ABSTRACT
RESUMO O contínuo crescimento de áreas urbanas é uma realidade vivenciada no âmbito global. Esse crescimento, no entanto, na maioria das vezes, não é seguido de um planejamento da ocupação territorial, especialmente no que diz respeito às articulações com o provimento dos serviços de infraestrutura urbana, a exemplo dos sistemas de abastecimento de água. Dentre outras consequências, esses distanciamentos, somados ao crescimento populacional, agravam o risco de desabastecimento de água nessas áreas. Analisando-se a cidade paraibana Campina Grande, Nordeste do Brasil, o presente artigo identificou interfaces entre o chamado processo de produção do espaço urbano e o consequente risco de desabastecimento. Analisa-se especificamente o bairro Catolé, representativo de acelerada urbanização nas últimas três décadas, decorrente de ações de diferentes agentes produtores do espaço. É empregada análise espacial multicritério para determinação do risco de desabastecimento, realizando-se análise comparativa entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. Os resultados apontam a importância de elevar a profundidade nas discussões a respeito da forma como as cidades são construídas, considerando-se não apenas os critérios técnicos e avançando-se na compreensão de como diferentes interesses envolvidos no processo de produção do espaço urbano condicionam a cidade a um maior ou menor risco de desabastecimento de água.
ABSTRACT The continuous growth of urban areas is a reality experienced globally. However, this growth is sometimes not supported by a suitable urban land-use planning, in particular, there is a lack between infrastructure services (e.g. water supply systems) planning and urban planning. Among other consequences, these disconnections, coupled with population growth, exacerbate the risk of water shortage in these urban areas. This article analyzes the city of Campina Grande, Northeast Brazil, and identifies the interfaces between the so-called urban space production process and the consequent risk of water shortage. The analysis focuses on the Catolé district, which is a representative case of accelerated urbanization in the last three decades, due to the actions of different urban built-up stakeholders. A spatial multicriteria analysis is used to determine the water shortage risk, making a comparative analysis between 2000 and 2010. The results point out to the importance of increasing an in-depth discussion about the built-up process of cities. Besides, the study takes into account technical criteria, plus the understanding of how different interests groups involved in the built-up process submits a city to a high or low water shortage risk.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Com o aumento da demanda e a crise hídrica em muitos países, a gestão de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água mostra-se relevante em todos os serviços de água. Esta pesquisa propôs-se a construir um modelo de avaliação de desempenho para apoiar uma empresa de saneamento quanto à gestão de perdas nos sistemas de abastecimento de água que opera. Para tanto, baseou-se na Metodologia Multicritério de Apoio à Decisão - Construtivista (MCDA-C). A construção do modelo seguiu as três fases do MCDA-C: estruturação, avaliação e recomendações. Na fase de estruturação, foram construídos 64 descritores, distribuídos em quatro áreas de preocupação: perdas aparentes, perdas reais, apoio operacional e relacionamento externo. Ao final da fase de avaliação, o status quo do sistema de abastecimento de água estudado foi de 22,51, considerado, pelo decisor, no nível competitivo. Foram elaboradas recomendações de ações para melhorar o desempenho do status quo para aqueles descritores que apresentaram desempenho comprometedor e que foram julgados pelo decisor como merecedores de aperfeiçoamento. As recomendações simuladas em conjunto foram importantes para a melhora no desempenho em todas as áreas de preocupação, resultando no desempenho global de 60,82. Assim, a metodologia MCDA-C mostrou-se coerente para os temas abordados nesta pesquisa e confirmou suas premissas construtivistas em todas as suas fases aqui desenvolvidas: estruturação, avaliação e recomendações.
ABSTRACT Considering the increasing demand and the water crisis in many countries, loss management in water supply systems seems relevant to all water services. This research set out to build a performance evaluation model to support a sanitation company on the loss management in the water supply systems that it operates, based on the Constructivist Multicriteria Decision Aid Approach (MCDA-C). The model construction followed the three phases of MCDA-C: structuring, actions evaluation and recommendations. The structuring phase resulted in 64 descriptors in four families of fundamental points of view: apparent losses, real losses, operational support, and external relations. At the end of the evaluation phase, the status quo of the water supply system studied was 22.51, within the competitive level judged by the decision-maker. Actions recommendations were designed to improve the status quo performance of those descriptors with compromising performance, judged by the decision-maker as relevant to be improved. Recommendations were important for improving performance in all families of fundamental points of view, resulting in the overall performance of 60.82. This way, the MCDA-C methodology proved to be consistent for the topics covered in this research and confirmed its constructivist assumptions in all the stages developed here: structuring, evaluation and recommendations.
ABSTRACT
La gestión de los recursos hídricos en las zonas rurales depende en gran medida de la participación de las comunidades en la administración y en el uso del recurso. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los sistemas de gestión del recurso hídrico en las comunidades rurales de la cuenca del río Guayuriba. Dentro del marco metodológico este estudio de caso se aborda en el marco de la investigación exploratoria. Entre los resultados que se destacan, se identificaron diferentes formas de abastecimiento y disposición de las aguas residuales domésticas de acuerdo con el tipo de asentamiento, sean de población dispersa o aglomerada, y asimismo, la debilidad de las instituciones locales para gestionar el agua en este tipo de comunidades. Finalmente, este estudio de caso se podrá utilizar como herramienta para la gestión integral del recurso hídrico en la cuenca del río Guayuriba.
The management of water resources in rural areas depends, to a large extent, on the participation of communities in the administration and use of the resources. This study aims to identify the water resource management systems in rural communities of the Guayuriba river basin. Within the theoretical framework this case study is addressed from the exploratory research structure. Among the most protruding results, different forms of supply and disposal of domestic sweage water were identified according to the type of settlement, whether they are dispersed or agglomerated, and also the weakness of local institutions to manage and administer water in this type of communities was evident. Finally, this case study can be used as a tool for the comprehensive management of water resources in the Guayuriba river basin.
Subject(s)
Water Supply , Domestic EffluentsABSTRACT
Aims: To establish the system characteristics of a novel rainwater harvesting system. Study Design: A laboratory test rig was used to assess the selected technology. Place and Duration of Study: University of Exeter, Centre for Water Systems between June 2014 and May 2015. Methodology: Previous research has identified that systems should have: 1) reduced capital costs, 2) reduced operational costs and 3) increased ease of retrofitting. To investigate the system’s ability to address these requirements, two full-scale laboratory test rigs have been used to assess flow and power consumption characteristics under a range of installation scenarios. Results: The system was identified to have a mean power consumption of 0.12kWh/m3 during a one hour pump test. Electrical costs were found to increase when the power consumption of the 11W control board was taken into account. Conclusion: Subject to reduction of the standby power consumption of the controller, the novel RWH system assessed in this study has potential to provide non-potable water supplies to households in the UK at a lower power consumption rate than existing water supply systems identified in the literature.
ABSTRACT
A modelagem e otimização da disposição espacial de unidades de reservação que constituem os Sistemas Urbanos de Distribuição de Água (SUDA) são abordadas neste estudo sob a perspectiva do apoio à decisão no planejamento desses sistemas. Tendo em vista os avanços e técnicas encontrados nos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e a possibilidade de utilizá-los como Sistema de Apoio a Decisão Espacial (SADE), este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia que viabiliza a tomada de decisão em planejamento de SUDA. Utilizando critérios espacializados, são gerados mapas de riscos de desabastecimento em lotes urbanos que podem servir como indicadores em ações de planejamento e gestão, assim como são mapeadas zonas consideradas como ótimas para a localização de novas unidades de reservação, as quais constituem diretrizes no planejamento para expansão dos SUDA.
This research presents a modeling and optimizing alternative for water reservoirs placement of an Urban Water Supply Systems (UWSS). These systems are considered as decision making support systems for planning. The focus is the advances and techniques found in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the possibility to use it as Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS). This research presents a new methodology for decision making in a planning of UWSS. Risk Maps are produced using multi-criteria evaluation techniques for urban parcels. They can indicate some planning and management actions. It is established a suitability zoning to locate new water reservoirs units, which can support guidelines and planning for expansion of system.
ABSTRACT
A manutenção dos teores do íon flúor nas águas de abastecimento público dentro dos parâmetros de adequação torna-se indispensável para que a medida exerça maior impacto na prevenção e no controle da cárie, sem aumentar a prevalência de fluorose dentária. Dessa forma, é necessário um rigoroso controle do processo, evitando-se os efeitos indesejados com teores acima do recomendado, bem como evitando teores abaixo do recomendado, que não oferecem o máximo benefício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o teor de flúor nas águas de abastecimento público do município de Birigui-SP, com diferentes fontes de abastecimento, averiguando se os teores adicionados encontram-se dentro dos parâmetros recomendados. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente em pontos previamente estabelecidos, após o conhecimento da rede de distribuição de água e a identificação da quantidade e da localização de fontes de abastecimento e de estação de tratamento de água. As análises foram realizadas em duplicata no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009, no laboratório NEPESCO da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba - UNESP, utilizando-se um analisador de íons acoplado a um eletrodo específico para flúor. Do total das amostras (n = 512), 44% (n = 224) apresentaram teores adequados e 56% (n = 288), inadequados, tendo-se 10% (n = 49) abaixo e 46% (n = 239) acima do recomendado. Houve diferença nos resultados, quando comparadas as análises de diferentes fontes de abastecimento. O teor de flúor na maioria das amostras dos poços profundos foi classificado como inadequado, não oferecendo o benefício desejado ou expondo a população ao risco da fluorose dental.
Maintaining the levels of fluoride ion in public water supply within the parameters of adequacy it becomes essential so the measure carries a greater impact on caries prevention and control, without increasing the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Thus, it is necessary a rigorous control of the process, avoiding the undesired effects at levels aboverecommended levels, as well as avoiding levels below the recommended that do not offer the highest benefit. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of fluoride in public water supply in the city of Birigui, SP, with different sources of supply, checking if the fluoride levels are within the recommended. The samples were collected monthly from points previously established, with the knowledge of the distribution network of water and identifying the amount and location of supply sources and water treatment plant. Analyses were performed in duplicate in theperiod from January to December of 2009, in the laboratory - NEPESCO - of the Dental School of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, using an ion analyzer coupled to a specific electrode for fluoride. Of the totalsamples (n = 512), 44% (n = 224) had adequate levels and 56% (n = 288) inadequate levels, 10% (n = 49) lower levels and 46% (n = 239) showed levels above the recommended. There were differences in results when comparing the analysis of different sources. The fluoride concentration in the majority of the samples from deep wells was classified as inadequate not offering the desired benefit, or exposing the population to the risk of dental fluorosis.
Subject(s)
Water Supply , Fluoridation , Oral Health , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Fluorine , Fluorosis, Dental , Data Interpretation, StatisticalABSTRACT
A operação dos Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água é realizada por profissionais que usam a sua experiência como um meio de avaliação no controle de equipamentos hidromecânicos com o objetivo de garantir o fornecimento de água à população. Geralmente, as regras operacionais utilizadas visam à garantia da continuidade do abastecimento público, sem a preocupação com a economia de energia elétrica dos motores em funcionamento. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um algoritmo genético híbrido que permite determinar as estratégias de operações com custos energéticos reduzidos. A análise do modelo é feita em um estudo de caso real localizado na cidade de Ourém (Portugal). O novo modelo reduz consideravelmente o tempo computacional em comparação aos modelos utilizados na literatura especializada.
The operation of water supply systems is normally done by professionals who use their experience as the sole source of knowledge in order to establish rules to control the daily operation of hydro-mechanical equipments aiming at the guarantee of an adequate performance of the system. In general, these rules have as main goal the assurance of the water demands of the population and do not take into account optimization of the electrical energy consumed by the pumps. This work proposes a new hybrid genetic algorithm. The main purpose of this code is to determine optimized system operational rules with regard to saving electrical energy consumed by the pumps. The code was tested using one real water supply system localized in Ourém city (Portugal). The results showed considerable decrease in computational time as comparing to other codes available.
ABSTRACT
Legionella is a pathogenic bacteria associated to aquatic habit of natural and artificial environments. Clinical cases of legionellosis have been reported in Korea but there is a lack of information about the incidence of this bacterium on environmental sources. Thus, we investigated the contamination of Legionella on water supply systems in Gwangju, Korea, including cooling towers, public baths, hospitals and fountains. Legionella spp. were detected from 81 samples (16.9%) out of 480 samples collected and the major species of Legionella isolates was identified to L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 (n=33). The result of PFGE pattern analysis for L. pneumophila sg 1 isolates was discriminated into 11 pulsotypes. In dendrogram of PFGE, the clusters of isolates from cooling tower were quite different from those derived from hot water system of public bath. Surveillance for 4 sentinel public baths showed that their water supply systems had been contaminated with Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila sg 5 or sg 6 was the major isolate. The similarity of its PFGE patterns was 92.3%, 96.6%, respectively. Thus, PFGE may be a useful tool in molecular epidemiology studies, and the monitor and control for water supply systems of public utilizing facilities will be able to provide a resolution for the reduction of Legionella infection.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Baths , Incidence , Korea , Legionella , Legionellosis , Molecular Epidemiology , Nitriles , Organothiophosphorus Compounds , Pyrethrins , Water , Water SupplyABSTRACT
Legionella is a pathogenic bacteria associated to aquatic habit of natural and artificial environments. Clinical cases of legionellosis have been reported in Korea but there is a lack of information about the incidence of this bacterium on environmental sources. Thus, we investigated the contamination of Legionella on water supply systems in Gwangju, Korea, including cooling towers, public baths, hospitals and fountains. Legionella spp. were detected from 81 samples (16.9%) out of 480 samples collected and the major species of Legionella isolates was identified to L. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 (n=33). The result of PFGE pattern analysis for L. pneumophila sg 1 isolates was discriminated into 11 pulsotypes. In dendrogram of PFGE, the clusters of isolates from cooling tower were quite different from those derived from hot water system of public bath. Surveillance for 4 sentinel public baths showed that their water supply systems had been contaminated with Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila sg 5 or sg 6 was the major isolate. The similarity of its PFGE patterns was 92.3%, 96.6%, respectively. Thus, PFGE may be a useful tool in molecular epidemiology studies, and the monitor and control for water supply systems of public utilizing facilities will be able to provide a resolution for the reduction of Legionella infection.