Directional breeding of high oil content peanut variety Yuhua 9 by in vitro mutagenesis and screening / 生物工程学报

Leaf water potential of peanut subjected to drought stress is positively related to the oil content of peanut kernels. The aim of this study was to directly screen the high oil mutants of peanut and create the new peanut varieties using hydroxyproline as water potential regulator. In vitro mutagenesis was carried out with the embryonic leaflets of peanut variety Huayu 20 as explants and pingyangmycin as a mutagen added into the somatic embryo formation medium. The formed somatic embryos were successively transferred to somatic embryo germination and selection medium containing 6 mmol/L hydroxyproline (at -2.079 MPa water potential ) to induce regeneration and directionally screen high oil content mutants. After that, these plantlets were grafted and transplanted to the experimental field and 132 high oil mutants with oil content over 55% were obtained from the offspring of regenerated plants. Finally, among them, the oil contents of 27 lines were higher than 58% and of 2 lines were higher than 60%. A new peanut variety Yuhua 9 with high yield and oil content was bred from the regenerated plant progenies combining the pedigree breeding method. The yield was 14.0% higher than that of the control cultivar in the testing new peanut varieties of Liaoning province, and also it has passed the national registration of non-major crop varieties. Yuhua 9 with an oil content of 61.05%, which was 11.55 percentage points higher than that of the parent Huayu 20, was the peanut cultivar with the highest oil content in the world. The result showed that it was an effective way for directional breeding of high oil peanut varieties by means of the three-step technique including in vitro mutagenesis, directional screening by reducing water potential in medium and pedigree selection of regenerated plant progenies.

Response of okra based on electrophysiological modeling under salt stress and re-watering / Resposta do okra com base em modelagem eletrofisiológica sob stress de sal e re-watering

In this study, two okra cultivars, Chinese green and Chinese red were used to assess the water status and growth parameters subjected to salt stress by adding NaCl and CaCl2 with same proportion in Hoagland culture solution at levels of 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8% and re-watering at levels of 0.6-0%, 1.2-0.6%, 1.8-1.2%. The measured water potential and physiological capacitance values were used to calculate leaf tensity. Salt stress significantly reduced growth and water status parameters. Chinese green showed more reduction as compared to Chinese red but at 1.8% salt stress reduction of both cultivars were almost same. Re-watering had given a positive response for both cultivars to recover from higher salt stress. Dry weight, physiological capacitance, leaf tensity and salts concentration levels models gave predicting re-watering levels in percentage, also gave values of dilute irrigation point for Chinese red 9.05 or 10.00 ds m-1 and Chinese green 6.67 or 5.66 ds m-1. At resulted dilution points, plants of both cultivars were under high salt stress, which emphasized the need to re-water or dilution of salts for the survival of plants. The most effective predicting re-watering level and dilute irrigation point of both cultivars were found in same regime, so these models findings were very credible and meaningful. Higher dilute irrigation value of Chinese red indicates its more tolerance ability than Chinese green. Model's equations also gave direct irrigation point of Chinese red 1.32 or 1.62 ds m-1 and Chinese green 2.07 or 0.38 ds m- 1. It was concluded that predicting re-watering levels, dilute and direct irrigation point help to get maximum production using saline water resources.

Neste estudo, foram utilizados dois cultivares de quiabo, verde chinês e vermelho chinês para avaliar o estado da água e parâmetros de crescimento submetidos a estresse salino, adicionando NaCl e CaCl2 com a mesma proporção em solução de cultura de Hoagland a níveis de 0%, 0,6%, 1,2% , 1,8% e re-irrigação a níveis de 0,6-0%, 1,2-0,6%, 1,8-1,2%. O potencial de água medido e os valores de capacitância fisiológica foram utilizados para calcular a tensão das folhas. O estresse com sal reduziu significativamente os parâmetros de crescimento e de estado da água. O verde chinês mostrou mais redução em comparação ao vermelho chinês, mas em 1,8% a redução do estresse salino de ambas as cultivares foi quase a mesma. Re-rega tinha dado uma resposta positiva para ambas as cultivares para recuperar de maior sal estresse. Os valores de peso seco, capacitância fisiológica, tensão da folha e níveis de concentração de sais mostraram predizer níveis de irrigação em porcentagem, também apresentaram valores de ponto de irrigação diluído para vermelho chinês 9,05 ou 10,00 ds m-1 e verde chinês 6,67 ou 5,66 ds m-1. Nos pontos de diluição resultantes, as plantas de ambas as cultivares estavam sob alto estresse salino, o que enfatizou a necessidade de re-água ou diluição de sais para a sobrevivência das plantas. O nível de irrigação mais eficiente e o ponto de irrigação diluído de ambas as cultivares foram encontrados no mesmo regime, portanto, esses resultados foram muito confiáveis e significativos. Maior valor de irrigação diluída de vermelho chinês indica a sua capacidade de tolerância mais do que verde chinês. As equações do modelo também deram ponto de irrigação direta de vermelho chinês 1,32 ou 1,62 ds m-1 e verde chinês 2,07 ou 0,38 ds m-1. Concluiu-se que a previsão dos níveis de rega, o ponto de irrigação diluído e direto ajudam a obter a máxima produção usando recursos hídricos salinos.

Restrição fotossintética de plantas de soja sob variação de disponibilidade hídrica / Photosynthetic restriction of soybean plants under variation of water availability

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar o metabolismo primário, com ênfase na atividade fotossintética, de plantas de soja sob diferente disponibilidade hídrica. O experimento foi conduzido em câmara de crescimento com plantas jovens de soja cv. BMX Apolo RR, cultivadas sem restrição hídrica até o estádio de seis folhas trifolioladas expandidas e a sétima folha aberta.Foram estudados cinco níveis de disponibilidade hídrica(-0,004, -0,006, -0,026, -0,042 e -0,164MPa) com oito vasos (repetições) por tratamento. Avaliou-se a assimilação líquida de carbono (AL), condutância estomática (gs) e transpiração (E) na sexta folha de uma planta de cada vaso. Foi determinado o potencial da água na folha, fluorescência da clorofila,conteúdo de clorofila (a, b e total), rendimento quântico e caracterizado o crescimento vegetativo. Potenciais da água no solo de -0,026 MPa comprometem a assimilação líquida de carbono de plantas de soja em função da redução da condutância estomática. Os potenciais aplicados não influenciam na quantidade de pigmentos fotossintéticos e no crescimento vegetativo em situações de breve exposição ao estresse.

The aim of the research was to characterize the primary metabolism, with emphasis on photosynthetic activity, of soybean plants under different water availability conditions. The experiment was conducted in growth chamber with young plants of soybean cv. BMX Apolo RR cultivated without water restriction up to the stage of six leaves expanded and the seventh leaf unfolded. Five levels of water availability were studied (-0.004, -0.006, -0.026, -0.042 and -0.164MPa) with eight pots (replications) per treatment. It was evaluated the net carbon assimilation (AL), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) of the sixth leaf of one plant per pot. It was determined the water potential leaf, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content (a, b and total), quantum yield and it was characterized the vegetative growth. Soil water potential of -0.026 MPa compromises the net carbon assimilation of soybean plants due to reduction of the stomatal resistance. The potentials applied did not influence in the amount of photosynthetic pigments andin the vegetative growth in situations of short exposition to stress.

Effect of Foliar Nutrition on Water Potential, Photosynthetic Rate, Dry Matter Production and Yield of Mung Bean Under Receding Soil Moisture Condition.

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2012-13 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, with an aim to find out the effect of foliar nutrition on water potential, photosynthetic rate, dry matter production and yield of mung bean under receding soil moisture conditions in split plot design with irrigation and no irrigation as main treatments and foliar sprays as sub treatments. Under receding soil moisture condition (moisture stress) KNO3 @ 1% proved superior over other foliar sprays by recording more plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and photosynthetic rate by maintaining high chlorophyll content, high proline and high leaf water potential. KNO3 @ 1% gave higher yields under receding soil moisture condition compared to other foliar sprays. Under irrigated conditions urea @ 2% recorded higher yield. Among all treatments controlled (no spray) under unirrigated conditions recorded lower yields due to moisture stress and nutrient deficiency.

Seed germination of Agave species as influenced by substrate water potential

BACKGROUND: Plants of Agave spp. perform Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and are highly drought-tolerant, but little is known concerning seed germination under low water availability. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substrate water potential (ΨW) on seed germination and contrast hydrotime parameters of seven valuable and commercially-important Agave species from different geographical distributions and climatic regions of Mexico. Our hypothesis was that seed germination of Agave species is not affected by low water availability independently of seed biomass and the climate of their distribution area. RESULTS: Seed germination (at 25°C and in the dark) between 85 and 100% for all species occurred within 80 - 180 h at -0.03 MPa and 250 - 430 h at -1.0 MPa. Seed germination at -1.5 MPa declined to less than 50% (p < 0.05) for A. asperrima and A. cupreata but did not change significantly for A. americana var. marginata, A. lechuguilla and A. striata, although they showed the lowest mean base water potential (-2.01 to -2.64 MPa). Seed germination of 40% Agave species, from arid and semi-arid climates in this study, was not affected by the lower ΨW. CONCLUSION: Germination of seeds of Agave species is moderately affected by low water availability, is partially dependent of their ecological distribution, and is independent of seed mass.

Indicadores morfo-fisiológicos do estresse hídrico para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar em função de lâminas de irrigação / Morpho-physiological indicators of water stress on sugarcane as a function of irrigation depths

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido, objetivando-se encontrar as relações entre lâmina de água (chuva e irrigação) e indicadores morfológico (índice de área foliar) e fisiológicos do estresse hídrico (temperatura foliar, potencial hídrico foliar e índice de clorofila nas folhas) na cana-de-açúcar submetida a diferentes lâminas de irrigação. O experimento foi instalado em outubro de 2010 em Jaíba/MG, em uma área irrigada por pivô central, com cana-de-açúcar no quarto ciclo. Para a aplicação dos tratamentos, trocaram-se os bocais dos emissores, em cada vão entre torres, de modo que fossem aplicadas as lâminas referentes a 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da evapotranspiração da cultura, com o manejo da irrigação realizado para atender a demanda de 100%. Foram medidos o índice de área foliar, o potencial hídrico foliar, a temperatura foliar e o índice de clorofila nas folhas. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a análises de variância e, posteriormente, elaboradas regressões. Diante dos resultados, foi possível concluir que houve tendência de aumento do índice de área foliar (IAF) da cana-de-açúcar à medida que se aumentou a lâmina de irrigação no ciclo da cultura; o aumento do IAF foi mais acentuado nos tratamentos que receberam mais água; o potencial hídrico foliar foi menor para menores lâminas de irrigação, com destaque para o tratamento que recebeu menos água (25%); a temperatura foliar foi próxima à temperatura do ar nos tratamentos que receberam as maiores lâminas (100 a 150%), com tendência de aumento da diferença entre a temperatura das folhas, à medida que se reduziu o suprimento hídrico; houve tendência de aumento do índice de clorofila (ICF) à medida que se aumentou as lâminas, com leve queda nos tratamentos que receberam lâminas maiores que 100% da ETc.

The present study was developed to evaluate relationships between the water depths (rain and irrigation) and morphological (leaf area index) and physiological indicators (leaf temperature, leaf water potential and chlorophyll content in leaves) of water stress on sugarcane subject to different irrigation levels. The experiment was installed in October 2010 in Jaíba/MG, Brazil, in an area irrigated by a center pivot system with sugarcane in the fourth cycle. For the treatments, emitter nozzles were exchanged in each vain between pivots so that the depths applied related to 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of evapotranspiration, with the irrigation management performed to meet 100% of the demand. The factors of leaf area index, leaf water potential, leaf temperature and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. The values obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and subsequently developed regressions. From the results, it was concluded that there was a trend of increased leaf area index (LAI) for sugarcane as increasing the water depth in the crop cycle; the increase in LAI was more pronounced in treatments that received more water; leaf water potential was lesser for smaller irrigation depths, with emphasis on the treatment that received less water (25%); leaf temperature was close to the air temperature in the treatment receiving the highest depths (100 and 150%) with a trend for an increased difference between the temperature of the leaves as reducing the water supply; the chlorophyll index (ICF) tended to increase as increasing the depths, with a slight drop in treatments receiving depths greater than 100% of the ETc.

Enhancing the Thermotolerance of Entomopathogenic Isaria fumosorosea SFP-198 Conidial Powder by Controlling the Moisture Content Using Drying and Adjuvants

Entomopathogenic fungi are promising pest-control agents but their industrial applicability is limited by their thermosusceptibility. With an aim to increase the thermotolerance of Isaria fumosorosea SFP-198, moisture absorbents were added to dried conidial powder, and the relationship between its water potential and thermotolerance was investigated. Mycotized rice grains were dried at 10degrees C, 20degrees C, 30degrees C, and 40degrees C and the drying effect of each temperature for 24, 48, 96, and 140 hr was determined. Drying for 48 hr at 10degrees C and 20degrees C reduced the moisture content to < 5% without any significant loss of conidial thermotolerance, but drying at 30degrees C and 40degrees C reduced both moisture content and conidial thermotolerance. To maintain thermotolerance during storage, moisture absorbents, such as calcium chloride, silica gel, magnesium sulfate, white carbon, and sodium sulfate were individually added to previously dried-conidial powder at 10% (w/w). These mixtures was then stored at room temperature for 30 days and subjected to 50degrees C for 2 hr. The white carbon mixture had the highest conidial thermotolerance, followed by silica gel, magnesium sulfate, and then the other absorbents. A significant correlation between the water potential and conidial thermotolerance was observed in all conidia-absorbent mixtures tested in this study (r = -0.945). Conidial thermotolerance in wet conditions was evaluated by adding moisturized white carbon (0~20% H2O) to conidia to mimic wet conditions. Notably, the conidia still maintained their thermotolerance under these conditions. Thus, it is evident that conidial thermotolerance can be maintained by drying mycotized rice grains at low temperatures and adding a moisture absorbent, such as white carbon.

Photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency in sugarcane genotypes subject to water deficit during early growth phase

The objective of this study was to compare the gas exchange, photosynthetic capacity and water potential of sugarcane genotypes cultivated under water deficit conditions imposed during the initial growth phase. Experiments were performed in a greenhouse using two sugarcane genotypes namely: HoCP93-776 (drought susceptible) and TCP02-4587 (drought tolerant). Sixty days after planting, two different water treatments were applied (i.e., with or without water deficit). At 0,30 and 60 days after the treatment, gas exchange variables were evaluated for their relationship with water use, intrinsic instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The SPAD index, photosynthetic pigments, water potential and relative water content in the leaves were also analyzed. The genotype HoCP93-776 was more sensitive to drought treatment as indicated by the significantly lower values of SPAD index, photosynthetic pigments, water potential (Ψw) and relative water content (RWC) variables. The genotype TCP02-4587 had higher water potential, stomatal control efficiency, water use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEintr), instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and photosynthetic capacity. The highest air vapor pressure deficit during the drought conditions could be due to the stomatal closing in the HoCP93-776, which contributed to its lower photosynthetic capacity.

Effect of salt stress on the growth and photosynthetic pigments of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan).

The effect of salt stress оn some physiological parameters in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) was studied under controlled conditions. The plants were treated with the solutions of 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na2So4, 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM Na2So4, starting at the appearance of first trifoliate leaf unfolded. Ground water was used for irrigation as the control. It was established that the applied doses of both salt types caused stress on the young pigeon pea plants, which found expression in the suppression of growth, photosynthetic pigment. The amount of proline in the tissues of the salt-treated plants was increased.

Textura do solo e a estimativa do teor de água no ponto de murcha permanente com psicrômetro / Soil texture and the estimation by Dewpoint Potential Meter of water retention at wilting point

A determinação do volume de água disponível às plantas é fundamental para o correto manejo da irrigação e definição quanto ao uso dos solos agrícolas. Os principais fatores que exercem influência na retenção e disponibilidade de água às plantas são a textura e a estrutura do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a influência da textura na retenção da água, na condição de ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) das plantas (-1,5MPa), sendo utilizado um psicrômetro modelo WP4-T. Determinaram-se a textura de 100 amostras de solo e o teor de água no PMP. Os resultados indicaram que, em potenciais maiores que -1,0MPa, o psicrômetro mostrou-se pouco preciso, não se recomendando a sua utilização nessa condição. O PMP aumentou de 0,059 para 0,29g g-1, quando o teor de argila aumentou de 120 para 779g kg-1. Obteve-se um bom ajuste dos resultados do teor de água no PMP em função do teor de argila do solo, e 91 por cento da variação do teor de água no PMP puderam ser atribuídos à variação no teor de argila. Conclui-se que o psicrômetro é um equipamento que pode ser utilizado para determinar o PMP, e a equação PMP (g g-1)=0,0003*Argila (g kg-1)+0,0118 pode ser utilizada para estimar o PMP.

The determination of the available water to plants is essential to right irrigation management and definition regarding the use in agricultural soils. The main factors that exert influence on retention and availability of water to plants are texture and soil structure. The aim of this study was to quantify the influence of the texture on water retention in the condition of permanent wilting point (PWP) of plants (-1,5MPa) using a WP4-T Dewpoint Potentia Meter. The texture of 100 soil sample and soil moisture at PWP was determined. Results indicated that, in potentials higher than -1,0MPa, WP4-T seemed not very precise, therefore its use is not recommended in this condition. PWP increased from 0,059 to 0,29g g-1, while the clay content increased from 120 to 779g kg-1. It was obtained a good adjustment of the results of water content at PWP based on clay content of soil, being that 91 percent of variation in water content at PWP could be attributed to variation in clay content. It was concluded that WP4-T is an equipment that can be used to determine PWP and the equation PWP (g g-1)=0,0003 * Clay(g kg-1)+0,0118 can be used to estimate PWP.

Germination response of Hylocereus setaceus (Salm-Dyck ex DC: ) Ralf Bauer (Cactaceae) seeds to temperature and reduced water potentials / Resposta de germinação das sementes de Hylocereus setaceus (Salm-Dyck ex DC: ) Ralf Bauer (Cactaceae) à temperatura e à redução do potencial de água

The germination response of Hylocereus setaceus seeds to isothermic incubation at different water potentials was analysed by using the thermal time and hydrotime models, aiming to describe some germination parameters of the population and to test the validity of the models to describe the response of the seeds to temperature and water potential. Hylocereus setaceus seeds germinated relatively well in a wide range of temperatures and the germination was rate limited from 11 to 20 °C interval and beyond 30 °C until 40 °C, in which the germination rate respectively shifts positively and negatively with temperature. The minimum or base temperature (Tb) for the germination of H. setaceus was 7 °C, and the ceiling temperature varied nearly from 43.5 to 59 °C depending on the percent fraction, with median set on 49.8 °C. The number of degrees day necessary for 50 percent of the seeds to germinate in the infra-optimum temperature range was 39.3 °C day, whereas at the supra-optimum interval the value of θ = 77 was assumed to be constant throughout. Germination was sensitive to decreasing values of ψ in the medium, and both the germinability and the germination rate shift negatively with the reduction of ψ, but the rate of reduction changed with temperature. The values of base water potential (ψb) shift to zero with increasing temperatures and such variation reflects in the relatively greater effect of low ψ on germination in supra optimum range of T. In general, the model described better the germination time courses at lower than at higher water potentials. The analysis also suggest that Tb may not be independent of ψ and that ψb(g) may change as a function of temperature at the infra-otimum temperature range.

As respostas de germinação de sementes de Hylocereus setaceus para incubações isotérmicas sob diferentes potenciais de água foram analisadas utilizando-se modelos de graus dia e psi dia, com o objetivo de descrever alguns parâmetros da população e para testar a viabilidade do modelo para descrever as respostas da semente a temperatura e potencial de água. Sementes de H. setaceus germinaram relativamente bem em uma ampla faixa de temperaturas e a germinação foi limitada pela velocidade nos intervalos de 11 a 20 °C, e de 30 até 40 °C, nos quais a velocidade de germinação aumenta e diminui, respectivamente, com a temperatura. A temperatura mínima ou base (Tb) para germinação de H. setaceus foi 7 °C, e a temperatura máxima variou de 43,5 a 59 °C dependendo da fração percentual, com média de 49,8 °C. O número de graus dia necessário para 50 por cento das sementes germinarem na faixa de temperatura infra-ótima foi de 39,3 °C dia, enquanto que, no intervalo supra-ótimo o valor de 77 °C dia foi assumido como constante para todo o intervalo. A germinação foi sensível à diminuição do ψ no meio, e tanto a germinabilidade como a velocidade de germinação mudaram negativamente com a redução do ψ, sendo que a taxa de redução mudou com a temperatura. Os potenciais base de água (ψb(g)) tendem a zero com o aumento da temperatura e essa variação se reflete no efeito relativamente maior do ψ sobre a germinação na faixa supra-ótima de temperatura. No geral, o modelo descreveu melhor as curvas de germinação em potenciais de água baixos do que em altos. As análises também sugerem que Tb pode não depender do ψ e que o ψb(g) pode mudar em função da temperatura na faixa infra-ótima de temperatura.

Anatomical root variations in response to water deficit: wild and domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Root anatomical responses to water deficit are diverse and regulation of water uptake strongly depends on plant anatomy. The ancestors of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars are the wild common beans. Because wild beans adapt and survive well in theon atural environment, it is hypothesized that wild common bean roots are less affected than those of domesticated beans at low substrate water potential (ψW). A wild common bean accession from Chihuahua Mexico and cv. Bayomex were studied. Seedlings with a mean root length between 3 and 4 cm were maintained for 24 h in vermiculite at ψW of -0.03 (well hydrated), -0.65, -1.48 and -2.35 MPa (partially dry). Ten anatomical characteristics of differentiation and cell division in root regions were evaluated. Thickness of epidermis and protoderm diminished similarly in wild and domesticated beans growing at low substrate ψW (between -0.65 and -2.35 MPa). At the same time, parenchymatic cell area diminished by 71 percent in the domesticated variety, but by only 32 percent in the wild bean at -2.35 MPa. Theon umber of cells in the cortex and the thickness of the xylem wall increased in both wild and domesticated beans at low substrate ψW;on evertheless, the effect was significantly lower in the wild bean. Theon umber of xylem vessels increased in the cultivar (up to 40 percent) while in the wild bean it decreased (up to 33 percent). The diameter of xylem vessels and transverse root area diminished (15 and 57 percent, respectively) in the cultivar, but in the wild common bean wereon ot affected. Anatomical root characteristics and their modifications in both differentiation and cell division in root regions demonstrated that the wild bean reacted quite differently to substrate ψW than the domesticated common bean.

Teste de germinação sob condições de restrição hídrica para avaliar o vigor de sementes de girassol / Germination test under water restriction to evaluate sunflower seeds vigor

Diferentes testes de vigor têm sido utilizados para classificar os lotes de sementes. Assim, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o vigor de diferentes lotes de sementes (aquênio = pericarpo mais semente) de girassol, usando o teste de germinação sob restrição hídrica, e correlacionar os resultados dessa metodologia com os de outros testes de vigor. Cinco lotes de girassol da cultivar 'Catissol' foram primeiramente submetidos aos testes de germinação e de vigor. Posteriormente, os lotes foram submetidos ao teste de germinação sob restrição hídrica. As sementes foram distribuídas em substrato de papel umedecido com solução de PEG 6000 a -0,3 e -0,6MPa. O teste de germinação sob -0,6MPa, aos 10 dias da instalação, foi eficiente na detecção de diferenças na qualidade fisiológica entre lotes de sementes de girassol. O resultado do teste de germinação sob -0,6MPa, aos 10 dias, correlaciona-se significativamente com os resultados dos testes de IVE, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem e envelhecimento acelerado.

Different vigour tests have been used to classify seed lot. The aim was to evaluate the effect of different sunflower seeds (achenes= pericarp + seed) using the germination test under water restriction and to correlate the results of this methodology with other vigour tests. Five sunflower lots were studied and were evaluated firstly by the germination test and vigour tests. After, the seed lots was submitted to germination test under water restriction. Seeds were distributed on paper substrate moistened with a PEG 6000 solution by the -0.3 and -0.6MPa. The germination under -0.6MPa, after 10 days, was efficient in the detection of physiological quality differences between sunflower seed lot. The result of the germination test under -0.6MPa by 10 days correlates significantly with the results of the IVE test, seedling emergence test, the first counting test and aging test.

Efeito do sistema de condução em algumas características ecofisiológicas da videira (Vitis labrusca L. ) / Effect of the conduction system in some ecophysiological features of vine

Os efeitos da interação entre a forma do dossel vegetativo e os fatores ambientais locais resultam no microclima que determinará alterações em alguns aspectos fisiológicos da videira, podendo afetar significativamente o crescimento vegetativo, a produtividade do vinhedo, bem como a qualidade da uva e do vinho. Objetivando-se avaliar o efeito do sistema de condução, sobre algumas características ecofisiológicas da videira (Vitis labrusca L.) foi desenvolvido experimento no Núcleo Tecnológico Epamig Uva e Vinho, na fazenda experimental "Retiro" no município de Caldas, MG, durante as safras 2003, 2004 e 2005. As variedades utilizadas no experimento foram Niágara Rosada para mesa e Folha de Figo, para produção de vinhos. Como porta - enxerto utilizou-se o "420-A". O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4x2, e os sistemas de condução adotados foram: cordão simples, latada, espaldeira e lira. Determinaram-se as seguintes variáveis: superfície foliar exposta, potencial hídrico e trocas gasosas. Verificou-se que tanto o sistema espaldeira quanto o cordão simples conferiram a menor superfície foliar exposta, em ambas as variedades e os sistemas lira e latada os maiores valores de (SFE). Verificou-se também que os sistemas cordão simples e latada conferiram os maiores valores de potencial hídrico para as duas variedades, nas diferentes fases fenológicas. Em ambas as variedades e fases fenológicas estudadas, verificou-se um comportamento semelhante entre os tratamentos em que os resultados da taxa de assimilação fotossintética das folhas, não permite evidenciar o efeito dos sistemas de condução, sobre as trocas gasosas das plantas estudadas.

The effects of the interaction between the form of the canopy and the local environmental factors result in the microclimate that will determine some physiologic aspects of the grapevine, which could significantly affect the vegetative growth of the vine, the productivity of the vineyard, as well as the quality of the grape and wine. In this context, the present work was developed in the Station of Viticulture and Enology of Caldas EPAMIG, Caldas, MG. with the aim at evaluating the effect of the conduction system on the ecophysiological characteristics of the vine (Vitis labrusca L.) during the harvest of 2003, 2004, and 2005. 'Niágara Rosada' for table and 'Leaf of Fig' were the varieties used in the experiment for the wine production and 420-A was used as the rootstock. The experimental design was the DIC in factorial 4x2. The adopted conduction systems were simple string, trellis, "espaldeira", and "lira". The following variables were determined: exposed leaf surface; water potential; and gas exchange. It was verified that both the espaldeira system as well as the simple string provided the smallest leaf surface exposed in both varieties and the systems "lira" and trellis provided the largest values of (SFE). It was also verified that the simple string and trellis systems promoted the largest values of water potential for the two varieties, in the different phenological phases studied. In both varieties and phases a similar behavior was verified among the treatments in which the results of the photosynthetic assimilation rate of the leaves does not allow evidencing the effect of the conduction systems on the gas exchange of the studied plants.

Interações biofísicas em espécies arbóreas potencialmente acumuladoras de fósforo: diversidade de irradiância e de comportamento hídrico / Biophysic interaction in potentially accumulative phosphorus wood species: irradiance diversity and hydric behavior

O entendimento das interações biofísicas entre espécies acumuladoras de fósforo, como Neea macrophylla e Cecropia palmata com a radiação e a água disponível em florestas secundárias no Nordeste Paraense torna-se fundamental para a composição de Sistemas Agroflorestais e Florestas Enriquecidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de identificar o quanto atravessava de radiação (PAR, BAR e PhyAR) pelas copas das espécies estudadas levando em consideração a densidade de agregação das árvores e a distância vertical a partir do solo, bem como o comportamento hídrico através da determinação dos potenciais hídricos (potencial antes do amanhecer e após meio-dia) em diferentes períodos climáticos. Os resultados mostraram que Cecropia palmata obteve as maiores irradiâncias independente da agregação das árvores sugerindo melhores condições aos processos fotossintéticos e morfogênicos às espécies que vierem a se localizar sob influência de suas copas. Quanto ao comportamento hídrico observou-se uma estratificação bem nítida entre as três espécies, onde Cecropia palmata foi a espécie que desenvolveu os maiores Potenciais Hídricos após o meio-dia sinalizando maior tolerância a períodos secos e por conseguinte se mantendo mais estável a condições de turgidez, o que é essencial aos processos de fotossíntese enquanto Casearia arborea pode ser considerada a mais sensível pois atingiu Potenciais Hídricos (ψ) muito negativos. O efeito do período climático sobre os Potencias Hídricos determinou uma redução destes nos meses com menor precipitação pluviométrica para todas as espécies.

The agreement of biophysic interaction between phosphorus accumulative species, such as Neea macrophylla and Cecropia palmata with radiation and water available in secondary forests in the Northeast of Pará, becomes essential for the composition of Agroforest Systems and enriched Forests. The objective of this research was to identify how much radiation (PAR, BAR and PhyAR) crossed over to the canopies of the species studied, taking into consideration the tree aggregation density and distance from the soil, as well as the water behavior by determining the Water Potential (predawn and midday) in different climatic periods. The results showed that Cecropia palmata had the highest irradiances, independent of tree aggregation, suggesting better conditions for photosynthetic and morphogenic processes of the species that comes under the influence of its canopies. In respect to water behavior, a clear stratification between three species was observed, where Cecropia palmata was the species that developed the highest water potential midday, signaling fantastic tolerance to dry periods and consequently maintaining a more stable turgidity condition, which is essential to the photosynthetic process, while Casearia arborea can be considered the more sensitive, for it reached a very negative Water Potencial (y). The effect of the climatic period on the Water Potential determined their reduction for all species in the months with less pluviometric precipitation

Avaliação do potencial hídrico foliar, umidade do solo e temperatura do ar no período pré- florescimento dos citros / Evaluation of the leaf water potencial, soil humidity and air temperature on the pre-bloom of citrus

O trabalho foi conduzido em um pomar de citros localizado no Setor de Fruticultura do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa-UFV/Viçosa-MG, no período de março a setembro de 2004. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência do potencial hídrico das folhas e do solo sobre o florescimento da tangerineira 'Poncã', laranjeira 'Serra d'Água'e limeira ácida 'Tahiti' nas condições climáticas de Viçosa-MG. A temperatura do ar (ºC) e a precipitação pluviométrica (mm) foram avaliadas diariamente durante o período experimental. O potencial hídrico no solo e nas folhas foi avaliado em dois horários (7:00 às 8:00 h manhã e 13:00 às 14:00 h tarde). As cultivares utilizadas foram laranjeira 'Serra d'Água'(Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.), tangerina 'Poncã' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) e limeira ácida 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia Tanaka.), enxertadas sobre limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osb.). Observou-se que o potencial hídrico foliar dos citros diminuiu sob condições de altas temperaturas e déficit hídrico no solo, entretanto, varia em função dos cultivares, observando-se os maiores valores para a limeira 'Tahiti'. O florescimento ocorreu após um período de baixas temperaturas seguido por uma redução do potencial hídrico do solo. A limeira ácida 'Tahiti' é mais precoce, quando comparada com a tangerineira 'Poncã' e a laranjeira 'Serra D'Água'.

This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of leaf and soil water potential on flowering of 'Ponkan' mandarin, 'Tahiti' acid lime, and 'Serra d'Água' orange trees under the climate conditions of Viçosa State de Minas Gerais. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Viçosa-UFV, in an orchard located in the Fruit crop Sector of the Crop Sciences Department in the period of March to September of 2004. Were evaluate daily during the experimental period the air temperature (ºC) and the pluvial precipitation (mm). The soil and the leaf water potential ware analyzed at 7:00 to 8:00 a.m., and from 1:00 to 2 p.m. Were used the 'Serra d'Água' orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb) and 'Ponkan' mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and 'Tahiti' acid lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka.) trees grafted on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.). The leaf water potential of citrus decreased under conditions of high temperature and hydric deficit in soil, however, changes in function the cultivars, being observed the largest values for the 'Tahiti' lime. The flowering happened after a period of low temperatures and soil water potential. 'Tahiti' acid lime was more precocious when compared to 'Ponkan' mandarin and to 'Serra d'Água'orange.

Fotossíntese, condutância estomática e potencial hídrico foliar em árvores jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis) / Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential in crabwood (Carapa guianensis)

O potencial hídrico da folha é um dos fatores mais importantes que afetam o funcionamento dos estômatos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da variação diurna na irradiância e déficit de pressão de vapor (DPV) na fotossíntese (A), condutância estomática (g s) e potencial hídrico da folha (psi) em Carapa guianensis (Aubl.). Os dados foram coletados de 07:00 às 17:00 h. A taxa fotossintética atingiu um valor máximo (2,5 æmol m-2 s-1) às 10:00 h, depois declinou até atingir um mínimo de 1 æmolm-2 s-1 às 16:00 h. A condutância estomática oscilou durante o dia, de 0,04 molm-2s-1 (ao meio dia) para 0,02 molm-2s- 1 no final da tarde. O potencial hídrico da folha foi máximo nas primeiras horas do dia (-0,3 MPa) e mínimo (-0,75 MPa) no meio da tarde (14:30 a 15:00 h). Após ter alcançado um mínimo, o psi aumentou até -0,64 MPa no fim da tarde. A taxa fotossintética aumentou linearmente em função do g s (P < 0,01). Também houve uma relação positiva entre psi e g s (P < 0,01). A taxa fotossintética declinou durante o dia após ter alcançado um pico no início da manhã, demonstrando que os fatores ambientais que afetam o psi têm efeito significativo na assimilação do carbono de C. guianensis.

Leaf water potential is one of the most important factors affecting stomatal functioning. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of variation in diurnal irradiance and vapour pressure deficit on photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g s) and leaf water potential (psi) in Carapa guianensis (Aubl.). Data were collected from 07:00 to 17:00 h. Photosynthetic rates reached a maximum (2.5 æmol m-2 s-1) at 10:00 h, thereafter declined to a minimum of 1 æmol m-2 s-1 at 16:00 h. Stomatal conductance oscillated during the day, from 0.04 mol m-2 s-1 (at midday) to 0.02.mol.m-2.s-1 at the end of the afternoon. Leaf water potential was higher early in the morning (-0.3 MPa) and lower (-0.75 MPa) at mid-afternoon (14:30 -15:00 h). After reaching a minimum, psi increased up to -0.64 MPa at sunset. Photosynthetic rates increased linearly as a function of g s (P < 0.01). Also there was a positive relationship between psi and g s (P< 0.01). Photosynthetic rates declined during the day after reaching a peak early in the morning, which makes clear that environmental factors that influence psi greatly affect carbon assimilation of C. guianensis.