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Objective:To analyze the detection rate of thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in different water iodine regions and investigate the difference of thyroid nodule and goiter in school-age children with different age, gender and body mass index (BMI) in Jiangsu Province.Methods:In 2017, three villages with water iodine values of 8.1, 51.2 and 115.4 μg/L (iodine deficient group, iodine appropriate group and iodine high group) were selected as survey sites in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, where the supply of iodized salt was suspended. One primary school was selected from each village, and children aged 8 to 10 years old (age balance, half male and half female) were selected from each primary school as the survey subjects. Urine sample were collected, urinary iodine level was determined, height and weight were measured, and neck B ultrasound was performed.Results:A total of 131, 140 and 138 school-age children aged 8 to 10 years old were investigated in the iodine deficient group, iodine appropriate group and iodine high group, respectively, with a total of 409 children. The detection rates of thyroid nodules were 6.9% (9/131), 15.0% (21/140) and 16.7% (23/138), respectively, and the detection rates of goiter were 1.5% (2/131), 1.4% (2/140) and 6.5% (9/138) in the three groups, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rates of thyroid nodules and goiter in different water iodine groups (χ 2 = 6.92, 6.37, P < 0.05). The detection rates of thyroid nodules in different age groups were 9.5% (12/126), 11.3% (16/142) and 17.7% (25/141), the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 9.05, P < 0.05). The detection rates of thyroid nodules were 11.6% (24/207), 14.4% (29/202), and 12.5% (39/313), 16.9% (14/83), 0/9 and 0/4 in the subjects of different gender and BMI, the differences were not statistically significant (χ 2 = 0.69, P > 0.05). The detection rates of goiter in the subjects of different gender, age and BMI were 1.4% (3/207), 5.0% (10/202); 2.4% (3/126), 6.3% (9/142), 0.7% (1/141); 1.6% (3/313), 4.8% (4/83), 3/9 and 1/4. The differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 4.07, 7.66, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The detection rate of thyroid nodules in school-age children in different water iodine regions in Jiangsu Province may have a certain relationship with age, and the detection rate of goiter may have a certain relationship with age, gender and BMI.
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Objective:To analyze the iodine content distribution of drinking water in Jingdezhen City, and master the status of prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), so as to provide a basis for adopting targeted control measures and scientific adjustment of control and prevention strategies.Methods:According to the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program" and the "National Water Iodine Content Survey Program for Drinking Water", the surveillance of IDD in Jingdezhen City was carried out from 2017 to 2020. Household edible salt samples from pregnant women and students aged 8 to 10 were collected to detect salt iodine content, and urine samples were collected to detect urinary iodine. Thyroid volume of students was measured by B-ultrasonography, and the rate of goiter was calculated. In 2017, the iodine content of drinking water in Jingdezhen City was investigated, and the results were analyzed.Results:From 2017 to 2020, a total of 1 800 students were examined for thyroid gland, and 11 students were found to have goiter, with an goiter rate of 0.61%. A total of 3 201 edible salt samples and 3 201 urine samples were collected from students, the median of salt iodine was 24.96-26.40 mg/kg, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.50%-99.50%, and the median of urinary iodine was 172.56-218.35 μg/L. A total of 1 600 edible salt samples and 1 600 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, the median of salt iodine was 24.40-25.38 mg/kg, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.25%-98.00%, and the median of urinary iodine was 161.55-205.60 μg/L. In 2017, a total of 667 water samples were collected from 52 villages and towns in 4 counties and districts. The median of water iodine of the 4 counties and districts was 0.6-3.2 μg/L, and that of the 52 villages and towns was 0.3-12.3 μg/L.Conclusions:The iodine nutrition level of students and pregnant women in Jingdezhen City is generally at an appropriate level, but the iodine content of drinking water is low. It is suggested to strengthen the health education and health promotion of IDD among key population, guide the residents to supplement iodine scientifically, and continuously eliminate the harm of IDD.
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Objective:To understand the water iodine content in Qinghai Province and draw a distribution map of water iodine, so as to provide a basis for scientific supplementation of iodine and continuous elimination of iodine deficiency hazards.Methods:In 2017, in all counties (cities, districts) in Qinghai Province, with townships (towns, streets, referred to as townships) as the unit, the residents' drinking water samples were collected, water iodine content was tested, the median water iodine was calculated, and the water iodine distribution map of Qinghai Province was drew.Results:Totally 1 836 drinking water samples were collected in 392 townships, the median water iodine was 1.7 μg/L. Townships that had the median water iodine < 5 μg/L, in the range of 5 to 10 μg/L and > 10 μg/L accounted for 80.6% (316/392), 17.1% (67/392) and 2.3% (9/392), respectively. Among all townships, the highest of the median water iodine was 24.8 μg/L. Based on the results, water iodine distribution map of Qinghai Province, water iodine distribution map of Xining City and water iodine distribution map of Haidong City were compiled.Conclusions:Iodine deficiency is widespread throughout natural environment in Qinghai Province. Hence, salt iodization measures to prevent iodine deficiency disorders should be implemented continuously. According to the water iodine distribution map, the people should be guided to supplement iodine scientifically.
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The survey of a large-scale water iodine had been carried out in the 1980 s in China,and the map of iodine content in drinking water of China was drawn.Endemic goitre was prevalent in all the provinces of China except Shanghai.It was found in the surveillances of 2002 and 2011 that the people's iodine nutrition level was enhanced in the areas of media water iodine 50-＜ 100 μg/L,pregnant and breastfeeding women's iodine nutrition level was appropriate,but the children's had reached or closed to excess.The areas of median water iodine 50 ～ ＜ 100 μg/L may be considered as adequate iodine areas preliminarily,at the same time the people's iodine nutrition level also need to be considered.
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Objective By comparing the detection rates of subclinical thyroid diseases in women(pregnant,lactating and child-bearing age)between iodine deficient regions (supplied iodized salt)and water-borne iodine excess regions (consumed non-iodized salt),and to find the different prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease between two regions under their different iodine source and iodine levels, and to provide reference for screening susceptible population with iodine-related thyroid diseases.Methods The iodine deficiency but salt iodine surpplying regions were selected from six provinces in our country,the local people who were pregnant women,lactating women and 18 to 45 years old women of child-bearing age,a total of 991 cases were investigated.The iodine nutrition levels of the pregnant women were grouped by 0.05). With the increase of iodine exposure levels,the prevalence of women who suffered from subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid antibody positive was increased,the coincidence rate was also increased.The detection rates of low T4 concentration and total subclinical thyroid disease of pregnant women in iodine nutrition100μg·L-1 group (P<0.05).Conclusion When the iodine intake is appropriate, iodine intakes from salt or from water have no effect on subclinical thyroid diseases. When the iodine intake increases,the prevalence of subclinical thyroid diseases will increase too.
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Introduction: Iodine deficiency is the single most important cause of hypothyroidism. Drinking water is an important source of iodine for humans. Objective: To identify the common potable water sources available to the estate population in the Ratnapura District, to determine the iodine concentrations in different water sources and to ascertain the relationship between water iodine concentrations and thyroid status of children 5 to 9 years of age. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in three phases in 20 randomly selected estates in the Ratnapura district of Sri Lanka from September to November 2009. In phase 1, 1,683 households in the selected estates were surveyed to identify the drinking water sources. In phase 2, blood samples from 519 randomly selected children aged 5-9 years from the same estates were taken to assay TSH levels after obtaining informed written consent from parents. In phase 3, water samples from 23 identified sources (wells, rivers and springs) were analysed for iodine levels by the catalytic reduction method. Water sources were grouped on elevation above mean sea level. The mean TSH levels and water iodine concentrations were correlated. Results: The main source of drinking water was spring water (83.7%). Spring water at low altitudes had significantly higher iodine concentrations than that located at higher altitudes (p<0.01). The mean iodine concentration in spring water was significantly lower than that in other sources (p<0.001). There was no association between the mean TSH levels of children and the altitudes at which they lived (p>0.05). There was no significant association between TSH levels of children and iodine concentration in drinking water (p>0.05). Conclusions: The main potable water source available to the population in the Ratnapura District was spring water (84%). The mean iodine concentration of spring water was significantly lower as compared to other water sources. There was no significant association between serum TSH levels in children 5 to 9 years of age and iodine concentration in drinking water.
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Objective To explore the iodine level in the environment and the iodine status among the general population as well as the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Hangzhou city.Relationship between the prevalence of thyroid nodules and the policy of universal salt iodization in Hangzhou was also analyzed.Methods Questionnaire,a 3- day weighed dietary record method,and 3 days' 24- hour dietary recall method were used to understand the iodine nutrition status and dietary intake of iodine among the general population in the city.Drinking water,edible salt and morning urine were collected to determine iodine content.All objects under survey underwent the thyroid B ultrasonic examination.Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 13.0 and SAS 9.1.Results (1)In total,12 620 effective questionnaires were available,with 221 water samples,12 730 urine samples,and 3593 salt samples collected.12 515 objects underwent B ultrasonic examination,and 1848received dietary investigation.(2)Water iodine level of Hangzhou was in the range of 0.20-5.99 μg/L,with the median level as 2.58 μg/L.(3) Average daily dietary intake of iodine for adult males in Hangzhou was 289.2 lμg/d.The contribution of iodine intake from iodized salt was 74.4％.(4) The median of Hangzhou residents' urinary iodine was 178.80 μg/L,with the urinary iodine levels at 100 μg/L-,200 μg/L-,＜100 μg/L,and ≥300 μg/L groups were 37.14％,23.11％,21.05％,and 18.69％ respectively.Urinary iodine of pregnant women was 141.0 tg/L.(5) Incidence of thyroid nodules in females(28.6％ ) was higher than that of males(20.1％ ).The detection rate increased with age (6.4％ at group 6-,10.9％ at 12-,12.0％ at 18-,24.4％ at 40-,and 38.8％ at 65-) ; with the highest in urban area (29.8％),followed by suburbs (23.3％) and in rural area it showed the least (20.3％).Urinary iodine level was found lower among the population who had been detected with thyroid nodules (160.36 μ g/L) than those among the undetected population (182.00 μg/L).Conclusion Hangzhou appeared to be an area where the environmental was iodine deficient.Iodized salt was the major source of iodine intake.The iodine status among the general population seemed to be safe and suitable,but the iodine level for pregnant women was not sufficient.There was still no evidence indicating that the universal salt iodization policy in Hangzhou was associated with the prevalence of thyroid nodules.
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Objective To explore the status of iodine nutrition and iodine deficiency disorders in the pasturing areas and agricultural regions in Tibet. Methods 30 families were selected respectively in pastoral Dangxiong county and agricultural Qushui county of Lasa. Drinking water and edible salt were collected for testing the iodine contents. In each type of the following populations including children aged 8-10, women of child-bearing age and male adults, 50 subjects were randomly sampled to examine their urinary iodine contents. Among them, 50 children and 50 women were randomly selected for goiter examination by palpation. Results Water iodine content was less than 2μg/L, both in pasturing area and in agricultural areas. There was no iodized salt used in the families of pasturing areas, while 90% people consumed iodized salt in agricultural areas. The median of urinary iodine in pasturing area was 50.2 μg/L, significantly lower than that of agricultural area (193.2μg/L). However, the goiter rate of children and women in pasturing area was significantly lower than that in agricultural area. Conclusion Although iodine intake of populations in pasturing area of Tibet was severely deficient, there was no epidemic of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. This phenomenon noticed by the researchers deserved further investigation.