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1.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 6(1): 15-21, Jan.-June 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687848

ABSTRACT

Selective attention directs cognitive resources to relevant objects or events through either voluntary (top-down) or automatic (bottom-up) control. This paper analyzes voluntary and automatic orienting of attention during childhood development. Seventy-four children (6 to 10 years old) were asked to press a key in response to a visual target presented in a previously oriented position (voluntary orienting; Experiment 1) or after a peripheral unpredictable cue (automatic orienting; Experiment 2). A systematic reduction of reaction times was observed in older children in both experiments. For automatic orienting in Experiment 2, reaction times were shorter in the ipsilateral condition than in the contralateral condition. However, for older children, the differences in reaction times between these conditions decreased. This may be attributable to the appearance of Inhibition of Return as a result of the maturation of the attentional system derived from childhood development, which contributes to more effective exploration of the environment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Attention , Photic Stimulation , Reaction Time , Child Development
2.
Psicol. teor. prát ; 11(2): 38-49, dez. 2009. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-580133

ABSTRACT

Atenção é a seleção de informações que terão prioridade de processamento pelo sistema nervoso. Este trabalho avaliou o tempo de reação (TR) de 6 jogadores do voleibol e 6 não esportistas, em tarefas de orientação voluntária e automática da atenção. No Experimento I (voluntária), aparecia o ponto de fixação (PF) e, após 700 ms, uma seta (válida, inválida ou neutra) surgia no centro e indicava à direita ou à esquerda. Após 300, 500 ou 800 ms, surgia o alvo. No Experimento II (automática), aparecia um PF, e, após 700 ms, um quadrado brilhava. Depois de 100 ou 800 ms, piscava o alvo na mesma posição ou em posição oposta. O participante respondia pressionando uma tecla. Ao final, as medianas dos TR foram submetidas à Anova. No Experimento I, observou-se que jogadores foram mais rápidos que não esportistas (p < 0,05), diferentemente do que ocorreu no Experimento II (p = 0,36). Os resultados indicam que jogadores de voleibol apresentam melhor desempenho em tarefas de orientação voluntária da atenção.


Attention is the selection of information to improve central nervous system functioning. In this study, reaction times (RT) of 6 volleyball players and 6 non sports practitioners were compared during voluntary and automatic orienting of attention tasks. In Experiment I (voluntary) a central fixation point (FP) appeared and after 700 ms a central cue (valid, invalid or neutral) indicating to the left or to the right. After 300, 500 or 800 ms the target flashed. In Experiment II (automatic), after 700 ms a peripheral cue appeared and after 100 or 800 ms the target appeared on the same or the opposite cue position. Subjects responded by pressing a joystick key. Median RT for each condition were used in Anova. The analysis of Experiment I demonstrated that volleyball players were faster than non sports practitioners (p < 0.05), differently of Experiment II (p = 0.36). These results indicate that volleyball players had better performance on voluntary attentional tasks.


Atención es la selección de informaciones que tendrán prioridad de procesamiento por el sistema nervioso. Esto estudio evaluó el tiempo de reacción (TR) de 6 jugadores de voleibol y 6 no-deportistas en tareas de orientación voluntaria y automática de la atención. En el Experimento I (voluntaria) aparecía el punto de fijación (PF) y tras 700 ms, una flecha (válida, inválida o neutral) indicaba la derecha o la izquierda. Después de 300, 500 o 800 ms surgía el blanco. En el Experimento II (automática) aparecía un PF y tras 700 ms un cuadrado brillaba. Después de 100 o 800 ms parpadeaba el blanco en la misma posición o en la posición opuesta. El participan e respondía apretando una tecla. Al final las medianas de los TR fueron sometidas a Anova. En el Experimento I, los jugadores fueron más rápidos que los no-deportistas (p < 0,05), diferentemente de lo que ocurrió en el Experimento II (p = 0,36). Los resultados indican que los jugadores de voleibol tienen mejor desempeño en tareas de orientación voluntaria de atención.

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