Processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI) / Construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands (PNATI) / Proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas (PNATI)

Objetivo: compreender o processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI), por meio de fatores socioepidemiológicos que impulsionaram sua institucionalização. Método: estudo descritivo e socioepidemiológico, baseado em dados secundários da Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI), com recorte temporal pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Aanálise dos dados seguiu os fundamentos da teoria do sistema político de David Easton. Resultados: o processo de construção do programa considerou o volume de notificações de doenças de veiculação hídrica, o baixo acesso à água potável e a dificuldade no controle da qualidade desta nas aldeias atendidas pela SESAI. Após a construção do PNATI, verificou-se a importância desse instrumento para planejamento, gerência e controle social na garantia do abastecimento de água potável nas terras indígenas e mudanças na realidade sanitária dos povos indígenas do Brasil.Conclusão: o PNATI preenche uma lacuna existente quanto ao amparo legal, com a oportunidade de reverter o panorama de insuficiências de saneamento ambiental, com vistas a universalizar o acesso à água, em quantidade e qualidade nas comunidades indígenas, e contribuir para a melhoria da saúde dessa população.

Objective:to understand the construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands, through socio-epidemiological factors that drove its institutionalization. Method:descriptive and socioepidemiological study, based on secondary data from the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI), with a pre-pandemic and pandemic time frame. Data analysis followed the foundations of David Easton's political system theory. Results:the program's construction process considered the volume of notifications of waterborne diseases, the low access to potable water and the difficulty in controlling its quality in the villages served by SESAI. After the construction of the PNATI, the importance of this instrument for planning, management and social control in guaranteeing the supply of potable water in indigenous lands and changes in the health reality of the indigenous peoples of Brazil was verified. Conclusion:PNATI fills an existing gap in terms of legal support, with the opportunity to reverse the scenario of insufficient environmental sanitation, with a view to universalizing access to water, in quantity and quality in indigenous communities, and contributing to the improvement of the health of this population.

Objetivo:comprender el proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas, a través de los factores socioepidemiológicos que impulsaron su institucionalización. Método:estudio descriptivo y socioepidemiológico, con base en datos secundarios de la Secretaría Especial de Salud Indígena (SESAI), con marco temporal antes y durante la pandemia. El análisis de datos siguió los fundamentos de la teoría del sistema político de David Easton. Resultados:el proceso de construcción del programa consideró el volumen de notificaciones de enfermedades hídricas, el bajo acceso al agua potable y la dificultad para controlar su calidad en las localidades atendidas por SESAI. Luego de la construcción del PNATI, se constató la importancia de este instrumento de planificación, gestión y control social en la garantía del abastecimiento de agua potable en tierras indígenas y cambios en la realidad sanitaria de los pueblos indígenas de Brasil. Conclusión:el PNATI llena un vacío existente en materia de respaldo legal, con la oportunidad de revertir el escenario de insuficiente saneamiento ambiental, con miras a universalizar el acceso al agua, en cantidad y calidad en las comunidades indígenas, y contribuir al mejoramiento de la salud de estas población.

Analysis of Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, and Zinc) in Well Water in East Java Province, Indonesia

@#Introduction: Indonesia is one of the countries whose inhabitants use well water for drinking and cooking purposes. In East Java, 48.90% of the population uses well water for their daily needs. Well water contained heavy metals had bad effects on health such as cancer, damage of liver, kidneys, and others. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in well water and relate them to a potential health outcomes. Methods: The method used in this study was analytical descriptive. Data used was secondary from East Java Environmental Office. A total of 101 samples were collected from 33 locations. There were 5 heavy metals analyzed, namely cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and zinc. Equipment using ICPMS and AAS. Data analyzed with descriptive statistics by SPSS. Data obtained were compared to the WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality. Results: Concentration for cadmium was 0.002 mg/l, followed by manganese at 1.80 mg/l and zinc at 0.020 mg/l. Besides, all water samples had levels of chromium and lead below the detection limit. Conclusion: All heavy metals had concentrations below the maximum allowable standard, except for five water samples from three locations with levels of manganese which was above the maximum standard. Long term effects of manganese include neurological problems, intelligence, and low birth weight. Further studies need to be done to determine the source of manganese contamination. It is recommended that bottled water is used for drinking purposes in an area where heavy metal concentration is above the allowable limit.

The Relationship of Water Intake and Health Status in Korean Adult: 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 계명의대학술지

BACKGROUND: Water is essential to body homeostasis. But there are little attention to basic impact or attribute of response to drinking water. We investigated the factors related to drinking water through the ‘5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey’ (KNHANESV). METHODS: From the database of the 5th KNHANESV conducted in 2010 to 2012, data of 15,716 adults who aged 19 or above, and responded to all the questionnaires of health interview, nutrition survey and had health examination were included in this analysis. SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules. RESULTS: The study subjects drink 5.2 ± 0.48 cups of water for a day. The elderly (>65 yrs) drink less water (p < 0.000), and male drink more than female (p < 0.000). And obesity is significantly associated with higher water intake (p < 0.000). Calorie and sodium intake, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, feritin, Fe, creatinine are significantly associated with higher water intake. Physical activity and serum vitamin D level are also associated with higher water intake (p < 0.000). CONCLUSION: Older people drink less water and several disease is related with water intake amount. Further studies need to be done about the value of water intake in healthy life style, and measuring the effect of water intake.

Evaluation of Selected Metal Elements in Commercial Drinking Water and Tap Water in Peninsular Malaysia / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

The present study was carried out to determine the concentrations of selected metal elements (lead, copper, manganese, zinc and iron) in 51 samples of commercial drinking water and tap water available in Malaysia. The results indicated that low metal elements were found in the studied water samples. Lead, manganese, zinc and iron were not detected in some of the studied samples, except copper. The concentrations of the metal elements in the studied samples were well below the maximum permitted concentrations as recommended. Therefore these drinking water are safe for consumption and do not pose adverse effect to the health of consumers due to metal toxicity.

Drinking Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in Urban and Rural Boarding Schools in Guangxi / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To know the drinking water safety for students and teachers in urban and rural boarding schools in Guangxi, further to prevent and control the water-borne diseases. Methods The random stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 100 schools in 10 counties of Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin cities. The drinking water samples were collected and tested according to Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water Quality2001. The epidemic situation of intestinal infectious diseases was investigated. Results The total qualified rate of drinking water quality in 100 boarding schools of 10 counties cities was only 27.00%, as for the water supply provided for themselves with disinfection, the qualified rate was 47.37%, without disinfection, it was 16.95%. 24 outbreak events of intestinal infectious diseases occured in 100 boarding schools in 2000-2005, 2 339 of school teachers and students were attacked, including 13 outbreak events of typhoid and paratyphoid 54.17% with 1 280 cases 54.72%, 6 outbreak events of bacterial dysentery25.00% with 829 cases35.44%, 4 outbreak events of infectious diarrhea 16.67% with 225 cases 9.62%, 1 outbreak of hepatitis A 4.17% with 5 cases 0.21%. These 24 epidemic events were caused by drinking water, the morbidity was higher in the schools where there was no disinfection facility in water supply. Conclusion Some of water supply for some urban and rural boarding schools have been polluted with bacteria in Guangxi, so drinking water disinfection should be done to ensure water safety and prevent the related diseases in these schools.