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Objective@#To understand the status and trend of heavy metal indicators of drinking water in rural schools in different regions of Shaanxi Province, so as to provide scientific basis for safety of drinking water in rural schools.@*Methods@#In 2017-2019, 697 rural school water supply projects in Shaanxi Province were tested for heavy metal indicators in the peripheral water. According to the sanitary standard for drinking water (GB 5749—2006), five heavy metal indicators, including arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead and mercury, were analyzed and evaluated in different years and regions.@*Results@#A total of 2 298 valid water samples were collected and analyzed in 3 years. Except that lead and mercury are all up to standard, the standard rates of other heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and hexavalent chromium were 98.83%, 99.91% and 96.95% respectively. Compared with the Northern Shaanxi plateau and Qinba mountain area, the standard rate of water arsenic in Guanzhong Plain was lower (χ2=5.67, 13.59,P<0.01). The standard rate of hexavalent chromium was the highest in Qinba mountain area, followed by Guanzhong Plain, and the lowest in Northern Shaanxi plateau (χ2=20.48, 17.05, 48.32, P<0.01). Two samples of cadmium exceeding standard were from the Northern Shaanxi plateau.@*Conclusion@#The heavy metal index of drinking water in rural schools in Shaanxi Province exceeds the standard, which has obvious regional characteristics. We should focus on the harm of arsenic, hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals to the health of students in the Northern Shaanxi plateau and Guanzhong Plain. Cadmium and mercury in drinking water in local areas should be paid continued attention. Safety of drinking water in schools should be ensured from the aspects of water source selection and water treatment technology.
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OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre la exposición a los principales contaminantes químicos del agua de consumo humano (ACH) y el aumento de casos de cáncer en menores de 19 años. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica recogida en las bases de datos MEDLINE (via PubMed©), EMBASE©, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library Plus, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), SCOPUS y SCIRUS. Los descriptores utilizados fueron "neoplasms" y "water pollution, chemical", limitado a estudios que incluyeran a menores de 19 años. Se seleccionaron los artículos científicos de cualquier tipo y en cualquier idioma, desde el inicio de la indización de la fuente primaria hasta marzo de 2011. RESULTADOS: Se recuperaron 266 artículos, de los que se seleccionaron 20 tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Los contaminantes del ACH analizados fueron: arsénico, subproductos de la desinfección, compuestos nitrogenados, derivados del petróleo, plaguicidas agrícolas, radionúclidos, así como otros de origen industrial. La mayoría de los estudios no hallaron una asociación significativa entre la exposición a los contaminantes encontrados en el ACH y el aumento de casos de cáncer en menores de 19 años. En algunas de las poblaciones estudiadas se observó una relación significativa dosis-respuesta en el período de exposición. CONCLUSIONES: Teniendo en cuenta el insuficiente nivel de actualidad de los artículos encontrados, se requieren más estudios dirigidos a conocer el efecto real de la contaminación del ACH en la incidencia de cáncer en la población, en particular en los niños y jóvenes por su mayor susceptibilidad.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between exposure to the main chemical contaminants in drinking water and the rise in cancer cases among the population under age 19. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken of the scientific literature compiled in the MEDLINE (via PubMed©), EMBASE©, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library Plus, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), SCOPUS, and SCIRUS databases. The descriptors used were "neoplasms" and "water pollution, chemical," limited to studies that included people under age 19. Articles selected were of any type in any language, from the inception of the indexing of the primary source until March of 2011. RESULTS: The search generated 266 articles, from which 20 were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Drinking water contaminants analyzed were arsenic, disinfection byproducts, nitrogen compounds, petroleum derivatives, agricultural pesticides, radionuclides, and others of industrial origin. The majority of the studies did not find a significant link between exposure to drinking water contaminants and the increase in cancer cases in the under-19 population segment. In some of the studied populations a significant dose-response relationship was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account that the articles located were insufficiently up-to-date, more studies are required in order to know the effect of drinking water contamination on cancer rates, in particular among children and youths, who are more susceptible.
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Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Drinking Water , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Water Pollutants/toxicityABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Investigar o modo de abastecimento de água e a percepção quanto aos problemas causados por essa água entre moradores de um bairro sem abastecimento público e instalado numa área anteriormente utilizada como depósito de lixo na Cidade de Manaus, Brasil. MÉTODOS. Foram realizadas 162 entrevistas semiestruturadas em domicílios do bairro, além de um grupo focal com professores de uma escola pública local, onde também houve uma reunião com moradores. Os instrumentos aplicados enfocaram a percepção e os modos de uso da água e o processo de exposição a contaminantes químicos pela água. RESULTADOS: Predominou entre a população o uso de água de poço sem qualquer tratamento. Essa água foi considerada como "boa" por 64,8 por cento dos entrevistados. A maioria dos moradores (88,3 por cento) declarou saber da existência do lixão; desses, 77,6 por cento afirmaram que o lixão causava problemas ao ambiente e à saúde. Contudo, análises qualitativas das respostas não demonstraram reconhecimento da contaminação por elementos químicos e nem de suas possíveis consequências. Em atividades com os professores, ficou claro que os mesmos conheciam parcialmente o problema, não realizando intervenções a esse respeito. Em reunião com os moradores foi identificada uma militância relativa ao problema dentro do bairro, mas que não extrapolava a localidade e não interagia com esferas governamentais. CONCLUSÕES. O estudo identificou uma situação crítica de exposição que tende a se perpetuar em decorrência de percepções equivocadas e da falta de mobilização da sociedade. A disseminação de resultados junto a professores e moradores locais foi útil para empoderar os sujeitos da pesquisa.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the modes of water supply and the perception concerning the problems caused by this water among residents of a neighborhood without public supply of water, settled in an area previously used as a garbage dump in the city of Manaus, Brazil. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two semi-structured household interviews were conducted. In addition, a focal group with teachers from a local public school and a meeting with residents were held. The instruments employed focused on the perception and modes of water use and on the process of exposure to chemical contaminants through water. RESULTS: Untreated well water was used by most families. This water was considered to be "good" by 64.8 percent of the individuals interviewed. Most residents (88.3 percent) declared knowledge about the garbage dump. Of these, 77.6 percent stated that the garbage dump caused health and environmental problems. However, qualitative analysis of the responses revealed that the residents were not aware of contamination by chemical elements or of the consequences of such contamination. The activities carried out with teachers revealed that they were partially aware of the problem, but did not design interventions to address the issue. In a meeting with neighborhood residents, the presence of social activism concerning the problem was identified, but it did not extend beyond the neighborhood or reach governmental spheres. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified a situation of critical exposure that tends to be maintained as a result of misperceptions and lack of social mobilization. The dissemination of research results to teachers and residents was useful to empower subjects.
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Humans , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Water Pollution, Chemical , Water Supply , Brazil , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban HealthABSTRACT
Objective To investigate phthalate esters in the muscle tissues of fresh water fish in fishponds in Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong,China,Nov,2005.Methods The samples from Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong,China,were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with FID detector through the procedure of freeze-dried,soxhlet extraction,decontaminating with alumina-silica gel columniation in Nov,2005.Results The concentration of six sorts of PAEs was detected.The concentration of DEHP was 16.10 mg/kg(dry weight),19.81 mg/kg and 11.03 mg/kg in crucian carp,grass carp and tilapia from Pearl River Delta,while being 35.97,37.98 and 26.12 mg/kg for the same species from HK respectively,but the DMP showed the lowest value,only about 0.54 mg/kg.The concentration of DBP and BOP ranged from 3 to 10 mg/kg.Conclusion The fresh water fish from Pearl River Delta were polluted by DEHP,DBP and BOP significantly and the level of pollution is different among various areas.
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Objective To investigate the related factors effecting the genotoxicity and lipid peroxidation of organic ex-tracts from source water of Huaihe River and its tap water on mice.Methods XAD-II resin was used to absorb the organic chemical pollutants in source water and tap water.The mice were exposed to organic extracts through peritoneal injection continuously for5days.The micronucleus test,the sperm deformity test,the determination of the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and the concentrations of LPO in serum,liver and brain of mice were carried out.Results The fre-quncies of micronuclei and abnormal sperm of mice exposed to organic extracts at dosage of0.01ml/1g(bw)corre-sponding to100L/kg(bw)source water,finished water and tap water increased significantly compared with those of controls(P