Relationship between college students’ social support and volunteer motivation in the post-epidemic era / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the intrinsic relationship of social support and psychological capital with college students’ volunteer motivation in the post-epidemic era so as to provide theoretical basis for formulating policies and measures to increase college students’ participation in volunteer activities. 【Methods】 In March 2022, 1 120 college students from 15 universities in Henan Province were selected by convenient sampling method. Their general information, social support, psychological capital, and volunteer motivation were investigated, and univariate analysis, correlation analysis and intermediary effect analysis were performed. 【Results】 The differences of scores in six dimensions of volunteer motivation (i.e., values, understanding, enhancement, career, social interaction, and self-protection) were statistically significant (F=124.90, P<0.001). There were significant differences in social support level of college students of different genders (t=-2.40, P<0.05), and the difference in volunteer motivation level among different grades of college students was statistically significant (F=6.72, P<0.001). Social support, psychological capital, and volunteer motivation were positively correlated with one another (r=0.41, r=0.35, r=0.50, P<0.001). Part of the intermediary effect of psychological capital between social support and volunteer motivation was significant (intermediary effect value=0.49, 95% CI: 0.39-0.59). 【Conclusion】 Colleges and universities can take corresponding measures to improve college students’ volunteer motivation level by improving social support and psychological capital level.

Mediating role of organization climate between volunteer service motivation and work engagement in volunteers / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the mediating effect of different organizational climate on volunteer service motivation and work engagement among volunteers during the COVID-19 epidemic. 【Methods】 The Volunteer Service Motivation Scale, Organizational Climate Scale, and Work Input Scale were used to investigate relevant contents among volunteers from Shaanxi, Hubei and Henan provinces who participated in prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic by convenient sampling method. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to explore the correlation among volunteer service motivation, organizational climate and work engagement. The Bootstrap method was used to analyze the mediating role of organizational climate between volunteer service motivation and work engagement. 【Results】 The scores of volunteer service motivation, organizational climate, and work engagement of the 834 volunteers were 72.45±13.66, 24.03±4.65, and 51.59±10.04, respectively. Volunteer service motivation was positively correlated with work engagement (r=0.556, P<0.001) and organizational climate (r=0.604, P<0.001). Organizational climate was positively correlated with work engagement (r=0.632, P<0.001). Organizational climate played a mediating role between volunteer service motivation and work engagement (effect value=0.278, accounting for 47.0% of the total effect). 【Conclusion】 Volunteer service motivation indirectly affects work engagement through organizational climate, indicating that volunteer team managers can improve their work engagement level by improving the organizational climate.

Research on Construction of Training Course on Palliative Care for Medical Student Volunteers / 中国医学伦理学

【Objective:】 To construct a palliative care training course for medical student volunteers, so as to provide reference for palliative care institutions to carry out palliative care training for medical student volunteers. 【Methods:】 Based on literature review, semi-structured interviews and the expert group meeting method, the first draft of the palliative care training course for medical student volunteers was drawn up. Then two rounds of expert consultation with 16 experts in relevant fields by Delphi method was conducted. 【Results:】 The positive coefficients of the two rounds of expert consultation were 89% and 100%, respectively. The expert authority coefficients of the two rounds were both 0.89. The Kendall coefficient of the second round was 0.196 to 0.328 (P<0.05). The final form of palliative care training course for medical student volunteers was consisted of 5 primary indicators (training objective, training content, training hour, training method, and assessment method), 23 secondary indicators, and 41 tertiary indicators. 【Conclusion:】 The palliative care training course for medical student volunteers is comprehensive and practical in content, scientific and reliable in construction, which can be used for hospice care institutions to provide palliative care volunteer service training for medical student volunteers, in order to improve the quality of volunteer service.

Research on the Innovation Path of College Students’ Volunteer Service under the Background of Epidemic Prevention and Control: Taking Beijing University of Chinese Medicine as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

Volunteer service is an important way for contemporary Chinese college students to carry out social practice, and an effective carrier for strengthening ideological and political work in the new era. During the prevention and control of the COVID-19, college students, as a solid force in the volunteer team, actively participated in the anti-epidemic volunteer service, which not only improved their practical ability, but also practiced the core socialist values and inherited the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Based on the existing practical experience in volunteer service, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine has made use of multiple channels and resources to improve the volunteer training system, strengthen the guarantee of volunteer service, realize the high-quality leapfrog development of college students’ volunteer service, and provide experience and reference for the innovation of college students’ volunteer service in the new era.

Volunteer Activities at the Hospice of Japan Baptist Hospital: Modified Volunteer Activities Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

At the Japan Baptist Hospital, approximately 70 volunteers are working mainly in hospice. Owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in February 2020, volunteer activities were suspended or severely curtailed at most hospices/palliative care units in Japan. We have been attempting to determine how to continue the volunteer activities, that are indispensable to the hospice care team approach. For example, volunteers’ artworks and potted plants provided patients with the opportunity to participate in seasonal events and feel socially connected without meeting in person. Additionally, we skillfully used web resources, that allowed us to hold staff meetings and bereavement meetings during the pandemic. The hospice staff participated in hospital COVID-19 countermeasure meetings to share and provide the importance of presence of volunteers for the best care of patients throughout the hospital. The “Guideline for Volunteer Activities According to the COVID-19 Outbreak Levels” was initiated in conjunction with the hospital’s infection control team to allow us to continue volunteer activities without spreading the infection.

Factors influencing the sustainability of a community health volunteer programme — A scoping review

Background: Sustainability of any Community health worker programme is determined by several internal and external factors and is highly context and region specific. We aimed to identify factors that influence the sustainability of a community health volunteer programme across the globe.

Motivação para o trabalho voluntário: proposição de um modelo compreensivo / Motivación para el trabajo voluntario: propuesta de un modelo integral / Motivation for Volunteer Work: Proposition of a Comprehensive Model

No Brasil, estudos sobre a motivação para o trabalho voluntário e suas nuances permanecem escassos, enquanto no exterior identificase uma dificuldade para o consenso teórico. Adicionalmente, os estudos existentes, com frequência, não ponderam sobre os diferentes tipos de trabalho voluntário, as diferenças sociodemográficas e a importância das variáveis culturais de cada país. Logo, este estudo analisou as motivações para o voluntariado de 150 trabalhadores brasileiros, de diferentes organizações e com variadas características demográficas, objetivando propor um modelo compreensivo que refletisse tanto as peculiaridades da realidade nacional, quanto as recomendações da literatura internacional. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente, através do softwareiramuteq, que apresentou 5 possíveis classes lexicais ou tipos de motivação para o trabalho voluntário: religiosa, fraternal, altruísta, transformadora e pessoal. Dessa forma, esperase gerar subsídios para o aumento da compreensão sobre o trabalho voluntário no Brasil, contribuindo para o aprimoramento de políticas de atração, manutenção e avaliação de sua qualidade.

En Brasil los estudios sobre la motivación para el trabajo voluntario y sus matices siguen siendo escasos, mientras que en el extranjero se identifica una dificultad para el consenso teórico. Además, los estudios existentes a menudo no consideran los diferentes tipos de trabajo voluntario, las diferencias sociodemográficas y la importancia de las variables culturales en cada país. De ese modo, este estudio analizó las motivaciones para el voluntariado de 150 trabajadores brasileños, de diferentes organizaciones y con características demográficas variadas, con el objetivo de proponer un modelo integrado que reflejara tanto las peculiaridades de la realidad nacional como las recomendaciones de la literatura internacional. Los datos se analizaron cualitativamente a través del software iramuteq, que pre-sentó cinco posibles clases léxicas o tipos de motivación para el trabajo voluntario: religioso, fraterno, altruista, transformador y personal. Por lo tanto, se espera ayudar a aumentar la comprensión del trabajo voluntario en Brasil, contribuyendo a la mejora de las políticas para atraer y mantener personas, y evaluar la calidad de los programas .

In Brazil, studies on the motivation for voluntary work and its nuances remain scarce. Abroad, there are difficulties for a theoretical consensus. In addition, existing studies often do not consider the different types of volunteer work, the sociodemographic differences, and the importance of cultural variables in each coun-try. Therefore, this study analyzed the motivations for volunteering of 150 Brazilian workers from different organizations and diverse demographic characteris-tics, aiming to propose a comprehensive model that reflected both the national reality's peculiarities and the recommendations from the international literature. The data were analyzed qualitatively using the iramuteqsoftware, which presented five possible lexical classes or types of motivation for voluntary work: religious, fraternal, altruistic, transformative, and personal. Thus, it is expected to help increase the understanding of volun-teer work in Brazil, contributing to the improvement of policies aimed at attracting and maintaining volunteers, and evaluate the quality of the programs.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and residual transmission risk among volunteer blood donors in Hangzhou City / 预防医学

Objective @#To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection among volunteer blood donors in Hangzhou City, and to evaluate the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HBV infections. @*Methods @#Data pertaining to volunteer blood donors in Hangzhou City from 2016 to 2019 were retrieved from the blood donor management system. Hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) and HBV DNA was detected using nucleic acid testing. The incidence/window period model was employed to assess the residual risk of HBV transmitted through transfusion from donors. @*Results @#The prevalence of HBV infections was 0.56% among the 320 755 first-time donors and 0.13% among the 279 816 repeat donors in Hangzhou City from 2016 to 2019, and a higher prevalence of HBV infection was detected among first-time donors than among repeat donors ( P<0.05 ). The residual risks of transfusion-transmitted HBV infection were 296.38 per million person-times ( 95%CI: 277.57 to 315.19 per million person-times ) and 98.79 per million person-times ( 95%CI: 87.15 to 110.43 per million person-times ) among first-time and repeat donors with positive HBsAg, and were 86.79 per million person-times ( 95%CI: 76.60 to 96.98 per million person-times ) and 28.93 per million person-times ( 95%CI: 22.63 to 35.23 per million person-times ) among first-time and repeat donors tested positive for HBV DNA, respectively.@*Conclusions @#There is still a residual risk of HBV infection transmitted through transfusion from blood donors in Hangzhou City. Nucleic acid testing may remarkably reduce the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HBV infection in blood donors.

Factors affecting donation-associated adverse reactions among volunteer blood donors / 预防医学

Objective @#To identify the factors affecting donation-associated adverse reactions among volunteer blood donors, so as to provide the evidence for improving the quality of blood donation services.@*Methods @#The volunteer blood donors in Quzhou Blood Center in 2019 were recruited. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale ( SAS ), Social Support Rating Scale ( SSRS ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) scores were measured prior to blood donation, and the presence of donation-associated adverse reactions was observed in the field of blood donation and within one week through short-message-service follow-up. The factors affecting donation-associated adverse reactions were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis.@*Results @#A total of 8 240 volunteer blood donors were enrolled, and adverse reactions occurred in 236 subjects, with an incidence rate of 2.86%. The SSRS, PSQI and SAS scores were 37.68±7.14, 5.97±1.25 and 52.82±3.25 among the donors with adverse reactions, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the educational level ( high school, OR=0.508, 95%CI: 0.289-0.891; diploma and above, OR=0.306, 95%CI: 0.253-0.734 ), SSRS score ( OR=0.399, 95%CI: 0.175-0.913 ), PSQI score ( OR=1.962, 95%CI: 1.116-3.450 ) and SAS score ( OR=2.013, 95%CI: 1.279-3.903 ) as factors affecting donation-associated adverse reactions.@*Conclusion @#The development of donation-associated adverse reactions correlates with educational level, social support, sleep quality and anxiety among volunteer blood donors.

Cluster analysis on the training needs of the aged care teachers of social volunteer teams in Jiangsu Province / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze the level and latent categories of the training needs of the nursing staff of the social volunteer teams in Jiangsu Province, and to provide basis for the targeted training.Methods:From March to July in 2018, 224 elderly care teachers from 13 social volunteer teams of 100 Red Cross societies in Jiangsu Province were surveyed for the knowledge of the care for the aged and the needs of training by the self-designed questionnaires. A total of 207 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 92.4%. SPSS 21.0 and Latent GOLD 5.1 software were used for description analysis, hierarchical clustering and latent category analysis.Results:The number of answer of "very need" to knowledge and skills among the aged care teachers for the elderly, such as psychological care, elderly volunteer services and recreational activities for the elderly, was 196, 196 and 193, with a proportion of 94.7%, 94.7% and 93.2%, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that training needs could be divided into four aspects: life care knowledge and skills, health care knowledge and skills, psychological care knowledge and skills, and spiritual comfort knowledge and skills. The results of latent category analysis showed that the aged care teachers could be divided into three groups based on their different training needs: high demand group for overall knowledge and skills, partial demand group for overall knowledge and skills, and high demand group for medical care and psychological care knowledge and skills. The corresponding latent probability of the three groups were 80.2%, 13.0%, 6.8%, respectively.Conclusion:The training for the aged care of social volunteer teams should pay attention to the teaching of spiritual comfort knowledge and skills for the elderly. The training program should be oriented to the multi-level and individualized needs of the teachers, so as to meet the needs of the aged care teachers for their own development.

Ultrasound evaluation of acute compartment syndrome: Based on healthy volunteers / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To explore the application value of ultrasound in the early noninvasive monitoring of acute compartment syndrome model, and to provide reference for further clinical applications.Methods:This was a prospective self-controlled study. A model of healthy volunteers with acute compartment syndrome was established by cuff compression. The random method was used to determine the experimental side and the control side. The experimental side cuff was given 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 mmHg pressure in sequence, while the control side cuff was kept uncompressed at all times. Each pressure on the experimental side lasted for 5 min, during which the ultrasound was used to measure the blood flow waveform and vascular structure of the bilateral popliteal artery, popliteal vein and dorsal plantar artery. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance.Results:The study included 25 healthy volunteers. There was no statistically significant difference in calf circumference and anterior tibial compartment thickness ( P = 0.314 and 0.678). During compression, the volunteers' heart rate and blood pressure were stable ( P = 0.235 and 0.358). On the experimental side, the maximum blood flow velocity of the popliteal artery during systole increased with the increase of pressure ( P<0.001), and the minimum blood flow velocity of the popliteal artery increased with the increase of pressure ( P<0.001). When pressurized by 30 mmHg, the maximum blood flow velocity of the popliteal artery on the experimental side was significantly higher than that on the control side [(73 ± 19) cm/s vs (59 ± 14) cm/s, P=0.023)]. When pressurized by 20 mmHg, the minimum blood flow velocity of the popliteal artery on the experimental side was significantly higher than that on the control side [(-28 ± 8) cm/s vs (-22 ± 6) cm/s, P=0.012)]. With the increase of pressure, the diastolic retrograde arterial flow ratio of the experimental side gradually increased ( P <0.001), and when the pressure was increased by 20 mmHg, the diastolic retrograde arterial flow ratio of the experimental side of the popliteal artery increased significantly [(0.42 ± 0.14) cm/s vs (0.30 ± 0.12) cm/s, P=0.009)]. The systolic prograde arterial flow ratio of the dorsal artery in the experimental side decreased with the increase of pressure ( P = 0.024). Conclusions:Increased limb compartment pressure can significantly change the arterial flow waveform of the proximal and distal arteries, and ultrasound can be used as an early monitoring tool for acute compartment syndrome.

A Survey Report on Ikki-Ryo : A Moxibustion Clinic Affiliated with the Uchihara Training Camp (1938-1945) for the Japanese Youth Volunteer Brigade for Reclamation of Manchuria and Mongolia / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Ikki-Ryo was a moxibustion clinic established as part of a national project facility that belonged to the Uchihara Training Camp (1938-1945) for the Japanese Youth Volunteer Brigade for Reclamation of Manchuria and Mongolia. Since such a case is extremely rare in the modern medical history of Japan, this article summarizes the information on Ikki-Ryo obtained through documents collection and analysis, interviews, and fieldwork investigation. Ikki-Ryo was proposed by acupuncturists Bunshi Shirota and Kyohei Tanaka, and was established under the directorship of Kanji Kato. It played a role in the clinical practice and training of moxibustion techniques. The data suggests that Ikki-Ryo provided advantageous clinical effects in the promotion of good health and in the treatment of some diseases (e.g. enuresis, suspected tuberculosis) for the trainees, while it is indicated that this clinic had a certain geographical, organizational, and emotional distance from other medical or healthcare departments at the camp. Although the role of moxibustion has changed throughout history, the concept and activities of Ikki-Ryo are still thought-provoking from the perspective of the diversity, versatility, complementarity, and sustainability of healthcare tools.

Willingness analyses on volunteers to perform on-site rescue for patients with apnea and cardiac arrest:comparison of results before and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation training / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To evaluate the impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training on the willingness to perform on-site rescue for patients with apnea and cardiac arrest. Methods Through questionnaire survey, the analyses on the differences in the results of evaluating various indicators in CPR Willingness Questionnaire in 364 willingness (including 14 recurrent training personnel) of Yunnan Emergency Center from January 2017 to June 2018 before and after CPR training were carried out in order to observe the impact of training on willingness CPR willingness. Results A total of 364 questionnaires were distributed and 364 valid questionnaires were recovered, with a recovery rate of 100%. Compared with those before the CPR training, the analyses of the contents of the questionnaire showed that the proportions of following 6 types of volunteer who were reluctant to implement CPR on site begore training were significantly lower after CPR training [no confidence in their own operational skills: 20.3% (74/364) vs. 83.2% (303/364), being impossible to identify the patients requiring CPR: 25.5% (93/364) vs. 87.1% (317/364), fear of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration to contract infectious diseases: 30.2% (110/364) vs. 82.4% (300/364), worried about chest compressions leading to bone fractures: 23.3% (85/364) vs. 86.8% (316/364), worried about the inaccurate positioning of chest compressions: 12.4% (45/364) vs. 82.4% (300/364) and fear of taking legal responsibility: 14.3% (52/364) vs. 89.8% (327/364)], and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); after training, the following 3 kinds of proportions of carrying out CPR were much higher than those before training [volunteers were willing to implement CPR on site for strangers: 83.2% (303/364) vs. 54.9% (200/364), volunteers were willing to implement CPR on site for friends, colleagues, classmates and other acquaintances: 83.5% (304/364) vs. 58.2% (212/364), volunteers were willing to implement CPR on site for family members: 84.6% (308/364) vs. 61.8% (225/364)], the differences being statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusion CPR training for volunteers can improve their willingness to perform on-site rescue for patients with apnea and cardiac arrest, but there are still partial barriers of CPR willingness for strangers.

Hypertension Is Related to Positive Global Sagittal Alignment: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study.PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hypertension and spino-pelvic sagittal alignment in middle-aged and elderly individuals.OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Positive global sagittal alignment is associated with poor health-related quality of life. Hypertension is associated with tissue microcirculation disorders of the skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that hypertension may be involved in positive global sagittal alignment.METHODS: In this institutional review board-approved study, 655 participants (262 men and 393 women; mean age, 72.9 years; range, 50–92 years) who underwent musculoskeletal screening in Toei town, Aichi, Japan were included. Whole spine and pelvic radiographs were taken, and radiographic parameters (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, pelvic incidence, and sagittal vertical axis [SVA]) were measured using an image-analysis software. Hypertension was assessed using the standard criteria. The study participants were divided into three subgroups as per age (50–64 years, 65–74 years, and ≥75 years). We examined the differences in the radiographic parameters of those with and without hypertension in each age subgroup.RESULTS: In each age subgroup, there was no significant difference in the age and sex of those with and without hypertension. SVA was significantly shifted forward in the hypertension group than in the non-hypertension group in those aged 50–64 years old (32.4 mm vs. 16.0 mm, p=0.018) and in those aged 65–74 years old (42.7 mm vs. 30.6 mm, p=0.012). There was no significant difference between the hypertension and non-hypertension groups in terms of the alignment of the lumbar and thoracic spine in all the subgroups. In multivariate analysis, hypertension was a significant independent factor of forward-shifted SVA (standardized beta 0.093, p=0.015).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that hypertension was associated with forward-shifted global sagittal alignment.

Mental Health Interventions Provided by Volunteer Psychiatrists after the Sewol Ferry Disaster: April 16–November 30, 2014

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the experience of volunteer psychiatrists who provided mental health interventions to adolescents and teachers of Danwon High School from April 16, 2014, to November 30, 2014. METHODS: Data for this study were collected from 72 volunteer psychiatrists about their intervention experiences for 212 adolescents and 32 teachers during the eight months following the disaster. Developmental survey themes were identified, and coding was used to analyze the data. In addition, qualitative data analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti (version 8.2, 2018, ATLAS.ti GmbH). RESULTS: A volunteer prepared with appropriate mental health interventions may facilitate the emergency response to a disaster. Intervention services included psychological first aid, psychoeducation, screening, anxiety reduction techniques, and group therapy. CONCLUSION: In the acute aftermath of the Sewol Ferry disaster of April 16, 2014, volunteer psychiatrists were able to provide mental health interventions in a disaster response setting. The outcomes from this study have important policy and mental health system implications for volunteer psychiatrists. The results of this study constitute the basis of a better understanding of the essential mechanisms of crisis interventions after a disaster.

Motivación y Valores relativos al Trabajo en Bomberos Voluntarios y Remunerados argentinos / Work motivation and values in Argentine volunteer and paid firefighters

El Cuerpo de Bomberos es una fuerza de protección para la ciudadanía de un país que por su rol y función, reviste vital importancia para la comunidad. Este estudio indaga la relación entre la Motivación, conceptualizada como una variable orientadora de la conducta y los Valores relativos al Trabajo, considerados como guías en la vida laboral de los bomberos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, correlacional y de diferencia de grupos, cuya muestra estuvo integrada por 130 bomberos (25 mujeres y 105 varones), de los cuales 67 eran económicamente remunerados y 63 eran voluntarios. La edad promedio fue de 32.32 años. Se administró la Escala de Motivación en el Trabajo (adaptación al idioma español de Gagné et al., 2012) y la Escala Revisada de Valores relativos al Trabajo de Porto y Pilati (2010, adaptación argentina de Moreno & Marcaccio, 2012). Se halló que los bomberos motivados extrínsecamente atribuyen de modo autónomo y deliberado significados a sus acciones basándose en valores de logro personal, en la propia autopercepción de competencia y, sobre todo, de utilidad social (i.e., Altruismo), por lo que su labor resulta acorde a sus expectativas de bienestar personal, y a la vez procura mejorar la vida de sus pares sociales.

The Fire Department is a protection force for the citizens of a country. Because of its role and function, it is of vital importance to the community. This study investigates the relationship between Motivation, conceptualized as a guiding variable of behavior, and Work Values, considered as guides in the career of firefighters of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Argentina). A descriptive, correlational and group difference study was carried out with a sample of 130 firefighters (25 women and 105 men), of whom 67 were paid and 63 were volunteers. The average age was 32.32 years. The Work Motivation Scale (adapted to Spanish by Gagné et al., 2012) and the Revised Scale of Work Values by Porto and Pilati (2010, Argentine adaptation by Moreno and Marcaccio, 2012) were used. It was found that extrinsically-motivated firefighters confer, autonomously and deliberately, significance to their actions based on values such as personal achievement, self-perceived competence and, above all, social utility (i.e., Altruism). Consequently, their work complies with their expectations of personal wellbeing and, at the same time, is aimed at improving the life of their social peers.

Perceived role and its enhancing factors among the village health volunteers regarding malaria control in rural myanmar

Background: Village health volunteers (VHVs) are key agents for malaria control in community. The Myanmar Medical Association-Malaria (MMA-Malaria) Project has promoted effective malaria control in endemic and high-risk townships by supporting roles of VHVs. Objectives: To assess the roles of VHVs on malaria control and factors enhancing their roles in rural Myanmar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five townships where the MMA-Malaria Project has been implemented. One hundred and fifty VHVs were sampled from five townships by simple random sampling. Data were collected by trained interviewers using structured questionnaires, which covered sociodemographic, supportive, motivational factors, and roles of malaria control. Studied variables were described by proportions, means, and standard deviations and were analyzed for their association by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and Chi-square tests. Results: Most of VHVs (96%) expected to demonstrate good roles on malaria control, but only 44.0% exhibited current roles at a good level. Factors enhancing their roles were female (P = 0.037), family income ?50,001 kyat/month (P < 0.015), time serving as a volunteer 1�years (P = 0.006), good knowledge of malaria control (P < 0.001), good family support (P < 0.001), good community support (P < 0.001), and good motivational factors (P = 0.002). Conclusion: VHVs are key agents for malaria control in community. Most of VHVs expected to demonstrate good roles on malaria control, but less than half of them exhibited current roles at a good level. The systems and program for improving VHVs� knowledge, encouraging family and community support, and promoting motivation are essential for their better roles.

Factors Associated with Knowledge of Healthy Community, Empowers Nation (KOSPEN) and its Implementation among Community Health Volunteers in Kulim District, 2017

@#Introduction: The increasing burden of Non-Communicable Diseases and their prevalence has led Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia to introduce a community empowerment program “Komuniti Sihat, Perkasa Negara” acronymed as KOSPEN in July 2013. Thirty thousand community health volunteers have been trained nationwide up to May 2015. Objective: To identify the factors associated with knowledge on KOSPEN and its implementation among community health volunteers in Kulim District. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on simple random sampling was conducted among community health volunteers Kulim District. Volunteers participated in this study were 194. Data collected using self-administered questionnaire. All data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS version 22 involving descriptive and inferential statistics with significance level set at 0.05. Results: The study found that level of knowledge on KOSPEN is associated with employment status (p=0.02) and awareness level (p<0.001) among the community health volunteers. The level of implementation is associated with age (p=0.025), education level (p=0.007) and employment status (p=0.017) of the community health volunteers. Employment status (aOR=2.133, 95% CI=1.056-4.306, p=0.035) and awareness level (aOR=6.119, 95% CI=2.701-13.867 p<0.001) were predictors of level of knowledge on KOSPEN. Level of implementation of KOSPEN by the community health volunteers could be predicted by education level (aOR=4.085, 95% CI=1.299-12.851 p=0.016). Conclusion: Generally the KOSPEN volunteers had good knowledge on KOSPEN and implementation of KOSPEN program. However, there are still misconceptions among the KOSPEN volunteers regarding their functions and role. Therefore it is important to empower the volunteers with awareness on their roles, functions and good knowledge.

Epidemiology characteristics analysis on HIV infection of volunteer blood donors in Shaoxing area / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To analysis HIV infection status among volunteer blood donors in Shaoxing area from 2001 to 2014, and to provide evidence for recruiting strategy of volunteer blood donors.@*Methods@#A statistical analysis was conducted on the confirmed HIV-positive cases of volunteer blood donors from 2001 to 2014 in Shaoxing area.@*Results@#36 volunteer blood donors were confirmed anti-HIV positive, and the positive rate was 0.09‰. Only 1 volunteer blood donor was confirmed anti-HIV positive before 2006, and the HIV-positive rate rose and the changes in volatility after 2006. The HIV-positive rate in Zhuji was highest compared to other blood center of Shaoxing. The HIV-positive rate in male and female were 4.14∶1, men who had sex with men remain at great risk for HIV infection.@*Conclusions@#Anti-HIV positive rate was lower among volunteer blood donors in Shaoxing area. Since 2006 years, anti-HIV positive rate increased. The anti-HIV positive rate were different in the different blood center in Shaoxing area, HIV antibody confirmatory positive is more common in young males volunteer blood donors.

Integration of Volunteer Service and Humanistic Quality of Medical Students / 中国医学伦理学

The long-term development of volunteer service depends on the level of humanistic quality of par-ticipants, the improvement of humanistic quality needs the practical support of volunteer service, and the integra-tion of volunteer service and humanistic quality of medical students has its theoretical rationality. "Caring for peo-ple"is its common cultural foundation,"subjectivity" is its common ideological foundation, and"group nature" is the common practice foundation for both. At present, the integration of volunteer service and medical students' hu-manistic quality is mainly facing the development issues including medical students and those who are served misun-derstand the volunteerism, the lack of medical students' humanistic spirit leads to instrumental tendency of volun-teer service behavior and the limited channels of volunteer service objectively limit the enhancing effect of humanis-tic quality of medical students. It should promote the organization of volunteer service for medical students and cul-tivate the humanistic spirit of medical students;promote the professionalization of medical students' volunteer service and enhance the self-education ability of medical students;promote the normalization of medical students' volun-teer service and enhance the social responsibility of medical students to provide reference for the integration and de-velopment of volunteer service and medical humanistic quality.