Epidemiological investigation and management of the first monkeypox cluster outbreak in Wuhan / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics, investigation and treatment process of the first monkeypox cluster outbreak in Wuhan, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of monkeypox cluster outbreak in the future. Methods Field epidemiological investigation was conducted on the cases, and throat swabs, anal swabs, shingles fluid, whole blood, and serum samples were collected from the cases. Subsequently, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed for the detection of monkeypox virus nucleic acid and subsequent gene sequencing. Results Two cases had a high-risk exposure behavior in a hotel in Wuhan on June 2, 2023. The first case exhibited the emergence of beige papules on June 5 and sought medical treatment at a tertiary hospital in Wuhan on June 11. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted tests on herpes fluid samples, which yielded positive results for the presence of monkeypox virus nucleic acid. Genetic sequencing analysis revealed that the infecting strain of the monkeypox virus in this case belonged to the West African clade B.1. Conclusion Based on epidemiological investigation and laboratory results, this monkeypox cluster outbreak may be caused by latent men with men sexual transmission. Monkeypox has the risk of both overseas importation and local transmission in our country. It is very necessary to detect, report and deal with monkeypox outbreak early.

WFAS 2023 Bangkok, Thailand Report on the Executive Committee Meeting and Annual Conference / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The 2023 World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies (WFAS) annual conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand, from Thursday, November 16 to Sunday, November 19, 2023. Due to the pandemic of COVID-19, we, the members of the International Affairs, had to participate via web in 2020 and 2021. Therefore, this was our first on-site participation in four years. The first session of the 10th executive committee (EC) meeting was held in the afternoon of the first day, the 16th. In this article, we report the EC meeting and the scientific conference entitled "Inheriting the Essence and Promoting the Innovative Development of Acupuncture-moxibustion of TCM". The EC reported with emphasis on the steady progress being made in building relationships with WHO and other international organizations. In the academic exchange, WFAS President Liu Baoyan, in his keynote speech, consistently conveyed his intention to promote high-quality acupuncture and moxibustion research throughout his talk. Abstracts of the conference were distributed on-site, but only 35 abstracts (49%) of the 72 total presentations were published.

A meta-analysis of related factors of depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men in China / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To systematically review the related factors of depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men(MSM)in China.Methods:CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,CBM,EMbase,Pubmed,CINAHL,Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to February 17,2023.After literature screening and data extraction,two researchers independently assessed the quality of included studies according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.Results:A total of 21 articles with 11 822 participants were includ-ed.The results of meta-analysis showed that month income ≥3 000 yuan(OR=0.59),college degree or above(OR=0.59)and high self-esteem(OR=0.83)were protective factors,sexual role as the recipient(OR=1.68),dual sexual role(OR=1.41),multiple sexual partners(OR=1.65),sexual violence experience(OR=3.44),self-rated poor health status(OR=3.93),HIV/AIDS related discrimination(OR=1.13),HIV/AIDS related stress(OR=1.11)and suicidal tendency(OR=2.86)were risk factors for depressive symptoms.Conclusion:There are many related factors to the depressive symptoms of MSM.It is necessary to carry out early intervention on the basis of personalized assessment to reduce the occurrence of depressive symptoms among MSM.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection status and related factors among men who have sex with men in Jinhua City， Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo understand the human immunodeficiency virus（HIV） infection status and related factors by using the HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance data of men who have sex with men（MSM） in Jinhua City， Zhejiang Province. MethodsSnowball sampling method was used to recruit MSM receiving HIV sentinel surveillance from 2016 to 2021.The inclusion criteria were aged 18 years old and above， reported having anal sex with man in recent 6 months. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis. Data including the characteristics of demography and ethology were collected. Five milliliter of blood samples were taken after the questionnaire. HIV and syphilis was screened. The time trend was analyzed with χ2 test. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with HIV infection status among MSM. ResultsThe positive rate of HIV was 8.0% （127/1 597）， with an increasing trend （P=0.002）， but the linear correlation was weak（r=0.075）. The positive rate of syphilis was 5.2% （83/1 597）， with no significant difference （P=0.661）.The constituent ratios showed an increasing trend （P<0.05） in using condoms consistently， finding male sexual partners through Internet or dating software， having anal sex in the past week， using condoms every time during anal sex in the past 6 months， accepting prevention services of AIDS in the last year， and the overall awareness of AIDS related knowledge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that who was from national minority （OR=2.27， 95%CI： 1.08‒4.73） and from other provinces （OR=1.68， 95%CI： 1.08‒2.62）， who failed to consistently use condoms every time during anal sex in the past six months （OR=3.03， 95%CI： 2.02‒4.54）， who never accepted prevention services of AIDS in the last year （OR=2.17，95%CI：1.44‒3.27）， who don’t know the knowledge of AIDS （OR=1.86， 95%CI： 1.12‒3.07）， and who was infected with syphilis （OR=2.35， 95%CI： 1.20‒4.61） were at higher risk for HIV infection among MSM. ConclusionThe positive rate of HIV remains at a certain level among MSM in Jinhua. High-risk groups such as the patients with syphilis infections and floating population from other provinces need to be paid close attention. It is suggested to further strengthen the promotion of the use of condoms， awareness of AIDS and syphilis， warning education and comprehensive intervention services.

Marriage intention among HIV-infected men who have sex with men / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the marriage intention and its influencing factors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to provide the reference for formulating high-risk behavior intervention strategies and reducing the risk of HIV transmission among this population.@*Methods@#Unmarried HIV-infected MSM were sampled from newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City from 2020 to 2022. Participants' sociodemographic information, family status and marriage intention were collected using questionnaire surveys. Factors affecting marriage intention were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 430 questionnaires were allocated and 400 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 93.02%. The respondents had a mean age of (28.90±4.67) years, and included 271 cases with registered residence outside Hangzhou City (67.75%). There were 82 cases indicating that they would probably or definitely get married, accounting for 20.50%, including 46 cases (56.10%) aged 30 years and older, 67 cases (81.71%) engaged in commercial services/freelance work/worker and 53 cases (64.63%) being the only children. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that unmarried HIV-infected MSM who were aged 30 years and older (OR=2.751, 95%CI: 1.230-6.154), had a monthly income of <10 000 Yuan (5 000 to <10 000 Yuan, OR=7.010, 95%CI: 2.049-23.981; <5 000 Yuan, OR=5.229, 95%CI: 1.803-15.165), had a high school education and below (OR=5.935, 95%CI: 1.775-19.844), were the only children (OR=3.407, 95%CI: 1.468-7.910), came from families with economic conditions above the average level (OR=8.906, 95%CI: 2.070-38.308), did not disclose their sexual orientation (OR=3.298, 95%CI: 1.118-9.727), held a positive attitude towards government policies (OR=70.544, 95%CI: 14.583-341.237), had no homosexual intercourse in the past six months (OR=3.583, 95%CI: 1.278-10.044), and had not informed their sexual partners of their HIV status (OR=2.910, 95%CI: 1.228-6.897) were more willing to get married.@*Conclusion@#A certain proportion of unmarried HIV-infected MSM in Gongshu District are willing to get married, and their marriage intention is affected by age, educational level, family economic conditions, the only children or not, disclosing sexual orientation or not, having homosexual intercourse in the past six months or not, informing sexual partners of HIV status or not, and the attitude towards government policies.

Regular HIV testing and post-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Lishui City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the status of regular HIV testing and post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the reference for developing targeted intervention strategies.@*Methods@#A total of 389 MSM were selected from Lishui City by convenient sampling method from April to August 2022, and demographic information, sexual behaviors, HIV testing and PEP behaviors were collected through questionnaire surveys. MSM were clustered using two step clustering analysis, and regular HIV testing and PEP behaviors among different groups of MSM were compared. Factors affecting regular HIV testing and PEP behaviors were evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#The MSM surveyed had a median age of 31.00 (interquartile range, 16.00) years. There were 146 MSM undergoing regular HIV testing, accounting for 37.53%, and 47 MSM receiving PEP, accounting for 12.08%. MSM were divided into two groups. There were 28.05% of MSM with regular HIV testing in group 1, which was lower than the 44.44% in group 2; and 22.56% receiving PEP, which was higher than the 4.44% in group 2 (both P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (OR=1.030, 95%CI: 1.011-1.050), sexual roles (both receptive and insertive, OR=2.999, 95%CI: 1.732-5.194) and homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months (use condoms every time, OR=4.567, 95%CI: 2.593-8.044) as factors affecting regular HIV testing among MSM; age (OR=0.970, 95%CI: 0.942-0.999), sexual orientation (OR=0.292, 95%CI: 0.139-0.612) and homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months (not use condoms, OR=0.135, 95%CI: 0.040-0.460; use condoms every time, OR=0.076, 95%CI: 0.018-0.326) as factors affecting PEP behaviors among MSM.@*Conclusion@#MSM with different characteristics of sexual behaviors have different preferences for HIV regular testing and PEP, with homosexual behaviors in the past 6 months, sexual roles and sexual orientation being the main influencing factors.

HIV self-testing application through online platform among men who have sex with men in Tianjin City / 预防医学

Objective@#To understand characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) who applied for HIV antibody self-testing reagents through "AIDS self-testing" column of a WeChat official account named "Dark Blue Public Health Center" in Tianjin City, so as to provide insights into exploring online modes of HIV antibody self-testing for MSM.@*Methods@#Data of MSM who were 18 years old or above, currently lived in Tianjin City, had sex with men in the past six months and applied for HIV antibody self-testing reagents through "AIDS self-testing" column from May 2018 to December 2022 were collected. Demographic characteristics, results return and positive findings were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#Data of 2 064 MSM were collected, including 1 052 MSM aged 20 to 29 years (50.97%), 1 522 unmarried MSM (73.74%), 545 workers (26.41%), 1 385 MSM with college education or above (67.10%), and 315 MSM without testing for HIV antibody in the past (15.26%). A total of 6 470 self-testing reagents were applied, and 5 942 testing results were returned, with a return rate of 91.84%. There were 33.28% (687/2 064) of the applicants applying for 66.32% (4 291/6 470) reagents multiple times. There were 73 MSM with positive results, accounting for 1.23%.@*Conclusions@#The MSM applying for HIV antibody self-testing reagents through "AIDS self-testing" are mainly young and highly educated, including some who have never tested for HIV. However, attention should be paid to duplicate applications and the return rate should be increased.

HIV-1 molecular transmission network among men who have sex with men in Shaoxing City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the molecular transmission network characteristics of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into AIDS prevention and control among MSM.@*Methods@#Newly reported HIV/AIDS cases among MSM in Shaoxing City were selected from January 2021 to September 2023. Plasma samples before the antiviral treatment were collected. The HIV-1 pol gene was amplified using reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR to construct phylogenetic trees for gene subtype analysis. The HIV-TRACE method was used to construct a molecular transmission network with a genetic distance of 1.5% to analyze clustering and the characteristics of cases within molecular clusters.@*Results@#A total of 216 HIV/AIDS cases among MSM were included, and 179 qualified sequences were obtained. The predominant HIV-1 subtypes were CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE, with 95 and 66 cases, respectively. At 1.5% genetic distance, 20 molecular clusters were formed, with 61 nodes and 58 edges. A total of 61 sequences were connected to the transmission network (34.08%). HIV/AIDS cases among MSM from all the counties (cities, districts) in Shaoxing City were included in the network. There was the largest molecular cluster with ≥10 nodes, involving 12 cases from five counties (cities, districts), 3 medium-sized molecular clusters with 4 to 5 nodes, and the 16 small-sized molecular clusters with 2 or 3 nodes. Seven cases with high risk of transmission, each with ≥4 edges, were all CRF07_BC subtypes. Among them, two cases were from the large molecular cluster, and five cases were from the same molecular cluster composed of cases from Shengzhou City and Xinchang County.@*Conclusions@#The predominant HIV-1 subtypes among MSM in Shaoxing City were CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE. There was cross-regional HIV transmission, and potential transmission risk might exist in Shengzhou City and Xinchang County.

Willingness of WHO staff to work in health emergencies in the African Region: opportunity for phased deployment of staff and ensure continuity of health services

A human resource base that ensures appropriate deployment of staff to emergencies, addressing different shock events in emergencies, without disrupting continuity of service is germane to a successful response. Consequently, the WHO Health Emergencies programme in the African Region, in collaboration with Africa Centre for Disease Control (ACDC) launched the African Volunteer Health Corps (AVoHC) and Strengthening and Utilization of Response Group for Emergencies (SURGE), an initiative aimed at ensuring a pool of timely responders. We explored the willingness of WHO staff to work in emergencies. A call for expression of interest to be part of the Elite Emergency Experts (Triple E) was published on 5th July 2022 via email and was open for 5 weeks. The responses were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and presented with graphic illustrations. A total of 1253 WHO staff, from all the six WHO regions, cutting across all cadre, applied to the call. The applicants had various trainings and experiences in emergency and have responded to mostly disease outbreaks. Two-third of the applicants were males. This paper did not explore reasons for the willingness to work in emergencies. However, contrary to fears expressed in literature that health workers would not want to work in emergencies with potential for infections, the applicants have worked mostly in infectious emergencies. Literature identified some themes on factors that could impact on willingness of health workers to work in emergencies. These include concerns for the safety of the responders and impact of partners, child and elderly care, as well as other family obligations, which emergency planners must consider in planning emergency response.

Mapping the evidence of emergency nursing research in WHO Afro-region states: A scoping review

Introduction The introduction of emergency nursing in Africa has resulted in the establishment of several training schools across the continent. This has translated into a growing body of emergency care research being carried out by nurses; however, the breadth and extent of evidence remains unclear. The aim of the review was to map and collate the available literature on emergency nursing research in WHO Afro-region states. Methods The review adopted the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping reviews. The review protocol was registered on 27 June 2022 (osf.io/5wz3x). The Population (nurse), Concept (emergency nursing research), Context (WHO Afro-region) (PCC) elements guided the development of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Papers were searched across seven electronic data bases and two search engines using a three-search strategy. The screening was performed initially on the abstract and title and lastly on full text. The reporting for the review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Results One hundred and thirteen papers were included in the review. Publication of emergency nursing research occurred from 2000 to 2022. The year 2017 and 2019 recorded the highest number of publications (n = 14). The country with the most publications was South Africa (n=50). Emergency nursing research used predominantly quantitative methodologies (n=58). The professional groups involved in research were nurses (n=69) as well as nurses and doctors (n=26). The identified papers focused primarily on emergency nursing education (n=23) and epidemiology (n=24). Conclusion There is a notable increase in the number of publications on emergency nursing research in WHO Afro-region states, however from only 11 countries. Since most of the research is still at descriptive level, there is need to encourage emergency nursing research on interventions and measuring outcomes and impact in the emergency care system.

Fuzzy Logic: vulnerability of women who have sex with women to sexually transmitted infections / Lógica Fuzzy: vulnerabilidad de las mujeres que tienen relaciones sexuales con mujeres a las infecciones de transmisión sexual / Lógica Fuzzy: vulnerabilidade de mulheres que fazem sexo com mulheres às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the possibility of applying Fuzzy Logic in analyzing the vulnerability of Women Who Have Sex with Women to Sexually Transmitted Infections/HIV/AIDS. Methods: We developed a Fuzzy Logic system with 17 input variables and one output variable, using data related to vulnerability in a municipality located in the Midwest region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: The factor with the greatest positive impact was the confirmation that a low understanding of Sexually Transmitted Infections/HIV/AIDS is associated with higher vulnerability. Conversely, the statement "Not disclosing sexual activity to healthcare professionals," where individuals do not admit to having sex with women, had the least impact. Conclusions: Fuzzy Logic facilitates the identification of vulnerability, expressed through the analysis of interaction between variables in each dimension. This makes it a promising method to assist in analyzing the vulnerability of specific populations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la posibilidad de aplicación de la Lógica Difusa en el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de las Mujeres que tienen Relaciones Sexuales con Mujeres a las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual/VIH/sida. Métodos: Se desarrolló un sistema de Lógica Difusa con 17 variables de entrada y una de salida, utilizando datos relacionados con la vulnerabilidad en un municipio ubicado en el Centro-Oeste del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: El factor de mayor impacto positivo fue la confirmación de que la baja comprensión sobre las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual/VIH/sida está asociada con una mayor vulnerabilidad. Por otro lado, la declaración "No exponerse ante el profesional de la salud", donde la persona no admite tener relaciones sexuales con mujeres, tuvo el menor impacto. Conclusiones: La Lógica Difusa permite la identificación de la vulnerabilidad, expresada por el análisis de interacción entre las variables de cada dimensión. Esto la convierte en un método prometedor para ayudar en el análisis de la vulnerabilidad de poblaciones específicas.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a possibilidade de aplicação da Lógica Fuzzy na análise da vulnerabilidade de Mulheres que fazem Sexo com Mulheres às Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/HIV/aids. Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um sistema de Lógica Fuzzy com 17 variáveis de entrada e uma de saída, utilizando dados relacionados à vulnerabilidade em um município localizado no Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: O fator de maior impacto positivo foi a confirmação de que a baixa compreensão sobre Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/HIV/aids está associada a uma maior vulnerabilidade. Por outro lado, a declaração "Não se expor para a profissional de saúde", onde a pessoa não admite ter relações sexuais com mulheres, teve o menor impacto. Conclusões: A Lógica Fuzzy oportuniza a identificação da vulnerabilidade, expressa pela análise de interação entre as variáveis de cada dimensão. Isso a torna um método promissor para auxiliar na análise da vulnerabilidade de populações específicas.

Vacinar ou arriscar? A mensagem da Organização Mundial de Saúde para promover a vacinação contra a covid-19 / Vaccinate or taking chances? The World Health Organization's message to promote vaccination against COVID-19

Resumo Centrando-se no impacto que a comunicação de risco emitida pelas organizações de saúde pública tem na mudança dos comportamentos da sociedade, esta investigação pretende analisar as mensagens-chave que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu para promover o programa de vacinação contra a covid-19. Para cumprir este objetivo, enveredou-se por uma metodologia de estudo qualitativa, que privilegiou o uso da análise do conteúdo publicado nas páginas de Facebook e de Instagram da OMS, no período de 1 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2021. No total, foram analisadas 62 publicações. Os resultados mostraram que a OMS utilizou quatro eixo de comunicação para promover a importância da vacinação na sociedade: garantir a credibilidade e a transparência da informação transmitida; certificar a segurança e a eficácia da vacina; apelar ao sentido de responsabilidade coletiva; e associar a vacina à solução para pôr fim à pandemia. As conclusões do estudo mostram que, embora a equidade no acesso à vacina ainda seja uma realidade em construção, os quase 70% da população mundial vacinada sugerem que as mensagens enviadas pela OMS no contexto de comunicação de risco podem ter contribuído para a construção de uma imagem positiva do programa de vacinação.

Abstract Focusing on the impact that risk communication issued by public health organizations brings to changing societal behaviors, this research aimed to analyze the key messages that the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined to promote the COVID-19 vaccination program. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative study methodology was used to analyze the content published on the WHO's Facebook and Instagram pages from April 1 to August 31, 2021. In total, 62 publications were analyzed. The results showed that the WHO used four key communication messages to promote the importance of vaccination in society: ensuring the credibility and transparency of the information transmitted; certifying the safety and efficacy of the vaccine; appealing to a sense of collective responsibility; and associating the vaccine with the solution to end the pandemic were the chosen communication axes. The conclusions of this study show that, although fair access to the vaccine is still a reality in the making, the fact that almost 70% of the world's population has been vaccinated suggests that the messages sent by the WHO in the context of risk communication may have contributed to building a positive image of the vaccination program.

Evaluation of antiseptic mouthwashes protocol against SARS-CoV-2 on orthodontic appliances (an in vitro study) / Avaliação do protocolo de enxaguantes bucais antissépticos contra SARS-CoV-2 em aparelhos ortodônticos (estudo in vitro)

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of daily mouthwash rinsing protocols recommended against SARS-CoV-2 on metal ions discharged from fixed orthodontic appliances, specifically Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr). Material and Methods: Total of 400 hemi-arch fixed appliances were segregated into two groups, namely Nickel Titanium (NiTi) and Stainless Steel (SS), based on the type of archwire employed. Each set was submerged in 2% povidone-iodine, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.2% chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes. Distilled water was used for comparative measurements of the ions released as a control group (n=10/group). They were incubated for four periods at 37°C (one hour, twenty-four hours, one, and 3 weeks). Nil and Cr ions released from the fixed appliance were evaluated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and paired comparison analysis. Results: The worst levels of Ni and Cr liberated from the SS group observed in povidone-iodine mouthwash at 1.173 and 1.701 ppm, respectively, while the chlorhexidine mouthwash released accepted level of Ni and Cr at 0.033 and 0.056 ppm, respectively. The NiTi group displayed the appalling ions released of Ni and Cr in povidone-iodine mouthwash at 1.87 and 2.4 ppm, respectively. Whereas the released levels of Ni and Cr ions from the chlorhexidine group and cetylpyridinium chloride were 0.048 and 0.127 ppm, respectively, with significant differences between the tested groups and intervals. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine and Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes were the appropriate options for orthodontic patients to minimized ions released according to this study protocol.(AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto dos protocolos diários de enxaguatório bucal recomendados contra SARS-CoV-2 em íons metálicos liberados de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos, especificamente Níquel (Ni) e Cromo (Cr). Material e Métodos: Um total de 400 aparelhos fixos de hemiarcada foram segregados em dois grupos, Níquel Titânio (NiTi) e Aço Inoxidável (SS), com base no tipo de fio utilizado. Cada conjunto foi submerso em enxaguantes bucais com iodopovidona a 2%, peróxido de hidrogênio a 1%, clorexidina a 0,2% e cloreto de cetilpiridínio. Água destilada foi utilizada para medições comparativas dos íons liberados como grupo controle (n=10/grupo). Eles foram incubados por cinco períodos a 37°C (uma hora, vinte e quatro horas, uma e 3 semanas). Os íons Nil e Cr liberados do aparelho fixo foram avaliados por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e análise de comparação pareada. Resultados:Os piores níveis de Ni e Cr liberados no grupo SS foram observados no enxaguatório bucal com iodopovidona em 1,173 e 1,701 ppm, respectivamente, enquanto o enxaguatório bucal com clorexidina liberou níveis aceitos de Ni e Cr em 0,033 e 0,056 ppm, respectivamente. O grupo NiTi exibiu os terríveis íons liberados de Ni e Cr no enxaguatório bucal com iodopovidona a 1,87 e 2,4 ppm, respectivamente. Já os níveis liberados de íons Ni e Cr do grupo clorexidina e cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram 0,048 e 0,127 ppm, respectivamente, com diferenças significativas entre os grupos e intervalos testados. Conclusão: Enxaguatórios bucais com clorexidina e cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram as opções adequadas para pacientes ortodônticos para minimizar a liberação de íons de acordo com o protocolo deste estudo(AU)

Questionário de avaliação das práticas e experiências de saúde sexual (SHAPE): Processo de adaptação e resultados dos dados coletados durante o pré-teste em Portugal / The sexual health assessment of practices and experiences (SHAPE) questionnaire: Adaptation Process and Results of the Data Collected during the Pre-Test in Portugal

O Questionário de Avaliação das Práticas e Experiências de Saúde Sexual (SHAPE), desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, está sendo implementado e testado pela primeira vez em nível mundial em Portugal. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o processo de adaptação e os resultados dos dados coletados durante o pré-teste. O pré-teste foi realizado com uma amostra de 40 indivíduos (60% mulheres; idade média de 53,9 anos). Metade dos questionários foi respondida online e a outra metade por entrevista telefônica. A taxa de resposta online foi de 76,9% e a de resposta por telefone foi de 11,3%. Nas entrevistas telefônicas, o principal motivo para recusa em participar foi o fato de o tema ser muito pessoal. O SHAPE foi bem aceito, com 95% dos respondentes respondendo às perguntas sobre gravidez, 97,5% respondendo às questões sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e 97,5% respondendo às perguntas sobre experiências sexuais não consensuais. A existência de um instrumento que aborde os componentes comportamentais e psicossociais da saúde sexual e reprodutiva, adaptado para uso na população portuguesa e aplicável em nível global, permitirá o desenvolvimento de estudos abrangentes e comparativos que beneficiarão a promoção da saúde em geral e, em particular, da saúde sexual e reprodutiva.

The Sexual Health Assessment of Practices and Experiences (SHAPE) Questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization is being implemented and tested for the first time worldwide in Portugal. The objective of this study is to describe the adaptation process and the results of the data collected during the pre-test. Pretesting was conducted with a sample of 40 individuals (60% women; mean age 53.9 years). Half of the questionnaires were answered online and half by telephone interview. The online response rate was 76.9% and telephone was 11.3%. Of the telephone interviews, the principal reason for refusing to participate was that the subject was so personal. SHAPE was well accepted, with 95% of respondents answering the questions on pregnancy, 97.5% answering those on sexually transmitted infections and 97.5% answering the questions on non-consensual sexual experiences. The existence of an instrument dealing with the behavioral and psychosocial components of sexual and reproductive health, adapted for use in the Portuguese population while also being applicable on a global level, will permit comprehensive and comparative studies to be developed that will benefit health promotion in general and sexual and reproductive health in particular.

Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres / Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men / Uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: estudio transversal, analítico, nacional realizado de forma online en todas las regiones de Brasil, en 2020, a través de redes sociales y sitios de citas. El uso inconsistente del preservativo se definió como el uso ocasional o no usarlo nunca. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de asociación y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: 1222 (85%) de los 1438 participantes informaron uso inconsistente del preservativo. Las variables "homosexuales" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14-3,59; p = 0,016), "tener pareja estable" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) y "diagnóstico de ITS" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) se asociaron de forma independiente con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino. Las variables "recibió consejo de un amigo sobre la prueba del VIH" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) y "trabajador sexual" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: las variables estudiadas indicaron que hay una fuerte relación entre las parejas estables y el aumento de la confianza y la baja adherencia al uso del preservativo, lo que coincide con otros estudios.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. Method: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. Results: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. Conclusion: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, de abrangência nacional realizado on-line em todas as regiões do Brasil, em 2020, por meio de redes sociais e em sites de relacionamento. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi definido como uso ocasional ou nunca ter usado. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e regressão logística binária. Resultados: o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi relatado por 1222 (85%) dos 1438 participantes. As variáveis "homossexuais" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14- 3,59; p = 0,016), "ter parceiro fixo" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) e "diagnóstico de IST" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) foram independentemente associadas ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino. As variáveis "recebeu aconselhamento de amigo sobre teste de HIV" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) e "profissional do sexo" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: as variáveis estudadas apontaram uma forte relação das parcerias fixas com o aumento da confiança e uma baixa adesão ao uso do preservativo, o que corrobora com outros estudos.

Aplicaciones de un instrumento para evaluar factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en población trabajadora / Applications of an instrument to assess behavioral risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases in the working population

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud diseñó un instrumento para la vigilancia de los factores de riesgo asociados con las enfermedades crónicas, este abarca tres pasos que incluyen los datos personales y comportamentales, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Objetivo: Describir las aplicaciones del Instrumento STEPS (paso 1) para la identificación de factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en adultos trabajadores, según país y año de publicación. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de estudios originales que utilizaron el STEPS, publicados entre 2015 y 2019 en español, inglés y portugués en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar. Resultados: Se revisaron 20 documentos de los cuales 6 fueron de Asia y África, y el año de mayor publicación fue 2017. El consumo nocivo del alcohol, tabaquismo, inactividad física y alimentación no saludable son los riesgos más estudiados. Conclusiones: La utilización del instrumento STEPS en publicaciones es más frecuente en países de África y Asia. Se requiere que su implementación sea sistemática y difundida en otros países, con la finalidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de salud pública para la prevención, mitigación y tratamiento oportuno de las enfermedades no transmisibles.

Introduction: The World Health Organization designed an instrument for the surveillance of risk factors associated with chronic diseases, it has three steps that include personal and behavioral, anthropometric, and biochemical data. Objective: To describe the applications of the STEPS Instrument (step 1) to identify behavioral risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases in working adults, according to country and year of publication. Methodology: Narrative review of original studies that used STEPS, published between 2015 and 2019 in Spanish, English and Portuguese in the databases PubMed, SciELO, and the search engine Google Scholar. Results: A total of 20 studies were reviewed, of which 6 were from Asia and Africa, and the year of most significant publication was 2017. The most studied risks are harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating. Conclusions: the use of the STEPS instrument in publications is more frequent in countries of Africa and Asia. Its implementation must be systematic and disseminated in other countries to design and implement public health strategies for the prevention, mitigation, and timely treatment of noncommunicable diseases.

Monitoring the Outcome of Leprosy Using Leprosy Neuropathy Scale: A Preliminary Study

The disability and progress of leprosy patients is monitored by the WHO disability grading system which has limited sensitivity in leprous neuropathy. This study aims to report the spectrum of leprosy patients at a tertiary care neurology service and compare WHO grading, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Leprosy Neuropathy Scale (LNS) in monitoring the treatment outcome. The patients with leprosy diagnosed as per WHO criteria were subjected to medical history and clinical examination. Their disability was graded as per WHO grading scale, modified Rankin scale (mRS) and LNS. These parameters were repeated and compared after six months of multiple drug therapy (MDT). Thirty-eight patients with leprosy, aged 40 (`5-80) years, 33 of whom were males have been evaluated. The duration of symptoms was 24 (91-120) months. Mononeuropathy was present in 14, mononeuropathy multiplex in 24, trophic ulcer in two, claw hand in 11, wrist drop in two, foot drop in four, facial palsy in one, Charcot’s joint in one and lepra reaction in seven patients. Their disability as per WHO grade 1 and 2 was in 19 patients each. After 6 months of MDT, WHO grade improved in two patients, mRS revealed improvement in seven and LNS in nine patients. LNS- a clinical scale, seems more effective and easier to use for monitoring the progress/ outcome of neuropathy in leprosy patients and may complement the WHO grading scale

Consenso SOCHOG/SOCHUMB: utilizar en Chile la curva estándar OMS ultrasonográfica de crecimiento fetal / SOCHOG/SOCHUMB consensus: OMS fetal ultrasound curve is the standard curve for ultrasound growth assessment to use in Chile

La Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología (SOCHOG) y la Sociedad Chilena de Ultrasonido en Medicina y Biología (SOCHUMB) convocaron a un comité de expertos en el tema de ultrasonido y crecimiento fetal con el fin de proponer utilizar la curva fetal que mejor se adapte a la población chilena. Luego de la discusión, al no contar con curvas chilenas de crecimiento fetal, se concluye proponer que la curva estándar de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sería la indicada dada la calidad de su metodología y por ser multicéntrica.

The Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SOCHOG) and the Chilean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (SOCHUMB) have convened a committee of experts on the subject of ultrasound and fetal growth in order to propose using the fetal curve that best adapts to the Chilean population. After the discussion, since there are no Chilean fetal growth curves, it is concluded that the World Health Organization (WHO) standard curve would be the one to use given the quality of its methodology and the fact that it is multicentric.

A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND MAJOR INDICATIONS OF CESAREAN SECTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN INDIA

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), a caesarean section is a surgical procedure that can save the life of a woman and her baby when undertaken for medical reasons. Thus, the procedure should only be used in complicated pregnancies.However, C-sections have gradually become common in developing countries, and it is already quite common in the developed countries for a long time. A number of obstetric complications such as dystocia, foetal distress, breech births, post-term pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, and pregnancy-induced hypertension are recognized as reasonable motives behind caesarean section deliveries. Approximately 18.5 million caesarean births have been recorded each year globally, accounting for 19.1% of total births, which is beyond the cut-off recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In India, the rate of caesarean section delivery is dramatically increased from 3% in 1992–93 to 17% in 2015–16. In terms of regional variations, south Indian states have recorded substantially higher levels of caesarean deliveries in comparison to north India.Despite several studies that have investigated the factors contributing to caesarean section delivery, systematic evidence is still lacking towards understanding the determining factors and formulating effective policies to address the increasing rate of caesarean section deliveries in India. With this backdrop, this study attempts to observe the major indications and prevalence of caesarean section among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital in India.