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ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to assess visitors' attitudes, if visitors would be willing to pay to enter Lake Karagol, and what factors affect their decision to pay. The contingent valuation method was used to estimate the economic value of the lake by assessing willingness to pay (WTP). Double dichotomous questions were used in the survey. Respondents were first asked whether or not they would be willing to pay the starting bid. They could either answer in the affirmative (that is, accepted bid) or in the negative (that is, reject the starting bid). The average WTP for an entrance fee was found to be about USD 0.22 for all observations when zero bids were included, and about USD 4.40 when zero bids were excluded. Result of the probit model showed that respondents with a higher income, respondents who were young, and the working status of the respondents had significant impacts on the probability of the WTP.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as atitudes dos visitantes e se eles estavam dispostos a pagar entrada no Lago Karago e quais eram os fatores que afetavam a sua decisão. O método de avaliação contingente foi usado para estimar o valor econômico do Lago usando a decisão dos visitantes de estarem dispostos a pagar entrada. Perguntas duplamente dicotômicas foram usadas no questionário. Os inquiridos foram questionados primeiro se estariam dispostos a pagar um valor inicial. Eles poderiam responder afirmativamente (aceitavam o valor) ou negativamente (rejeitavam o valor). O valor médio (vontade de pagar) de uma entrada foi de 0.22 dólares estadunidenses para todas as respostas, incluindo o mínimo de 0 e de 4.40 dólares estadunidenses excluindo o mínimo de 0. O resultado do modelo de lucro mostrou que os inquiridos com maior valor salarial e mais jovens com estatuto de trabalhadores tinham mais impacto na probabilidade de vontade de pagar.
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Economics has played an important role in the analysis of policy alternatives for several hundred years. Presently, project analysts are often interested in comparing alternative policies on the basis of the society’s welfare. Economic valuation is a process through which societal welfare is translated into economic terms. The societal-welfare element of various policies in economic terms can then be compared. It is not the sole determining factor in policy choice but is often important in the ultimate decision. This paper reviews the literature on the economics of climate change adaptation in developing countries, and identifies three key points for consideration in future studies. One key point is that all development policy should be formulated using forecasts from climate science as a baseline. When this is not done, there is risk that a false status quo without climate change is seen as an implicit baseline. Another important aspect is that the allocation of rights is crucial for the results; if households have a right to maintain their current livelihoods, the costs of climate change in developing countries are considerably greater than traditional willingness-to-pay studies would indicate. Thirdly to promote and discuss the incorporation of the valuation results into the support of policy making, including ecosystem‐ based climate change mitigation policies as well as ecosystem‐based welfare re‐distributional policies. Thus, costs and benefits of climate change adaptation cannot be analyzed using economic aspects only; climate science, behavioral science, and legal and moral aspects have crucial implications for the outcome of the analysis.
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Objective To construct wtp53/junB fusion gene and its eukaryotic expression vector in order to provide the basis for further application of polygene union therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and gene recombination techniques were used to construct the eukaryotic vector of pEGFP-C1-wtp53/junB fusion gene, which carries the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The transfection of pEGFP-C1-wtp53/junB in hepatoma HepG2 cells was detected by the location of green fluorescence. Results The DNA sequence of wtp53/junB fusion gene was successfully cloned into the pEGFP-C1 plasmid and the sequence was the same as what we expected. Green fluorescence located on cell nucleus proved that pEGFP-C1-wtp53/junB was transfected into HepG2 cell line successfully. Conclusion We successfully constructed the eukaryotic vector of pEGFP-C1-wtp53/junB fusion gene, which carries the EGFP, and transfects it into human hepatoma cell nucleus. It may lay the basis for studying the synergetic effect of wtp53 and junB in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Objective To evaluated the role of wt-P53 protein in telomerase regulation in keloid fibroblasts(KFBs). Methods The fibroblasts were derived from human keloid tissue which was proved by pathological diagnosis. KFBs were divided into 2 groups, the transfection group and the untransfection group. wt-p53 gene was transfected into the fibroblasts by adenovirus vectors in the transfection group. The KFBs untransfected with wt-p53 gene served as control (untransfection group). After 48 hours of transfection, the expression of wt-P53 protein was analyzed by both Western blotting and immunofluorescence method, respectively. The telomerase activity was evaluated by TRAP-ELISA after 1-7 days of transfection.Results All the KFBs from 2 groups expressed wt-P53 protein. But the expression level of wt-P53 protein in the transfection group was significantly higher than that in the untransfection group. At the same time of high expression of wt-P53 protein, the telomerase activity of KFBs in transfection group was significantly lower than that in the untransfection group( P＜0.05). Conclusion High level expression of wt-P53 protein can transiently inhibit the telomerase activity of KFBs.
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Objective To study wt-p53 gene's influence on the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Methods wt-p53 gene was transfected into keloid fibroblasts by adenovirus vector. wt-p53 mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR; wt-p53 protein was evaluated by indirectiy immunofluorescence; The ability of proliferation of keloid fibroblasts was analyzed by cell growing curves; The cell cycle of KFB was checked by FCAS. Results The expression of wt-p53 mRNA and protein was obviously higher in the fibroblasts of the experimental group than those of control group; the rate of G_0~G_1 in cell cycle was higher in the fibroblasts of the experimental group than those of control group; at the same time, the rate of G_2~M was lower in fibroblasts of the experimental group than those of control group (P
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Objective To analyze the human cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes (hCREG)using bioinformatics tools and predict the promoter position and transciption factor binding sites.Methods Complete coding hCREG sequences were obtained from Genbank.hCREG was analyzed with First EF software in order to obtain the promoter sequence of hCREG.Moreover,transcription factor binding sites of hCREG was convinced by Motif software.Subsequently,the transcription factor of hCREG by bioinformatics tools was related between hCREG and smooth muscle cells differentiation observed by both Western blot and immunoflourescence.Results The promoter of hCREG was located in -109~-359 bp of up-stream of transcriptional site,which was predicted with 945bp length.Transciption factor binding sites of hCREG was predicted by Motif software which was found with 80 transciption factors.The expression of hCREG and smooth muscle ?-actin(SM ?-actin)increased in HITASY after 72 hours with serum deprivation detected by both Western blot and immunoflourescence.Meanwhile,the results showed that the expression of wtp53 increased significantly.These results suggested that transcription factor wtp53 might regulate the expression of hCREG and promoted dedifferentiated phenotype of VSMCs.Conclusion The transcriptional information of the proximal promoter of hCREG obtained.As up-stream regulational factor of hCREG,wtp53 can up-regulate the expression of hCREG and may play a vital role in the process of VSMCs differentiation and phenotype modulation.
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Objective:To investigate the influence of p33~ING1b and wt-p53 on the biological activities of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Sense and anti-sense cDNAs of p33~ING1b were cloned into pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vector separately, and the recombinant plasmids were solely or co-transfected with wt-p53 into pancreatic cell line SW1990. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the changes of cell cycle, Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression of p33~ING1b and p53 protein, and MG-P-MY staining was applied to observe cell apoptosis. Results: SW1990 cells solely transfected with sense p33~ING1b plasmid or co-transfected with wt-p53 and sense p33~ING1b plasmid expressed more p33~ING1b and had more apoptosis than the antisense p33~ING1b plasmid and mock transfected cells did (P
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Objective To discuss the growth suppressing, apoptosing effect of new type tumor-supressor gene-p33ING1 in stomach cancer cell strain, and to explore new strategies and methods in tumor therapy. Methods The PCDNA3/p33ING1 nuclear expressing microsome was constructed, p33ING1 and wt-p53 were implanted to human stomach cancer cell both and to evaluate the effect of p33ING1 and p53 toward stomach cancer cell and synergism between them. Results The PCDNA3/p33ING1 nuclear expressing microsome was successfully constructed. The human stomach cancer cell strain SSCG-7901 under implantation of p33ING1 and wt-p53 showed a significant decrease in cell growth, the coupling time was delayed, DNA synthetic phase was shortened and G0/G1 phase prolonged. The cell collapse increased. Conclusions Despite of the tumor-inhibiting effect and biochemical activation of p33ING1, it also plays a role with p53 gene in controling growth of stomach cancer cell, inducing cell collapse and hampering cell proliferation cycle. P33ING1 and p53 are synergistic to each other.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the feasibility of the contingent valuation method(CVM)in the field of health care in China,and give some suggestions for the application of CVM.METHODS:CVM in a specific case that was a research on shigellosis patients’willingness to pay(WTP)and willingness to accept(WTA)for shigellosis vaccine in rural area in HeBei Province was carried out.RESULTS:96.42%of the patients answered they will buy shigellosis vaccine,and the accept rate will descend with the price ascending.The highest price that the patients are willing to pay for shigellosis vaccine is16.03yuans,and the lowest price that they are unwilling to pay for it is39.72yuans.CONCLUSION:Using CVM in the research of WTP and WTA for shigellosis vaccine is feasible.The application of CVM in more fields in health care in China remains to be further study.