR = 1.90), history of homelessness (aOR = 1.71), previous psychiatric hospitalization (aOR = 1.39), lifetime STD (aOR = 1.52), lifetime alcohol consumption (aOR = 1.41), lifetime use of marijuana or cocaine (aOR = 1.54), having received/offered money for sex (aOR = 1.47), lifetime history of incarceration (aOR = 2.07). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of physical violence in this population was high for both sexes. Although there were similar factors independently associated with physical violence among men and women, there are important differences, such as age of sexual debut and lifetime sex under alcohol/drugs use for women, but not for men, while younger age, history of homelessness, and lifetime use of marijuana or cocaine were associated factors for men only. Screening for history of violence upon admission and early interventions to decrease vulnerability are needed in mental health public services in Brazil.

OBJETIVOS: Pacientes com transtorno mental estão mais expostos à violência do que a população em geral. Este estudo avaliou os fatores associados à violência física na vida contra esses pacientes, por meio de análise estratificada por sexo, no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo multicêntrico nacional transversal, com amostra representativa de 2.475 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente de 26 serviços públicos de saúde mental. A regressão logística foi utilizada para avaliar os fatores associados à violência física, e odds ratio brutos e ajustados (ORa), com intervalo de 95% de confiança, foram estimados. O nível de significância considerado foi de 0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência na vida de violência física contra pacientes com transtornos mentais foi semelhante para mulheres (57,6%) e homens (57,8%). A violência física contra as mulheres esteve independentemente associada com: internações psiquiátricas anteriores (ORa = 2,09), histórico de doença sexualmente transmissível (ORa = 1,75), histórico de uso de álcool (ORa = 1,59), idade de iniciação sexual (< 16 anos) (ORa = 1,40), histórico de sexo sob efeito de drogas/álcool (ORa = 2,08), ter recebido/oferecido dinheiro por sexo (ORa = 1,73) e histórico de encarceramento (ORa = 1,69). Entre os homens, os fatores associados foram: idade (18-40) (ORa = 1,90), histórico de morar na rua (ORa = 1,71), internação psiquiátrica anterior (ORa = 1,39), histórico de doença sexualmente transmissível (ORa = 1,52), histórico de consumo de álcool (ORa = 1,41), uso na vida de maconha ou cocaína (ORa = 1,54), ter recebido/oferecido dinheiro por sexo (ORa = 1,47), histórico de encarceramento (ORa = 2,07). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de violência física nessa população foi elevada para ambos os sexos. Embora haja fatores semelhantes independentemente associados à violência física entre homens e mulheres, há diferenças importantes, tais como a idade de início da vida sexual e o sexo sob uso de drogas/álcool para mulheres, mas não para os homens. Já para os homens, mas não para as mulheres, o histórico de morar na rua e o uso de maconha ou cocaína na vida estiveram associados ao evento. Triagem para a história da violência na admissão e intervenções precoces para diminuir a vulnerabilidade são necessárias nos serviços públicos de saúde mental no Brasil.

Violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes na região metropolitana de Fortaleza / Domestic violence against children and adolescents in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza

O reconhecimento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes no Brasil se deu no fim da década de 80, com o estabelecimento do ECA, que tornou obrigatória a notificação, mesmo dos casos suspeitos, numa medida de proteção aos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes. Ainda que tenha sua magnitude desconhecida, é apontada como um fenômeno crescente em todo o mundo e seu conhecimento encontra-se em processo de construção. Em função das graves conseqüências que acarreta às vítimas e às suas famílias, seu estudo se justifica, no intuito de dar visibilidade ao tema, a partir dos casos atendidos no Instituto Médico Legal de Fortaleza. Objetivos - Analisar as características da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes atendidos no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Fortaleza, visando contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas de enfrentamento deste problema na população estudada, a partir de estratégias apropriadas de prevenção e controle. Métodos - Estudo descritivo, transversal, com método quantitativo. A população foi constituída por 343 crianças e adolescentes residentes na Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza e atendidos no IML de Fortaleza, no período de 1º de julho a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Para obtenção dos dados foram utilizados a guia policial e o instrumento próprio da pesquisa. Resultados Dentre as vítimas de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes, observou-se predominância do sexo feminino (235 68,5 por cento) e da faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos. As vítimas moravam, sobretudo, com os pais (166 48,4 por cento), no município de Fortaleza (234 68,2 por cento), em famílias de renda per capita inferior a quatrocentos reais (276 80,4 por cento), cujo principal agressor foi o pai (109 31,8 por cento) e notificante, a mãe (166 48,4 por cento). Os principais tipos de violência doméstica...

The recognition of domestic violence against children and adolescents in Brazil was in the late 80's with the establishment of the ECA, which has obliged to report even suspected cases, a measure of protection to the rights of children and adolescents. Although its magnitude was unknown, is identified as a growing phenomenon around the world and their knowledge is under construction. Because of the serious consequences that entails for victims and their families, their study is warranted in order to give visibility to the issue, from the cases treated at the Forensic Institute in Fortaleza. Objectives - To analyze the characteristics of domestic violence against children and adolescents treated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML) of Fortaleza, in order to contribute to the formulation of public policies to face this problem in the population studied, as appropriate strategies for prevention and control. Methods - Cross-sectional study with quantitative method. The study population consisted of 343 children and adolescents living in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza and served in the IML of Fortaleza in the period from July 1 to December 31, 2008. To obtain the data were used to guide police and the instrument's own research. Results - Among the victims of domestic violence against children and adolescents, there was a predominance of females (235 - 68.5 per cent) and aged 10 to 14 years. The victims lived, especially with parents (166 - 48.4 per cent), in Fortaleza (234 - 68.2 per cent) in families of per capita...

Educar é punir?: Concepções e práticas educativas de pais agressores / Is educate punishing?: Parents' childrearing practices and conceptions

A violência física de pais contra filhos é um dos tipos de violência doméstica e constitui um problema de saúde pública. Buscando colaborar para a compreensão do problema e para estratégias de intervenção com famílias, este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar concepções sobre o educar e as práticas educativas de pais denunciados. Os entrevistados são pais/mães denunciados ao Conselho Tutelar. Utilizou-se o modelo de entrevista “História de vida temática”, constituída pelo relato da história de vida do entrevistado, complementada por um conjunto de tópicos previamente definidos. Foram realizadas seis entrevistas, sendo gravadas, transcritas e analisadas qualitativamente. Os resultados apontam inconsistências entre concepções e práticas educativas, dificuldades em utilizar recursos alternativos à punição física para colocar limites; a falta de suporte em rede social como fatores de risco, e a necessidade de implementar programas de intervenção que promovam a integração entre suas concepções e práticas como educadores.

Domestic violence is a known public health problem. This research intends to investigate conceptions and childrearing practices of parents that use physical violence against their children. Interviews with three mothers and three fathers from different families were made. Qualitative methodology was used, through semi-structured interview called “Thematic Life History”, where participants expose their personal history since childhood, followed by a previously defined list of topics. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analyzed. Data analysis revealed that parent’s conceptions are not corresponding to their every day actions with their children; the difficulty of parents at using non-violent chidrearing practices and a cultural naturalization of physical punishment to establish limits. It also points out parents` low social and economical support as a risk factor, as well as the necessity of changes in intervention programs to offer possibilities of joining parents conceptions and practices, aiming the improvement of child`s positive global development.

La violencia, un problema de salud / Violence, a health problem

La violencia se ha convertido en un problema para la salud pública a nivel mundial. De ella se reconocen varios tipos: la violencia física, la psicológica y la sexual, sus causas pueden variar en dependencia del contexto sociocultural. El presente trabajo se realiza con el objetivo de identificar la violencia como un problema de salud, así como describir los tipos de violencia según las características de quienes cometen el acto violento y la naturaleza de los mismos.

Violence has become a problem for public health all over the world. Different types have been recognized: physical, psychological and sexual violence. Their causes may vary depending on the sociocultural context. The present paper is aimed at identifying violence as a health problem and at describing the types of violence according to the characteristics of those who commit the violent act and to the nature of them.

Violencia intrafamiliar en un área de salud / Intrafamily violence in a health area

Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, en el cual a través de una selección por conglomerado bietápico, se escogieron 3 consultorios del Médico de Familia, y en cada uno, 50 familias con residencia permanente en el Consejo Popular Cerro. Nos propusimos explorar la frecuencia y características de la violencia intrafamiliar (VIF) en un área de salud del municipio Cerro, así como su posible influencia en el funcionamiento familiar. Mediante entrevista domiciliaria se conversó con un miembro adulto de cada familia y con el Médico de Familia, con el propósito de identificar la presencia de VIF, la(s) víctima(s), los victimarios, y la relación de la VIF con el funcionamiento familiar y con la presencia de afecciones psiquiátricas en la familia. Como resultados se percibió VIF en el 24 % de las familias, siendo el tipo psicológico la más frecuente (58,6 %), y como víctimas, las mujeres. No se detectó abuso sexual ni se encontró relación entre el funcionamiento familiar y la VIF, aunque en las pocas familias disfuncionales encontradas hubo violencia. Se concluye que en el área de salud existe VIF, a pesar de que la comunidad no la reconoce como uno de sus problemas de salud.

An exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken. Three family physician's oficces were selected by bistage cluster and, in each of them, 50 families with permanent residence in the Cerro People's Council. Our purpose was to explore the frequency and characteristics of intrafamily violence (IFV) in a health area of Cerro municipality and their possible influence on family functioning. An adult member of every family and the family physician were interviewed at home aimed at identifying the presence of IFV, the victims, the victimaries and the connection of IFV with family functioning and with the existance of psychiatric affections in the family. IFV was observed in 24 % of the families. The psychological type was the most frequent (58,6 %), and women were the commonest victims. . No sexual abuse was detected and no relation was found between the family functioning and the IFV, eventhough in the few dysfunctional families found there was violence. It was concluded that there is IFV in the health area, in spite of the fact that the community does not recognize it as one its health problems.