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SUMMARY: Obesity-related pathophysiologies such as insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome show a markedly increased risk for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This risk appears to be linked to alterations in adipose tissue function, leading to chronic inflammation and the dysregulation of adipocyte-derived factors. Brassica rapa have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutritional stress induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose diet on the pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissue and the therapeutic effect of Brassica rapa in male Wistar rats. We subjected experimental rats to a high-fat (10 %) high-sucrose (20 %)/per day for 11 months and treated them for 20 days with aqueous extract Br (AEBr) at 200 mg/kg at the end of the experiment. At the time of sacrifice, we monitored plasma and tissue biochemical parameters as well as the morpho-histopathology of visceral adipose tissue. We found AEBr corrected metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers in homogenized visceral adipose tissue and reduced hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and lipid droplets. These results suggest that AEBr enhances anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and a protective effect on adipose tissue morphology in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
La fisiopatología relacionadas con la obesidad, como la resistencia a la insulina y el síndrome metabólico, muestran un riesgo notablemente mayor de diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Este riesgo parece estar relacionado con alteraciones en la función del tejido adiposo, lo que lleva a una inflamación crónica y a la desregulación de los factores derivados de los adipocitos. Brassica rapa se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, incluida la diabetes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto del estrés nutricional inducido por una dieta rica en grasas y sacarosa sobre la fisiopatología del tejido adiposo visceral y el efecto terapéutico de Brassica rapa en ratas Wistar macho. Sometimos a ratas experimentales a una dieta rica en grasas (10 %) y alta en sacarosa (20 %)/por día durante 11 meses y las tratamos durante 20 días con extracto acuoso de Br (AEBr) a 200 mg/kg al final del experimento. En el momento del sacrificio, monitoreamos los parámetros bioquímicos plasmáticos y tisulares, así como la morfohistopatología del tejido adiposo visceral. Encontramos parámetros metabólicos corregidos por AEBr y marcadores inflamatorios en tejido adiposo visceral homogeneizado y reducción de hipertrofia, hiperplasia y gotitas de lípidos. Estos resultados sugieren que AEBr mejora el efecto antidiabético, antiinflamatorio y protector sobre la morfología del tejido adiposo en la diabetes tipo 2 y la obesidad.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Brassica rapa/chemistry , Insulin Resistance , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Rats, Wistar , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Intra-Abdominal Fat , Glucose/toxicity , Inflammation , Lipids/toxicity , Obesity/drug therapyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze different anatomical sites in the abdominal region, in order to determine the positional parameter that identifies a higher level of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and confers a greater cardiometabolic risk. Materials and methods: This is a methodological study in which VAT was evaluated by ultrasonography (USG) in three anatomical sites in the abdomen, while the abdominal circumference (AC) was measured using seven different protocols. Additionally, the glycemic and lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and the presence of systemic arterial hypertension were evaluated. Results: One hundred and six individuals with an average age of 42 (36.8-46.2) years were included. The evaluation of the calibration of the ultrasound procedure for the analysis of VAT by intra- and inter-evaluators showed high reproducibility. The pattern of abdominal fat distribution differed between sexes, with higher mean VAT in males (p < 0.05) and higher mean SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) in females (p < 0.005). In the abdominal scan applied to women, higher levels of VAT and lower levels of SAT were observed in the narrower waist region, between the iliac crest and the last rib (p < 0.001). In males, the profile of adipose disposition along the abdomen was uniform (p > 0.05). Correlations between VAT measured by USG and cardiometabolic parameters were relatively stronger in the upper abdomen (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Women accumulate more VAT in the narrower waist region, while men accumulate VAT uniformly across the abdomen. There was relative superiority in predicting cardiometabolic risk in the upper abdomen for both sexes.
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Objective:To investigate the predictive value of preoperative abdominal adipose tissue measurement for early recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 238 patients with HCC who underwent surgical resection from January 2018 to January 2020 in 2 medical centers in China were collected, including 46 cases in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and 192 cases in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University. There were 207 males and 31 females, aged 51(48,65)years. All patients underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. Observation indicators: (1) measure-ment of abdominal adipose tissue; (2) follow-up; (3) analysis of influencing factors for early recurrence after resection of HCC; (4) prediction of early recurrence after resection of HCC. Follow-up was conducted by outpatient examinations and telephone interview to detect the postoperative survival of patients up to February 2022. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was performed by the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution was represented by M(range) or M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was performed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percen-tages, and the chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. Univariate analysis was conducted using the corresponding statistical methods based on data type. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic regression model advance method. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn, and the area under curve was used to evaluate the efficacy. Results:(1) Measure-ment of abdominal adipose tissue. Of the 238 patients, the total abdominal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, total adipose tissue index, visceral adipose tissue index, subcutaneous adipose tissue index were 292(198,355)cm 2, 153(99,194)cm 2, 128(95,154)cm 2, 106(76,130)cm 2/m 2, (57±27)cm 2/m 2, 46(34,58)cm 2/m 2 for 139 patients with early postoperative recur-rence, versus 174(114,251)cm 2, 78(50,110)cm 2, 88(55,127)cm 2, 64(42,91)cm 2/m 2, (30±16)cm 2/m 2, 31(19,46) cm 2/m 2 for 99 patients without early recurrence, respectively, showing significant diffe-rences between them ( Z=?7.39, ?7.87, ?5.03, ?7.25, t=?9.46, Z=?5.00, P<0.05). (2) Follow-up. All the 238 patients were followed up according to the plan. The survival time of 238 patients was 26(8,44)months. The survival time was 11(5,18)months for patients with postoperative early recur-rence, versus 36(32,43)months for patients without early recurrence, respectively. (3) Analysis of influencing factors for early recurrence after resection of HCC. Results of univariate analysis showed that body mass index, total adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, total adipose tissue index, visceral adipose tissue index and subcutaneous adipose tissue index were related factors for early recurrence after resection of HCC ( t=?5.88, Z=?7.39, ?7.87, ?5.03, ?7.25, t=?9.46, Z=?5.00, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that visceral adipose tissue index was an independent influencing factor for early recurrence after resection of HCC ( odds ratio=1.06, 95% confidence interval as 1.04?1.08, P<0.05). (4) Prediction of early recurrence after resection of HCC. According to the results of multivariate analysis, the receiver operating characteris-tic curve showed that the area under curve of visceral adipose tissue index was 0.80 (95% confidence interval as 0.75?0.86, P<0.05), with the sensitivity and specificity as 75.5% and 71.7%. Conclusions:Visceral adipose tissue index is an independent influencing factor for early recurrence after resection of HCC. The risk of early recurrence increases with the increase of visceral adipose tissue index.
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Objective:To describe the baseline characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the China Quantitative CT (QCT) big data program in 2018—2019.Methods:Based on baseline data from the Chinese health big data project from January 2018 to December 2019 from the eligible enrolled population, measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were performed using Mindways′ QCT Pro Model 4 system. The baseline data of age, gender, regional distribution, height, weight, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, blood routine and blood biochemical tests were analyzed. And the single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the age related trend of BMD and VAT in both genders.Results:After screening the inclusion exclusion criteria and outliers of the main indicators, 86 113 people were enrolled in the project. The enrollment rate was 92.47%, including 35 431 (41.1%) women and 50 682 (58.9%) men, and the ratio of men to women was 1.43. The mean age was (50.3±12.7) years in all the subjects, and it was (50.2±12.8) years and (50.4±12.5) years in men and women, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two genders ( P>0.05). Total of 43 833 people were enrolled in east China, it was the largest group by region (50.90%), it was followed by central China (16 434 people, 19.08%), and the number of people enrolled in Northeast China was the lowest (2 914 people, 3.38%). The rate of completing of health information indicators related to the main outcome of the study were all above 70%, and there were significant differences between men and women (all P<0.05). The mean BMD was (139.33±46.76) mg/cm 3 in women, (135.90±36.48) mg/cm 3 in men, which showed a decreasing trend with age in both gender (both P<0.001); the mean intra-abdominal fat area was (116.39±56.23) cm 2 in women, (191.67±77.07) cm 2 in men, and there was an increasing trend with age in both men and women (both P<0.001). Conclusions:There are gender differences in BMD and VAT measured by QCT with different age tendency, and there are gender differences in health information index. Regional factors should also be taken into account for regional differences in the inclusion of data.
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ABSTRACT Introduction It has been suggested that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with several non-communicable chronic diseases, but measuring it is difficult. Thus, anthropometry could be used because is easily applied in clinical practice. Objectives The present study aimed to develop and validate VAT estimation equations (Eq) in military men. Methods The sample consisted of 409 (mean age, 36.5 ± 6.7 years) military men in the Brazilian Army (BA) divided into an equation group (EG) ( n = 270; mean age, 37.0 ± 6.3 years) and a validation group (VG) ( n =139; mean age, 36.0 ± 7.2 years). Anthropometric, hemodynamic and DXA body composition evaluations ( GE iLunar ) were performed. The Student's t test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise general linear regression were applied. Bland-Altman graphics were used to assess the concordance between VAT by Eq and by DXA. The level of significance was 95% ( p < 0.05). Results Age, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and body mass index presented the main significant positive correlations with the VAT-DXA. Four Eq were created Eq1 ( r 2 = 0.793), Eq2 ( r 2 = 0.810), Eq3 ( r 2 = 0.817), and Eq 4 ( r 2 = 0.823) ( p < 0.05). No differences were observed between VAT by DXA and VAT by Eq ( p = 0.982, p = 0.970, p = 0.495 and p = 0.698). Bland-Altman analysis also presented good concordance as the bias was close to zero and was not statistically significant. Conclusion Eq2 (age*13.0 + WC*60.0 - 4975,.5) was more suitable because it is easier to apply, has a higher predictive power (81.0%), less bias (1.86) and validation yielded average VAT values close to those found in DXA. It may still be considered a valuable tool for other extensive epidemiological studies in military men in the BA and can be used in adult men. Evidence Level I: Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference ''gold'' standard).
RESUMO Introdução A literatura científica tem sugerido que o tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) está associado a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, mas é difícil fazer sua mensuração. Assim, a antropometria pode ser empregada por ser de fácil aplicação na prática clínica. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar equações de estimativa (Eq) do TAV em militares. Métodos A amostra consistiu em 409 (média de idade 36,5 ± 6,7 anos) militares do Exército Brasileiro (EB) divididos em Grupo equação (GE) (n = 270; média de idade 37,0 ± 6,3 anos) e Grupo validação (GV) (n = 139; média de idade 36,0 ± 7,2 anos). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, hemodinâmicas e de composição corporal por DXA (GE iLunar). O teste t de Student, a correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear geral Stepwise foram aplicados. Os gráficos de Bland-Altman foram usados para avaliar a concordância entre os resultados de TAV pela Eq e por DXA. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95% (p <0,05). Resultados Idade, circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência do quadril e o índice de massa corporal apresentaram as principais correlações positivas e significativas com TAV-DXA. Foram criadas quatro equações: Eq1 (r2 = 0,793), Eq2 (r2 = 0,810), Eq3 (r2 = 0,817) e Eq 4 (r2 = 0,823), p < 0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre o TAV por DXA pelas Eq (p = 0,982, p = 0,970, p = 0,495 e p = 0,698). A análise de Bland-Altman também apresentou boa concordância, porque o viés foi próximo de zero e não estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões A Eq2 (idade*13,0 + CC*60,0 - 4975,5) foi mais adequada, porque é mais fácil de aplicar, tem maior poder preditivo (81,0%), menor viés (1,86) e a validação forneceu valores médios de TAV próximos aos encontrados no DXA. Além disso, pode ser considerada uma ferramenta valiosa para outros estudos epidemiológicos extensos em militares do EB e pode ser usada em homens adultos. Nível de Evidência I; Teste de critérios diagnósticos desenvolvidos anteriormente em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).
RESUMEN Introducción La literatura científica ha sugerido que el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) está asociado a enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, pero es difícil hacer su medición. Así, la antropometría puede ser empleada por ser de fácil aplicación en la práctica clínica. Objetivos Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar ecuaciones de estimativa (Ec) del TAV en militares. Métodos La muestra consistió en 409 (promedio de edad 36,5 ± 6,7 años) militares del Ejército Brasileño (EB) divididos en Grupo de ecuación (GE) (n = 270; promedio de edad 37,0 ± 6,3 años) y Grupo validación (GV) (n = 139; promedio de edad 36,0 ± 7,2 años). Fueron realizados análisis antropométricos, hemodinámicos y de composición corporal por DXA (GE iLunar). Fueron aplicados el teste t de Student, la correlación de Pearson y la regresión linear general Stepwise. Los gráficos de Bland-Altman fueron usados para evaluar la concordancia entre los resultados de TAV por la Ec y por DXA. El nivel de significancia fue de 95% (p <0,05). Resultados Edad, circunferencia de cintura (CC), circunferencia de la cadera y el índice de masa corporal presentaron las principales correlaciones positivas y significativas con TAV-DXA. Fueron creadas cuatro ecuaciones: Ec1 (r2 = 0,793), Ec2 (r2 = 0,810), Ec3 (r2 = 0,817) y Ec4 (r2 = 0,823), p <0,05. No fueron observadas diferencias entre el TAV por DXA por las Ec (p = 0,982, p = 0,970, p = 0,495 y p = 0,698). El análisis de Bland-Altman también presentó buena concordancia, porque el sesgo fue próximo de cero y no estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones La Ec2 (edad*13,0 + CC*60,0 - 4975.5) fue más adecuada, porque que es más fácil de aplicar, tiene mayor poder predictivo (81,0%), menor sesgo (1,86) y la validación suministró valores promedio de TAV próximos a los encontrados en el DXA. Además, puede ser considerada una herramienta valiosa para otros estudios epidemiológicos extensos en militares del EB y puede ser usada en hombres adultos. Nivel de Evidencia I: Test de criterios diagnósticos desarrollados anteriormente en pacientes consecutivos (con patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado).
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Humans , Male , Adult , Intra-Abdominal Fat/diagnostic imaging , Military Personnel , Models, Biological , Absorptiometry, Photon , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with various metabolic disorders, and adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in their pathogenesis. This study investigated associations between VAT/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) ratio, inflammatory markers, and cardiovascular (CV) risk-score in adults. Plasma levels of adipokines, plasma lipid profile, blood pressure, and body composition (using dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry) were determined. CV risk-score based on the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) score was calculated in a sample of 309 Brazilian civil servants aged <60 years. Participants' VAT/SAT ratio were categorized into quartiles. Among males, plasma leptin (2.8 ng/mL) and C reactive protein (CRP) (0.2 mg/dL) (P<0.05) levels were higher at P75 and P50 than P5, and the highest calculated CV risk-score was observed at P75 (7.1%). Among females, higher plasma adiponectin levels were observed at P25 (54.3 ng/mL) compared with P75 (36 ng/mL) (P<0.05). Higher plasma CRP levels were observed at P75 (0.4 mg/dL) compared with P5 (0.1 mg/dL) (P<0.05). Higher CV risk-score was observed at P75 (2.0%) compared with P5 (0.7%). In both sexes, VAT and VAT/SAT ratio were directly associated with plasma leptin, CRP, and CV risk-score, and inversely associated with adiponectin; SAT was directly associated with plasma leptin and CRP (P<0.01); interleukin (IL)-10 and CRP were directly associated with adiponectin and leptin, respectively (P<0.05). Among men only, IL-10 (inversely) and CRP (directly) were associated with CV risk-score (P=0.02). Our results strengthened the relevance of the VAT/SAT ratio in cardiovascular risk.
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Bone loss is a potential adverse consequence of rapid and sustained weight loss after bariatric surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bone mass, body fat distribution, and metabolic parameters in women submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The study included the following three groups: one group of lean women (control [C] group) and two groups of obese women, one evaluated one year (B1) and the other five years (B5) after RYGB. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine bone mineral density (BMD; lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck) and abdominal fat content (subcutaneous [SAT] and visceral [VAT] adipose tissues, and intrahepatic lipids [IHL]). The BMD/body mass index ratio was lower in the B5 compared with the C group at all sites. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) levels were higher in the B1 and B5 groups compared with the C group. Individuals submitted to RYGB showed greater SAT but similar VAT and IHL values compared with those in the C group. However, the B5 group had higher mean parathyroid hormone levels compared with the other two groups. Individuals submitted to RYGB presented increased levels of CTX and low BMD for body weight than those in the C group, suggesting that bone catabolism is a persistent alteration associated with RYGB. In conclusion, the long-lasting metabolic benefits obtained with RYGB in obesity are counterbalanced by a persistent catabolic effect of the procedure on bone and mineral metabolism.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) through quantitative computed tomography (QCT).Methods:The present study included 76226 participants. Abdominal fat areas were measured using the QCT Pro Model 4 system. Cardiometabolic indices were collected, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols CMR score was the sum of abnormal blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Restricted cubic spline and ordered logistic regression models were applied.Results:The mean age was 50±13 years and the percentage of men was 58.8%. The level of VAT area was higher in men than in women (191.7±77.1 cm 2 vs 116.4±56.2 cm 2, P<0.0001 for all). After adjustment for age, the cardiometabolic indices except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased with increasing VAT area. When VAT area was 300 cm 2, age-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of a CMR score ≥ 1 were 14.61 (13.31, 16.04) for men and 5.46 (4.06, 7.36) for women, and the age-adjusted probability of a CMR score ≥ 3 was 31.7% for men and 31.3% for women. Conclusions:QCT-derived VAT is closely related to CMR. The findings suggest that measurement of visceral fat is recommended for the management of abdominal obesity in subjects who agree to undergo lung cancer screening via low-dose CT without additional radiation exposure.
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Background & objectives: Obesity is a health problem that requires substantial efforts to understand the physiopathology of its various types and to determine therapeutic strategies for its treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in the global gene expression profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) between control patients (normal weight) and patients with obesity (IMC?30) using microarrays. Methods: Employing RNA isolated from SAT and VAT samples obtained from eight control and eight class I, II and III patients with obesity, the gene expression profiles were compared between SAT and VAT using microarrays and the findings were validated via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total of 327 and 488 genes were found to be differentially expressed in SAT and VAT, respectively (P?0.05). Upregulation of PPAP2C, CYP4A11 and CYP17A1 genes was seen in the VAT of obese individuals. Interpretation & conclusions: SAT and VAT exhibited significant differences in terms of the expression of specific genes. These genes might be related to obesity. These findings may be used to improve the clinical diagnosis of obesity and could be a tool leading to the proposal of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity.
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Abstract Aim Obesity during pregnancy is one of the most established risk factors for negative long-term programming. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal consumption of a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation on the weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and cholesterolemia in neonatal rats. Methods Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the mother's diet during pregnancy and lactation: Control group (CG, n = 12) were the offspring of rats fed a standard diet (4% lipid) and the Test group (TG, n = 12) were pups rats fed on a high fat diet (23% lipid). The weight of the animals was measured on alternate days until the 22nd day of life, when collected visceral adipose tissue and blood were collected for biochemical analysis. For statistical analysis the Student t test, Sidak´s teste and two way ANOVA was used, with p <0.05. Results the test group showed differences in weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and higher cholesterol. Conclusion a maternal exposure to a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can promote changes in weight gain, hypercholesterolemia and an increase in adipose tissue in neonatal rats.
Resumo Objetivo A obesidade durante a gestação é um dos fatores de risco mais estabelecidos para uma programação negativa em longo prazo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do consumo materno de uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação e lactação no aumento do peso, do tecido adiposo visceral e colesterolemia em ratos neonatos. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta da mãe durante a gestação e lactação: grupo controle (GC, n=12) composto por filhotes de ratas alimentadas com uma dieta padrão (lipídios 4%) e o grupo teste (GT, n=12) composto de filhotes de ratas alimentadas com dieta hiperlipídica (lipídios 23%). O peso dos animais foi aferido em dias alternados até o 22° dia de vida, quando foi coletado sangue para análises bioquímicas. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se os seguintes testes: two way ANOVA, teste de Sidak e teste t de Student, com p< 0,05. Resultados O grupo teste mostrou diferença no ganho de peso, no tecido adiposo visceral e nos níveis de colesterol. Conclusão Uma exposição materna a uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação e lactação pode promover maior ganho ponderal, hipercolesterolemia e um aumento do tecido adiposo em ratos neonatos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism , Lactation/physiology , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Cholesterol/blood , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Animals, Newborn/metabolism , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology , Pregnancy, Animal/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, Animal , Lipids/blood , Animals, Newborn/growth & development , Obesity/pathologyABSTRACT
Objectives: To explore the relationship between body fat indexes and hypertension levels by quantitative CT (QCT) study. Methods: A total of 1488 participants from "prospective urban-rural epidemiology (PURE) study" were enrolled. The participants' age were from 42 to 82 years; based on blood pressure (BP) they were divided into 2 groups: Non-hypertension group, n=783 and Hypertension group, n=705. QCT fat measurement software was used to examine L2 level abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT); body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), hip circumferences (HC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were measured and calculated; liner Logistic regression analysis and 2-classified Logistic analysis were conducted to study the relationships between hypertension and anthropometric indices, abdominal VAT, SAT respectively. Results: Compared with Non-hypertension group, Hypertension group had increased BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, abdominal VAT and SAT, P<0.05. BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, abdominal VAT and SAT were related to both systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), P<0.05. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis indicated that WHtR, abdominal VAT, SAT were the independent impact factors of SBP and WC, abdominal VAT were the independent impact factors of DBP; further investigation showed that abdominal VAT and WC were the independent impact factors of hypertension. Conclusions: Abdominal VAT was robustly related to hypertension in Chinese population, it might be helpful for risk stratification in hypertension patients.
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La obesidad es un problema de salud pública creciente a nivel mundial. Se ha clasificado como una enfermedad ocasionada por acumulación excesiva de triglicéridos en el tejido adiposo (TA). El TA visceral (TAV), se considera un factor importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Esto principalmente porque el adipocito aumenta en tamaño y número, lo cual lleva a hipoxia, liberación de ácidos grasos, movilización y activación de subpoblaciones leucocitarias (linfocitos T, B, macrófagos, neutrófilos y eosinófilos), liberación de mediadores proinflamatorios (factor de necrosis tumoral- α (TNF-α), interleucina (IL)-6, resistina) y disminución en la secreción de antiinflamatorios (adiponectina, IL-10, IL-4 e IL-13). Estos cambios en el TAV generan un estado de inflamación crónica de baja intensidad, que se ha relacionado con resistencia a la insulina (RI). La RI es el signo fundamental para el desarrollo del Síndrome Metabólico (SM), que inicialmente se presenta localmente en el TAV y después se vuelve sistémica. En la investigación de la obesidad y el desarrollo de sus comorbilidades, la trascendencia del TAV en la interacción entre células adiposas e inmunitarias, así como de liberación de mediadores para desencadenar el proceso inflamatorio crónico, es clave para el desarrollo de RI y SM; sin embargo, se ha observado que la masa músculo-esquelética está implicada en este proceso, aparte de las células y mediadores de los que se sabe su participación. De esta manera a los linfocitos T CD4 y T CD8 se les señala como proinflamatorios, en cambio a los eosinófilos y a la adiponectina se les clasifica como protectores del proceso.
Obesity is a widespread public health problem worldwide. This disease has been classified as a condition caused by excessive accumulation of triglycerides in adipose tissue (TA). Visceral TA is an important factor in the development of several chronic diseases, since the adipocyte increases in size and number, leading to hypoxia, fatty acid release, mo-bilization and activation of leukocyte subpopulations (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells, T lymphocytes and B); release of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-á, IL-6, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin), and decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (adiponectin, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13). These changes in TAV generate a chronic inflammation state of low inten-sity, that has been linked to insulin resistance (IR), initially local and then becomes systemic, which represents the determining factor for the development of metabolic syndrome (SM). The transcendence of TAV in the interaction between adipose and immune cells, as well as the release of mediators that trigger the chronic inflammatory process, is key for the development of IR and SM. However, in the investigation of obesity and the development of its comorbidities, it has been observed that the skeletal-muscle mass is involved in this process, apart from the cells and mediators of which their participation is known. In this way, TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes are recognized as pro-inflammatory. In contrast, eosinophils and adiponectin are considered as protective of the process.
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Objective @#To investigate the changes of vaspin and TNF-α levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) after non-surgical periodontal treatment.@*Methods@#60 subjects were divided into 4 groups: DM-CP group (patients with both T2DM and CP, n=15); CP group (CP patients without T2DM, n=15); DM group (T2DM patients without CP, n=15), and CTRL group (systemically and periodontally healthy individuals, n=15). The clinical parameters of periodontal tissue and GCF were measured before and 8 weeks after non-surgical periodontal treatment. @*Results@#The levels of vaspin and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The levels of vaspin and TNF-α in CP group were significantly higher than those in CTRL group (P < 0.05), while the levels of vaspin and TNF-α in CP group were significantly decreased after treatment (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the total amount of vaspin and the total amount of TNF-α, the level of HbA1c, gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD) (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion @#The results shows that vaspin and TNF-α are greatly decreased in periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal treatment. It suggests that vaspin and TNF-α in GCF may serve as inflammatory markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes and periodontitis.
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Abstract Aim Obesity during pregnancy is one of the most established risk factors for negative long-term programming. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal consumption of a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation on the weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and cholesterolemia in neonatal rats. Methods Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the mother's diet during pregnancy and lactation: Control group (CG, n = 12) were the offspring of rats fed a standard diet (4% lipid) and the Test group (TG, n = 12) were pups rats fed on a high fat diet (23% lipid). The weight of the animals was measured on alternate days until the 22nd day of life, when collected visceral adipose tissue and blood were collected for biochemical analysis. For statistical analysis the Student t test, Sidak´s teste and two way ANOVA was used, with p 0.05. Results the test group showed differences in weight gain, visceral adipose tissue and higher cholesterol. Conclusion a maternal exposure to a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation can promote changes in weight gain, hypercholesterolemia and an increase in adipose tissue in neonatal rats.
Resumo Objetivo A obesidade durante a gestação é um dos fatores de risco mais estabelecidos para uma programação negativa em longo prazo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do consumo materno de uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação e lactação no aumento do peso, do tecido adiposo visceral e colesterolemia em ratos neonatos. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta da mãe durante a gestação e lactação: grupo controle (GC, n=12) composto por filhotes de ratas alimentadas com uma dieta padrão (lipídios 4%) e o grupo teste (GT, n=12) composto de filhotes de ratas alimentadas com dieta hiperlipídica (lipídios 23%). O peso dos animais foi aferido em dias alternados até o 22° dia de vida, quando foi coletado sangue para análises bioquímicas. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se os seguintes testes: two way ANOVA, teste de Sidak e teste t de Student, com p 0,05. Resultados O grupo teste mostrou diferença no ganho de peso, no tecido adiposo visceral e nos níveis de colesterol. Conclusão Uma exposição materna a uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a gestação e lactação pode promover maior ganho ponderal, hipercolesterolemia e um aumento do tecido adiposo em ratos neonatos.
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Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the potent anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) ethanolic extract and to clarify the link between these mechanisms and the associated metabolic and vascular risks in the experimental model of visceral obesity. Methods: M. oleifera ethanolic extract was orally administered at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese female rats daily for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight was deter-mined, and the atherogenic index, coronary artery index, glucose level, insulin resistance status, liver and kidney functions were assessed. Also, the mRNA of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in visceral adipose tissue was determined by quantitative real time-PCR. Results: The results showed that M. oleifera extract down-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and resistin, while it up-regulated adiponectin gene expression in obese rats relative to untreated obese control counterparts. This amelioration of genes expression was paralleled by a reduction in body weight and improvement of the atherogenic index and coronary artery index, as well as glucose level and insulin resistance value without adverse effects on liver or kidney functions, versus the untreated obese control ones. Conclusions: It is reasonable to assume that the anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties of M. oleifera are mechanistically achieved via working directly on the adipokines of the visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, M. oleifera may be a good thera-peutic candidate for the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
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In obesity,insulin resistance (IR) in visceral adipose tissue is closely associated withmetabolic disease.The interaction between acquired immune cells,including T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes,and innate immune cells affects adipocyte function,contributesto the development of adipose tissue inflammation and IR.Here,we summarized the influence of acquired immune cells on adipose tissue inflammation and IR,providing a new direction and strategy for obesity-related.disease.
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Objective To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the potent anti-obesity effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) ethanolic extract and to clarify the link between these mechanisms and the associated metabolic and vascular risks in the experimental model of visceral obesity. Methods M. oleifera ethanolic extract was orally administered at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese female rats daily for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight was determined, and the atherogenic index, coronary artery index, glucose level, insulin resistance status, liver and kidney functions were assessed. Also, the mRNA of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in visceral adipose tissue was determined by quantitative real time-PCR. Results The results showed that M. oleifera extract down-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and resistin, while it up-regulated adiponectin gene expression in obese rats relative to untreated obese control counterparts. This amelioration of genes expression was paralleled by a reduction in body weight and improvement of the atherogenic index and coronary artery index, as well as glucose level and insulin resistance value without adverse effects on liver or kidney functions, versus the untreated obese control ones. Conclusions It is reasonable to assume that the anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties of M. oleifera are mechanistically achieved via working directly on the adipokines of the visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, M. oleifera may be a good therapeutic candidate for the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
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Incidence of obesity is rising worldwide, Chile is no exception with obese patients representing up to one third of general population. This parallels with increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Contrary to conventional belief, comorbidity is high (15-40%), where both diseases present with chronic inflammation and dysbiosis which alters intestinal barrier. Causality between obesity and IBD is difficult to stablish and evidence is scarce to determine association. Obesity would be a risk factor for IBD, particularly in Crohn´s Disease (CD), females and obesity at young age. Other than body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been recently determined as the best indicator of metabolic and endocrine consequences of obesity. Increasing values of VAT have been related to complicated IBD and worst prognosis. On IBD-related therapy, increasing BMI has been related to suboptimal doses and in biologic therapy, obesity raises the probability of flares, loss of response and therapy optimization. Obese patients require IBD-related surgery before non-obese patients and present more postoperative complications. Similarly, VAT is an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence in CD. Altogether this evidence suggests that obesity does have an influence on IBD, therefore, multidisciplinary healthcare providers should prevent, educate and intervene actively in obesity in order to improve results in intestinal disease
La obesidad ha ido aumentando progresivamente a nivel mundial. Chile no es la excepción, donde un tercio de la población es obesa. Así mismo, la incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) también ha ido en aumento. La comorbilidad entre obesidad y EII es alta (15-40%) donde ambas presentan inflamación crónica y dentro de su patogenia tienen en común la disbiosis, que altera la función de barrera intestinal. Establecer una asociación de causalidad es difícil y la evidencia es escasa en relación a su asociación. La obesidad puede ser considerada como factor de riesgo para EII, particularmente en pacientes con Enfermedad de Crohn (EC), mujeres y obesidad temprana. Además, se ha establecido que el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) es mejor indicador de las consecuencias metabólicas de la obesidad en comparación al índice de masa corporal (IMC) y se ha asociado a EII más complicada y peor evolución natural. Con respecto a la terapia, los pacientes con mayor IMC tienen con mayor frecuencia, dosis subóptima de los fármacos, y en terapia biológica, la obesidad aumenta la probabilidad de crisis, pérdida de respuesta al fármaco u optimización de la terapia. Los pacientes obesos requieren cirugía relacionada a EII antes que los pacientes no obesos, presentan más complicaciones postoperatorias y el TAV es un factor de riesgo independiente para recurrencia postoperatoria en EC. Todos estos resultados sugieren que la obesidad influye en la EII, por lo que una intervención activa y multidisciplinaria pudiese mejorar también los resultados en la enfermedad intestinal.
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Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/epidemiology , Obesity/complications , Obesity/epidemiology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy , Colitis, Ulcerative , Crohn Disease , Comorbidity , Risk Factors , Intra-Abdominal Fat , Obesity/physiopathology , Obesity/therapyABSTRACT
Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) risk factors clustering has increases the morbidity and mortality of CAD. These factors are responsible for insulin resistance; it leads to the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS), which later leads to the development of CAD. Endothelial dysfunction leads to CAD. EAT is the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) around the heart. It plays a major role in the development of MS. The aim of this study was to measure the EAT thickness through echocardiography in healthy adults and coronary artery disease patients and to determine its association with Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methodology: 156 diagnosed cases of CAD and age matched 157 asymptomatic individuals were recruited from Cardiology Department of Ziauddin Hospital for this case control study. Waist circumference and BMI were measured. Echocardiography was done for EAT thickness. Results: CAD group had significantly higher EAT thickness as compared to controls. There was no significant difference of EAT thickness with BMI. A weak positive association of EAT thickness with BMI was found. A significant difference of EAT thickness with waist circumference was found. There was weak association of EAT with waist circumference in CAD. Conclusion: The mean EAT thickness is significantly higher in CAD group of Karachi population. EAT thickness has weak positive association with BMI and waist circumference. Therefore, we can conclude that BMI and Waist Circumference are the indicators of generalized obesity while EAT thickness may be considered to be a true indicator of visceral obesity.
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BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is thought to play an important role in adipogenesis and in preventing a variety of diseases. There are few studies that analyze the relationship between vitamin D and the distribution of fat in Korean population. This study analyzed the vitamin D status in adults and evaluated its relationship with obesity also with cardiovascular risk factors in a Korean community. METHODS: Subjects involved patients who visited a health promotion center. Anthropometric measurements as in subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were assessed. Blood tests including glucose, hemoglobin A1c, lipid profiles, 25(OH)D were evaluated. We analyzed the correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations with obesity factors and with cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Among the studied patients, 25(OH)D status was sufficient for 2.7%, insufficient for 27.2%, and deficient for 70.1%. 25(OH)D was negatively correlated with visceral adipose tissue, but no association was found between subcutaneous fat, waist circumference and body mass index. Among cardiovascular risk factors, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were negatively correlated with vitamin D. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency was found in 70.1% in this community. Vitamin D level showed significant correlation with visceral adipose tissue among abdominal fat tissue, but less significant correlation with cardiovascular risk factor.