Influences of water supply sources of dental comprehensive treatment platform on intra-pipeline water quality / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To investigate the impacts of water supply on water quality in the pipeline of the dental comprehensive treatment platform to contribute to pollution control.Methods Totally 8 platforms from the stomatological department underwent 2-a detection and tracing.The water sources included tap water,distilled water and filtered water,and the discharge water went through sampling and bacteriological analysis before and after disinfection.Results The mean numbers of colonies by tap water,distilled water and filtered water were (472±385),(380±372) and (446±382) cfu/ml respectively,and the qualification rates by tap water,distilled water and filtered water were 33.3％,45.8％ and 37.5％ respectively.All the colonies numbers were limited within 0 and 60 cfu/ml with the qualification rate being 100％ after disinfection.Conclusion Water source cannot relieve bacterial infection effectively,and disinfection eliminates bacteria and improves water quality in the pipeline of the dental comprehensive treatment platform.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in water supply system of Minhang District of Shanghai / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To investigate the pollution status of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water supply systems of Minhang District of Shanghai taking Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir as water source.Methods A total of 126 water samples were collected from water supply system for residents in Minhang District in Feb.(dry season) and Aug.(wet season) of 2016,including source water from Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir,the factory finished water and tap water.Purge and trap gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 86 kinds of VOCs.Results Totally,32 and 28 kinds of VOCs were detected in the water supply systems from the Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir,among which 19 and 21 pollutants were priority-controlled by the US EPA,and 18 and 14 species have the national standard in China separately.The concentration of detected pollutants ranged from 0.04 μg/L to 213μg/L and from 0.04μg/L to 728μg/L,respectively.The pollutants in the supply system of the Huangpu river were at the lower level except for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).The pollutants in the supply system of Qingcaosha reservoir were lower than the national standards in addition to dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane,and with the higher level of Methyl chloride and MTBE.In both water supply systems,halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were mainly types of VOCs,but there were varied types and quantities of compounds in each water supply system.The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons accounted for 37.5％ and 56.2％ of the detected VOCs respectively,while aromatic compounds accounted for 64.3％ and 28.6％.A total of 5 disinfection by-products (DBP) were detected in both water supply systems,but the concentrations of dichloromethane,chloroform,bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane in the Qingcaosha reservoir water supply system were significantly higher than those in the Huangpu River water supply system,except for bromoform.The concentration of the disinfection by-products in order from large to small were in the tap water,factory finished water and source water,while dichloromethane was an exception.Conclusions There were VOC pollutions in both water supply system in Minhang District,including source water,factory finished water and tap water,with different pollution characteristics.Adequate attention should be paid to the pollutants without national standards in the future water quality monitoring work.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in water supply system of Minhang District of Shanghai / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To investigate the pollution status of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water supply systems of Minhang District of Shanghai taking Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir as water source.Methods A total of 126 water samples were collected from water supply system for residents in Minhang District in Feb.(dry season) and Aug.(wet season) of 2016,including source water from Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir,the factory finished water and tap water.Purge and trap gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 86 kinds of VOCs.Results Totally,32 and 28 kinds of VOCs were detected in the water supply systems from the Huangpu River and Qingcaosha reservoir,among which 19 and 21 pollutants were priority-controlled by the US EPA,and 18 and 14 species have the national standard in China separately.The concentration of detected pollutants ranged from 0.04 μg/L to 213μg/L and from 0.04μg/L to 728μg/L,respectively.The pollutants in the supply system of the Huangpu river were at the lower level except for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).The pollutants in the supply system of Qingcaosha reservoir were lower than the national standards in addition to dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane,and with the higher level of Methyl chloride and MTBE.In both water supply systems,halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were mainly types of VOCs,but there were varied types and quantities of compounds in each water supply system.The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons accounted for 37.5％ and 56.2％ of the detected VOCs respectively,while aromatic compounds accounted for 64.3％ and 28.6％.A total of 5 disinfection by-products (DBP) were detected in both water supply systems,but the concentrations of dichloromethane,chloroform,bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane in the Qingcaosha reservoir water supply system were significantly higher than those in the Huangpu River water supply system,except for bromoform.The concentration of the disinfection by-products in order from large to small were in the tap water,factory finished water and source water,while dichloromethane was an exception.Conclusions There were VOC pollutions in both water supply system in Minhang District,including source water,factory finished water and tap water,with different pollution characteristics.Adequate attention should be paid to the pollutants without national standards in the future water quality monitoring work.

Quantificação em escala de bancada do volume de ar em ligações prediais de água / Measuring air volume in household pipes by means of a pilot scale study

A presente pesquisa em escala piloto, simulando trecho de uma rede interligada a um ramal predial, visou quantificar o volume de ar aferido pelos hidrômetros residenciais. Para tal fim, testaram-se ventosas, bloqueadores de ar e válvulas eliminadoras de ar. Sob condições normais de operação da rede, o volume de ar medido pelos hidrômetros é comparável ao encontrado na água natural, não justificando a instalação de equipamento de eliminação de ar de qualquer natureza. Todavia, logo após esvaziamento da rede interligada ao ramal, a sobremedição pode atingir até 21 por cento em condições de pressão máxima na rede de distribuição (500 kPa). Por fim, verificou-se que a menor vazão afluente associa-se ao maior volume de ar aferido pelo hidrômetro. Dessa forma, é possível supor que os consumidores situados na menor faixa de consumo sejam os mais prejudicados pela situação de desabastecimento.

The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the volume of air measured in domestic water supply pipe connections. Tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency and applicability of air reducing valves in domestic water supply connections. The results obtained under regular water supply conditions showed that the volume of air in the water measured by the hydrometers is comparable to the one found in natural waters. On the other hand, other tests, right after emptying the network connected to the domestic water supply pipe, revealed that the volume of water which gets to the gauged reservoir comprehends up to 21 percent of the total air-water volume recorded by the hydrometer for the experiments performed under pressure of 500 kPa.

Vertical and temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria in the Carpina potable water reservoir in northeastern Brazil / Dinâmica vertical e temporal de cianobactérias no reservatório de Carpina de abastecimento de água no nordeste do Brasil

This study analysed vertical and temporal variations of cyanobacteria in a potable water supply in northeastern Brazil. Samples were collected from four reservoir depths in the four months; September and December 2007; and March and June 2008. The water samples for the determination of nutrients and cyanobacteria were collected using a horizontal van Dorn bottle. The samples were preserved in 4 percent formaldehyde for taxonomic analysis using an optical microscope, and water aliquots were preserved in acetic Lugol solution for determination of density using an inverted microscope. High water temperatures, alkaline pH, low transparency, high phosphorous content and limited nitrogen content were found throughout the study. Dissolved oxygen stratification occurred throughout the study period whereas temperature stratification occurred in all sampling months, with the exception of June. No significant vertical differences were recorded for turbidity or total and dissolved forms of nutrients. There were high levels of biomass arising from Planktothrix agardhii, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Geitlerinema amphibium and Pseudanabaena catenata. The study demonstrates that, in a tropical eutrophic environment with high temperatures throughout the water column, perennial multi-species cyanobacterial blooms, formed by species capable of regulating their position in the water column (those that have gas vesicles for buoyancy), are dominant in the photic and aphotic strata.

O presente estudo analisou as variações vertical e temporal de cianobactérias em um reservatório de abastecimento de água no nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em quatro profundidades no reservatório, durante quatro meses (setembro e dezembro de 2007, março e junho de 2008). As amostras de água para a determinação de nutrientes e de cianobactérias foram coletadas por meio de garrafa horizontal de Van Dorn. As amostras foram preservadas em formol 4 por cento para posterior análise taxonômica utilizando um microscópio óptico, e alíquotas de água foram preservadas em solução de Lugol acético para determinação da densidade através de um microscópio invertido. Altas temperaturas da água, pH alcalino, baixa transparência, alto teor de fósforo e limitação de nitrogênio foram encontrados ao longo do estudo. Durante todo o estudo, foi verificada estratificação do oxigênio dissolvido enquanto que estratificação térmica só não foi observada em junho. Diferenças verticais não foram registradas para a turbidez e formas totais e dissolvidas de nutrientes. Ocorreram altas biomassas de Planktothrix agardhii, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Geitlerinema amphibium e Pseudanabaena catenata. O presente estudo demonstra que, em um ambiente eutrófico tropical com temperaturas elevadas em toda a coluna d'água, florações perenes multiespécies de cianobactérias formadas por espécies capazes de regular a sua posição na coluna de água (aqueles que possuem vacúolos de gás para flutuação) são dominantes nas camadas fótica e afótica.

Avaliação do impacto da variação da renda no consumo domiciliar de água / Evaluation of the income variation impact on household water consumption

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o impacto que a alteração da renda das famílias exerce sobre o consumo de água tratada fornecida pela concessionária (no caso, a Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerias - Copasa) no município de Belo Horizonte, ao longo de um histórico de 35 meses, abrangendo o período de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2006. Para tal, utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (PME) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), englobando 3.100 domicílios e 10.200 moradores, e os consumos residenciais micromedidos dos 6 distritos operacionais da Copasa. Os dados foram observados em seus períodos de forma que houvesse a compatibilização cronológica entre os mesmos. Os resultados mostraram relação intrínseca entre o consumo per capita e a renda mensal, balizados pelos gráficos de dispersão e pelos significativos coeficientes de determinação obtidos (superiores a 0,8), além do prognóstico de saturação do consumo demonstrado para classes sociais economicamente mais favorecidas.

This work aimed to investigate the role of income variation on household water consumption supplied by the dealership (in this case, the water supply and sanitation services of Minas Gerais, Brazil - Copasa) in the urban area of Belo Horizonte, based on data spanning a period of 35 months (from August 2003 to June 2006). For this, data of the Monthly Employment Survey (PME, acronym in Portuguese) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, acronym in Portuguese) were used, comprising 3,100 households with their 10,200 dwellers, and the household water consumption of the 6 operatinal districts of the Copasa. The household water consumption data were defined in order to allow the water consumption observation period to coincide with the social economic data. The results pointed out clearly that the household water consumption is strongly linked with the economical condition of the served population. This aspect was evident by means of the observation of spatial distribution and water consumption scattered related to the social economic characteristics and was supported by the highest coefficients of determination (R² > 0.8) obtained and the predictable water consumption saturation for the more prosperous social economic classes.

Structure of the phytoplankton in a water supply system in the State of Pernambuco - Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the phytoplankton community composition at limnetic environment in Pernambuco, Brazil. Samplings were carried out from April/2001 to March/2002. Samples to analyses the biotic variables were taken using a recipient with a large overture, at the subsurface and with a Van Dorn bottle at the bottom. The rainfall data were recorded and the water transparency was used to calculate the light attenuation coefficient, photic zone and the determination of trophic state index. The concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen were determined in a typical dry and rainy month. Equitability, also the, similarity and diversity indexes and the densities and correlation of total densities among depths were calculated. Forty-five taxa were identified in Chlorophyta (21spp), Cyanophyta (17spp) and Bacillariophyta (7spp), while flagellates were quantified in groups without identification. Cyanophyta presented highest diversity at both the depths and Planktothrix agardhii was the highest density species. Significant differences were not observed between subsurface and bottom densities. Results showed that the reservoir was eutrophicated and presented high densities of Cyanophyta.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambiente limnético de Pernambuco, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas de abril/2001 a março/2002. As amostras para análises abióticas foram coletadas na superfície da água e destinadas às análises bióticas foram coletadas na subsuperfície e no fundo, sendo fixadas com solução de lugol e quantificadas usando microscópio invertido. Equitatividade, índices de similaridade e diversidade foram calculados, bem como correlação entre as profundidades. 45 táxons foram identificados, pertencentes as Chlorophyta (21spp), Cyanophyta (17spp) e Bacillariophyta (7spp). Os flagelados foram apenas quantificados, mas não foram identificados. Cyanophyta apresentou a mais alta diversidade em ambas as profundidades e Planktothrix agardhii foi a espécie que apresentou a maior densidade. Diferenças significativas quanto às densidades não foram observadas entre subsuperfície e fundo. O reservatório encontra-se eutrofizado, sendo encontradas altas densidades de Cyanophyta durante todo o período de estudo.

Quality Analysis of Finished Water of Municipal Centralized Water Supply System in Shenzhen / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the water quality of finished water of the centralized water supply system in Shenzhen according to 106 indexes of water quality standards of China.Methods The collection and preservation of water samples was according to the standard examination methods for drinking water-collection and preservation of water samples (GB/T 5750.2-2006).The sanitary quality of the finished water samples collected from 35 centralized water supply systems in cities were determined and evaluated according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) in May of 2008.Results The average qualified rate of drinking water was 82.9% (29/35) in Shenzhen.Among 106 indexes,4 indexes (such as turbidity,aluminum,manganese and free chlorine residue) exceeded the standard limits in degrees in some centralized water supply system.Conclusion According to the results of the present paper,it is considered that the water quality of the product water from the centralized water supply system in Shenzhen is good.

Investigation of Drinking Water Quality in Zhejiang Provinice,China,2002—2006 / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To know the drinking water safety of water plants in Zhejiang and to provide the scientific data for government decision-making.Methods By the nonrandom sampling,the water plants were selected,103 in 2002,102 in 2003, 138 in 2004,419 in 2005,and 555 in 2006.The quality of tap water,product water and source water was determined according to the related standards.Results The eligible rate of product water and tap water in 2002 was 85.4%and 81.7%respectively,in 2003 it was 83.3%and 90.2%respectively,in 2004 it was 70.9%and 69.9%respectively,in 2005 it was 62.5%and 73.5% respectively,in 2006 it was 36.8%and 48.4%respectively.The eligible rate of source water was 68.1%.Conclusion The main problem in drinking water safety in Zhejiang is that the water supply systems in the rural areas are not good enough,no water treatment and disinfection is still common.

Study on Medical Water Processing and Supply System in Field Operation / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop a complete set of medical water processing and supply system to meet the needs of water in field operations for emergency rescues and disaster relief work, filed advance drill, etc. Methods A complete set of medical water processing and supply system was composed of two parts, including water processing system and water supply system. The means of filtrating, precipitating, sterilizing, adsorbing and ion regulating were adopted in water processing system to purify the water from primitive and to pure state for living or medical treatment. The techniques and equipments such as pressurizing, buffering, current regulating and special pipes, valves, fast joints, etc, were adopted in water supply system, and high performance water-pipe network were established. Results The water processing and supply system has some disadvantages, such as water quality guarantee, water quantity abundance, water flow stabilization, water pressure qualification, and system safety, credibility, low failure-ratio, energy saving etc, and can meet the needs of medical water in field operations. Conclusion The water system can be carried out by design optimizing and can realize mobile and emergencies.

Water Quality of Product Water from Centralized Water Supply System in Hunan, 2006 / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the water quality of the product water from the centralized water supply system in Hunan, 2006. Methods The sanitary quality of the product water samples collected from 28 centralized water supply system in cities and 39 centralized water supply system in counties in Hunan, 2006, which distributed among the area of Xiangjiang River, Zishui River, Yuanjiang River and Lishui River, were determined and evaluated according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749—2006). Results The eligible rate of the water sample was 70.1%. Among 74 water quality indexes, 12 indexes (such as antimony,aluminum,pH value,manganese and so on) exceeded the standard limits in degrees in some centralized water supply systems. Most of the routine indices of water quality were unqualified and the reference indices were qualified. The quality of some water samples presented statistical difference in some indices (such as aluminum, sulphate, arsenic, et al) among 4 different river areas in Hunan province (P