Psicoterapia psicodramática de grupo on-line: reinvenções do aquecimento / Psicoterapia psicodramatica de grupo on-line: reinvenciones del calentamiento / Online group psychodramatic psychotherapy: warming-up reinventions

RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir práticas de psicoterapia psicodramática de grupo on-line com ênfase no Aquecimento. A hipótese é que o Aquecimento elaborado especificamente para o atendimento on-line contribui para o alcance de um estado grupal mais espontâneo. O norte teórico deste trabalho consiste nas etapas de Aquecimento propostas por Davoli (1999) através da experiência com teatro Espontâneo. Assim, discute-se cada etapa a partir do relato de algumas experiências na condução de um grupo de psicoterapia on-line. A partir dessas experiências, conclui-se, então, que o Aquecimento concebido para esse contexto específico proporciona resultados satisfatórios em termos de espontaneidade grupal.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las prácticas de psicoterapia psicodramatica grupal on-line con énfasis en el calentamiento. La hipótesis es que el calentamiento diseñado específicamente para la atención en línea contribuye al logro de un estado grupal más espontáneo. El norte teórico de la obra son las etapas de calentamiento propuestas por Davoli (1999) a partir de la experiencia con el teatro Spontâneo. Así, cada etapa se discute teniendo en cuenta el relato de algunas experiencias en la realización de un grupo de psicoterapia on-line. A partir de estas experiencias, afirmamos que el calentamiento diseñado para este contexto específico brinda buenos resultados en términos de espontaneidad grupal.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss online group psychodramatic psychotherapy practices with an emphasis on warm-up. The hypothesis is that the warm-up step, specifically designed for Online care, contributes to the achievement of a more spontaneous group state. The theoretical north of the work is the warm-up stages proposed by Davoli (1999) from the experience with Spontaneous Theater. Thus, each stage is discussed taking into account the report of some experiences in conducting an online psychotherapy group. From these experiences, we affirm that the warm-up designed for this specific context provides good results in terms of group spontaneity.

Descriptive electromyography signals analysis of equine longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius muscles during maneuvers used to activate the core / [Análise descritiva do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos longuíssimo dorsal, reto abdominal e glúteo médio de equinos durante a realização de manobras utilizadas para ativação do core]

Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.(AU)

Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.(AU)

A importância do acolhimento e do aquecimento em grupos sem demanda no contexto da Justiça / The importance of welcoming and warming up in groups without spontaneous demand in the context of Justice / La importancia de la acogida y del caldeamiento en grupos de hombres sin demanda en el contexto del sistema de Justicia

Este artigo apresenta aspectos da experiência de atendimento aos grupos de homens envolvidos em violência doméstica. Abordou-se parte dos resultados obtidos em quatro anos de intervenção socioterapêutica no contexto da Justiça. Foram ressaltados o aquecimento e o acolhimento nas etapas da sessão, no atendimento socioterapêutico e no processo grupal. Elegemos a metodologia psicodramática e o método de pesquisa-em-intervenção, realizando a análise compreensiva do vivido em cada grupo e a análise comparativa entre eles. Concluímos que nesses grupos, sobretudo os envolvidos em violência contra a mulher, o acolhimento e o aquecimento desempenham uma função importante no desenvolvimento de uma intervenção que favoreça o protagonismo dos sujeitos e o resgate da espontaneidade e adequação nas situações da própria vida.

This article presents aspects of the experience of counselling with groups of men involved in domestic violence. It addressed part of the results obtained during four years of social therapeutic intervention within the Justice system. Emphasis is placed on the welcoming and the warming up stages of the session, in the social therapeutic counselling and in the group process. The methodology used is psychodrama and the research-through-intervention method using comprehensive analysis of the life experiences of each group and the comparative analysis between groups. Finally, we conclude that, in groups of individuals referred to us by the Justice system, particularly the ones who deal with violence against women, the welcoming and the warming up have an important function in the process of intervention promoting the protagonism of the individuals and the rescue of spontaneity and adequate responses to the situations of their own lives.

Este artículo presenta aspectos de la experiencia de atendimiento con grupos de hombres implicados en la violencia doméstica. Se aborda una parte de los resultados obtenidos en los cuatro años de intervención social terapéutica en el contexto del sistema de justicia. Son destacadas la acogida y el caldeamiento en las etapas de la sesión, el proceso de atendimiento social terapéutico y el proceso del grupo. La metodología utilizada es el psicodrama y el método de investigación intervención utilizando el análisis comprensivo del vivido en cada grupo y el análisis comparativo entre ellos. Finalmente, se concluye que, en grupos de individuos encaminados por la justicia, particularmente los que se ocupan de la violencia contra la mujer, la acogida y el caldeamiento tienen una función importante en el proceso de intervención, promoviendo el protagonismo de las personas y el rescate de la espontaneidad y las respuestas adecuadas a las situaciones de sus vidas.

Espiral psicodramático: ciência e arte do aquecimento / Psychodramatic spiral: the science and art of warming up

Este estudo tem como propósito apresentar o espiral psicodramático para aquecimento e verificar sua aplicabilidade por meio da discussão de um caso clínico, à luz dos conceitos e das definições de Moreno e dos psicodramatistas contemporâneos. Buscam-se elementos que estabeleçam interfaces entre o espiral psicodramático com o diagrama de Elaine Goldman, em uma perspectiva complementar e de superposição. Visa-se contribuir para roteiros de sessões em níveis real, imaginário ou de fantasia, e investigar o surgimento das catarses de integração revolutiva, resolutiva e evolutiva. Tendo em vista que a espontaneidade, espinha dorsal da teoria psicodramática, somente é alcançada e mantida mediante o aquecimento em um ponto ideal e adequado, a adoção do espiral psicodramático pode contribuir para o alcance de estados espontâneos.

This study aims to present the use of the psychodramatic spiral in the warm-up process, and to verify its applicability through the discussion of a clinical case, in light of Moreno's and other contemporary psychodramatists' concepts and definitions. It searches for interfaces between the psychodramatic spiral and Elaine Goldman's diagram, looking at their complementary and possible overlaps. It aims to use the psychodramatic spiral for scripts used in sessions, whether working on the level of reality, imaginary or fantasy, and to investigate the emergence of revolute, resolutive and evolutive catharsis of integration. Considering that spontaneity, the backbone of psychodrama theory, can only be achieved and maintained by warning up to an ideal and appropriate level, the use of the psychodramatic spiral can contribute toward achieving these spontaneous states.

Professor Zhang Peiying's Experience in Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] This paper sums up professor Zhang Peiying's scholar thought and clinical experience in diagnosing and treating coronary heart dis-ease. [Methods] From the aspects of the pathological mechanism, and treatment based on syndrome differentiation of coronary heart disease, and the exam-ple of medical record, elaborate that the pathological mechanism is the deficiency of cardiac Yang.Yang deficiency may cause the devitalized chest Yang, which may enable the external pathogenic cold to invade the body.The retention of cold and the stagnation of Qi and blood wil hinder the chest Yang and the circulation of blood in the chest vessels,causing the occurrence of the disease.[Results] The pathological mechanism of coronary heart disease is the deficiency of cardiac Yang and excess of pathogenic factor .Its root belongs to deficiency while its branch belongs to excess. On this base, professor forms Zhang Peiying's treatment principle focusing on relieving both the secondary and primary symptoms, such as replenishing Yang-Qi,and warming up the heart yang and dispel ing cold ,removing blood stasis.Taking an example for the therapy to prove it.[Conclusions]Professor Zhang Peiying's scholar thought and clinical experience in diagnosing and treating coronary heart disease is effective and is trusted and welcomed by patients. His thought and clinical expe-rience are worth to extend and apply.

Princípios fisiológicos do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na atividade esportiva[revisão] / Physiological principles of warm-up and muscle stretching on sports activities

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a importância do aquecimento e alongamento muscular na prática esportiva, destacando seus principais efeitos fisiológicos e benefícios, haja vista que o presente assunto tem causado muita dúvida aos atletas profissionais ou amadores bem como em profissionais da área da saúde na realização e prescrição, respectivamente, da prática do aquecimento e alongamento muscular. Foram utilizados 52 textos, entre artigos da base de dados PubMed e livros publicados de 1978 a 2008. Do total, 18 (34,62 por cento) estavam em português e 34 (65,38 por cento) em inglês. Resultados mostraram que o aquecimento tem por principal objetivo prevenir lesões devido à sua gama de efeitos fisiológicos. A realização do alongamento no término do gesto esportivo tem por finalidade evitar o encurtamento muscular, ou se realizado diariamente e por um longo período, favorecer o aumento do número de sarcômeros e, consequentemente, proporcionar um ganho de flexibilidade.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of warming-up and muscle stretching on sports practice, highlighting its main physiological effects and benefits, since the present issue has caused much doubt to professional or amateur athletes as well as to professionals of the health field on designing and prescribing warming-up and muscle stretching, respectively. For this purpose, 52 texts, including articles from PubMed database and books published from 1978 to 2008, were used. From de total, 18 (34.62 percent) were written in Portuguese and 34 (65.38 percent) in English. Results showed that warming-up has the main objective to prevent injuries due to its multitude of physiological effects. The performance of stretching in the end of the sportive gesture has the purpose to prevent muscular shortening, or if carried out daily and for a long period, to provide increase in the number of sarcomeres and consequently to provide flexibility gain.

Circulatory responses to sudden strenuous exercise. A study by mechanocardiographic method / 体力科学

A study was conducted for further investigation of the mechanism of notch formation of heart rate (HR) in sudden strenuous exercise (SSE), and rapid increase in stroke volume (SV) right after SSE which were the questions arised in the prior experiment.<BR>Six healthy male students volunteered for the study. A bicycle ergometer was prepared for SSE. The intensity and duration of SSE were 100%VO<SUB>2</SUB>max and 1 min, respectively. Warming-up consisting of 80%VO<SUB>2</SUB>max for 5 min, preceeded SSE. The interval between SSE and warming-up varied from 5 to 30 min. A control experiment was also conducted without warming-up.<BR>The main results obtained were as follows :<BR>1) Diastolic time (DT) temporarily elongated when a notch of HR was formed at the early stage of SSE. Warming-up prevented this formation. No notch was observed throughout total electromechanical systolic time (QS<SUB>2</SUB>), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) or preejection time (PEP) .<BR>2) DT was prolonged immediately after SSE, while LVET, PEPi (PEP index, Weissler's equation) were shortened. PEP/LVET did not change in the initial stage of the recovery period, while electrical systolic time (QT) and QS<SUB>2</SUB> shortend and QT/QS<SUB>2</SUB> increased temporarily.<BR>These results suggest the following conclusions :<BR>1) Notch formation observed in heart rate is due to the temporary extension of DT at the early stage of SSE.<BR>2) Decrease in afterload may be the main cause for the rapid increase in stroke volume after SSE, though other factors such as increase in preload, myocardial contractility and sympathetic tone should also be considered.

Effects of warming-up on circulatory responses to sudden strenuous exercise / 体力科学

A study was conducted to elucidate the changes in circulatory responses to sudden strenuous exercise (SSE) using beat-by-beat analysis of heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) . The effects of warming-up on these responses were also studied.<BR>Six healthy male students volunteered for the study. A bicycle ergometer was prepared for SSE. The intensity and duration of SSE were 100% VO<SUB>2</SUB>max and 1 min, respectively. Warming-up of 80% VO<SUB>2</SUB>max for 5 min followed by SSE. The interval between SSE and warming-up varied from 5 to 30 min. A control experiment was also performed without warming-up.<BR>The main results obtained were as follows :<BR>1) BP decreased in the initial stage of SSE, followed by a steep increase. This temporary drop in BP was prevented by warming-up. This might contribute to the prevention of myocardial ischemia which is occasionally observed in the initial stage of SSE without warming-up.<BR>2) Time constants of HR and SV during SSE were shortened by warming-up with long intervals, while the time constant of BP was shortened when the interval was short.<BR>3) The recovery response of each parameter was accelerated by warming-up, but the effect of warming-up had almost disappeared after a 30 min interval.<BR>These results suggest the following conclusions :<BR>Warming-up accelerates the up-stroke and recovery of circulatory responses to SSE, but these effects of warming-up are strongly influenced by interval time. In particular, the effect of recovery acceleration is almost abolished by a 30 min interval.

The effects of warming-up on the blood lactate kinetics during exercise / 体力科学

The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of warming-up (W-up) on the blood lactate kinetics during 5 minutes of pedaling exercise. Five healthy male adults were the subjects. The intencity of the criterion task (CT) was about 80% VO<SUB>2</SUB>max, and that of the W-up was a work load corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Between W-up and CT there were five-minute rest periods on the bicycle ergometer. In order to determine the blood lactate values, blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein at the following times: rest, pre-CT, and 3, 5, 7, and 30-minutes after CT. Expired gas was analysed continuously for the calculation of VO<SUB>2</SUB>, VCO<SUB>2</SUB>, R, VE. The heart rate was recorded every min-ute from ECG.<BR>Blood lactate values increased 3.23±0.91 mmol/<I>l</I> after W-up, a significant increase over the resting values. The peak blood lactate during the W-up experiment (4.62±0.84 mmol/<I>l</I>) was significantly lower than that of the control experiment (6.48±1.69 mmol/<I>l</I>) . Differences in lactate before and after CT (ΔLa) was found to be significantly lower in experiments with W-up (1.39±0.99 mmol/<I>l</I>) as compared with control experiments (5.37±1.62 mmol/<I>l</I>) . In one subject, the blood lactate levels decreased during CT after W-up, while lactate levels increased during CT without W-up. VO<SUB>2</SUB> during CT were very similar in both experiments. These results indicate that this kind of W-up delays the rate of blood lactate accumulation during CT.