ABSTRACT
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus, requiere atención médica multifactorial y multisectorial. La oftalmopatía diabética demanda sistemas de salud integrados que faciliten la prevención, detección y tratamiento de las complicaciones en los niveles de atención primaria, secundaria y terciaria. Objetivo: Exponer los conceptos teóricos, prácticos y las tendencias actuales sobre diabetes mellitus y salud visual. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliografía y documental sobre diabetes mellitus y salud visual, estudios y documentos publicados por instituciones nacionales e internacionales, temas vinculados a la diabetes mellitus y la salud visual, se accedió a artículos desde diferentes fuentes, revistas indexadas, metaanálisis y fuentes primarias no publicadas, tesis de maestría, y doctorados. Resultados: Para conservar la salud visual es necesario llevar a cabo medidas que conlleven a prevenir la pérdida de la visión por catarata, glaucoma, retinopatia y edema macular diabético, que incluyen no sólo un buen control de los parámetros metabólicos y las revisiones periódicas al oftalmólogo, sino también el cumplimiento de la educación diabetológica por un equipo multidisciplinario y actualización sobre este tema de los prestadores de salud. La disminución visual que provoca la catarata y otras enfermedades oculares puede conducir a padecer discapacidades como, pérdida de autonomía para administrarse los medicamentos, limitar las actividades de la vida cotidiana e incapacidad laboral y social, con la consiguiente afectación de la calidad de vida Conclusiones: Acudir al oftalmólogo con frecuencia, mantener el control glucémico, del colesterol y presión arterial representan el pilar fundamental para preservar la salud visual en el paciente diabético(AU)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus requires multifactorial and multisectoral medical attention. Diabetic ophthalmopathy demands integrated health systems that facilitate the prevention, detection and treatment of complications at the primary, secondary and tertiary care levels. Objective: To show the theoretical and practical concepts and current trends on diabetes mellitus and visual health. Methods: A bibliographic and documentary review on diabetes mellitus and visual health was carried out. Studies and documents published by local and international institutions, articles, topics related to diabetes mellitus and visual health were retrieved from different sources, indexed journals, meta-analysis and unpublished primary sources, research degree and master's, theses. Results: To preserve visual health, it is necessary to carry out reading that lead to preventing vision loss due to cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, which include not only good control of metabolic parameters and regular check-ups with the ophthalmologist , but also compliance with diabetes education by a multidisciplinary team and updating the health providers on this subject. The visual decrease caused by cataract and other eye diseases can lead to disabilities such as loss of autonomy to manage medications, limit activities of daily life and work and social incapacity, with the consequent impact on quality of life. Conclusions: Frequently going to the ophthalmologist, maintaining glycemic, cholesterol and blood pressure control represent the fundamental pillar to preserve visual health in diabetic patients(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cataract/diagnosis , Eye Health , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Eye Diseases/diagnosisABSTRACT
Abstract: Despite an increase in studies involving lycophytes and ferns in recent years, Maranhão is still one of the northeastern states with a poorly known flora, mainly due to low sampling. For Chapada das Mesas National Park, a protected conservation unit in the Cerrado maranhense with phytophysiognomies that favor floristic diversity, there are no floristic studies about lycophytes. This study aimed to conduct the floristic inventory and taxonomic study of lycophytes in Chapada das Mesas National Park. Three collection expeditions, of three days each, were made between March 2017 and June 2018. Three families of lycophytes represented by three genera and six species were identified in the study area. The most diverse family was Selaginellaceae with four species: Selaginella conduplicata, S. erythropus (Mart.) Spring, S. radiata (Aubl.) Baker and S. simplex Baker. The other two families, Isoëtaceae and Lycopodiaceae, had one species each, Isoëtes sp. and Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc. This study also reports two new record for the Brazilian Cerrado phytogeographic domain, S. conduplicate and S. radiata, of which the first is a new record for Maranhão State. Most specimens were found in riparian forest on rocky outcrops.
Resumo: Embora as pesquisas envolvendo o estudo de licófitas e samambaias tenham crescido nos últimos anos, o Maranhão ainda é um dos Estados do Nordeste com sua flora menos conhecida em virtude, principalmente, da baixa amostragem. O Parque Nacional (PARNA) Chapada das Mesas, apesar de tratar-se de uma unidade de conservação protegida no Cerrado maranhense e abrigar fitofisionomias que são propícias à diversidade florística, ainda não possui estudos sobre a diversidade florística de licófitas. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral fazer um inventário e estudo florístico e taxonômico de licófitas para o PARNA Chapada das Mesas. Foram realizadas três expedições para coletas de material entre março 2017 e junho 2018 com duração de três dias cada. Na área de estudo foram identificadas as três famílias de licófitas representadas por três gêneros e seis espécies. A família com maior diversidade foi Selaginellaceae com quatro espécies Selaginella conduplicata, S. erythropus, S. radiata e S. simplex. As outras duas, Isoëtaceae e Lycopodiaceae com uma espécie cada, Isoëtes sp., e Palhinhaea cernua. Nesse estudo também são relatados dois novos registros para o domínio fitogeográfico do Cerrado, S. conduplicata e S. radiata, sendo a primeira um novo registro para o Estado do Maranhão. A maioria dos espécimes foi encontrada em ambientes de matas ciliares crescendo sobre afloramento rochoso.
ABSTRACT
La aplicación del femtoláser en la cirugía de catarata podría ser una de las grandes revoluciones contemporáneas ocurridas en el campo del tratamiento de la catarata. Si el uso de esta tecnología provocara una eficacia y seguridad muy superiores sobre la facoemulsificación convencional, justificaría el alto costo que genera para la cirugía de catarata en la actualidad. En revisiones de estudios comparativos no se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre los resultados visuales de ambos procedimientos al final del período de seguimiento posoperatorio. Una mejor circularidad de la capsulorrexis, unido a disminución en la emisión de energía ultrasónica y del tiempo efectivo de faco, son atribuidos como las grandes ventajas del uso del femtoláser en la facoemulsificación. Sin embargo, en cuanto a la pérdida de células endoteliales, el edema corneal posoperatorio y el edema macular posquirúrgico no se han registrado grandes diferencias entre ambas técnicas quirúrgicas, mientras que el costo de la cirugía se incrementa considerablemente con la utilización del femtoláser. Por tanto, se necesitan estudios de gran tamaño de muestra bien diseñados que proporcionen evidencias más fiables respecto al uso del femtoláser en la cirugía de catarata actual(AU)
The application of femtoláser in cataract surgery could be one of the great contemporary revolutions occurred in the field of treatment of cataract. If the use of this technology would cause a very superior efficacy and safety over conventional phacoemulsification, it justifies the high cost it generates for cataract surgery today. In reviews of comparative studies we have not found significant differences between the visual results of both procedures at the end of the period of postoperative follow-up. Better circularity of the capsulorhexis, coupled with decrease in the emission of ultrasonic energy and effective phacoemulsification time, are attributed as the major advantages of using femtoláser in phacoemulsification. However in terms of endothelial cell loss, postoperative corneal edema and macular edema after surgery they have not been recorded big differences between the two surgical techniques, while the cost of surgery is considerably increased with the use of femtoláser. Therefore studies of large sample size, well-designed to provide more reliable evidence regarding the use of femtoláser in current cataract surgery are needed(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Cataract Extraction/methods , Phacoemulsification/methods , Lasers/statistics & numerical data , Technological Development/analysisABSTRACT
An evaluation was made of the effect of temporal variations on an assembly of Testaceae in several water bodies located in Chapada dos Guimarães National Park. A sampling point was selected at each study site, where 4 samplings were collected per season, considering the climatic conditions of the dry and rainy periods. The findings revealed 80 infrageneric taxa, 05 families and 12 genera. Pearson's correlation between the second axis of the DCA and the first axis of the PCA was significant, even after applying Bonferroni's correction for multiple significance tests (r = 0.683; p = 0.014). Thus, the temporal variation of the limnological data, which showed higher values of turbidity, total solids, color and temperature for the rainy period and higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus during the dry season, was significantly correlated with the biotic data. The second axis of the PCA indicated that the variables remained unchanged during the seasonal periods under study.
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da variação temporal sobre assembleia de Testáceas de alguns corpos d'água localizados no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães. Elegeu-se, em cada estação de estudo, um ponto amostral e realizaram-se quatro amostragens/estação, considerando-se as condições climáticas do período de estiagem e chuvoso. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram 80 táxons infragenéricos, cinco famílias e 12 gêneros. A correlação de Pearson entre o segundo eixo da DCA e o primeiro eixo da PCA foi significativa, mesmo após a correção de Bonferroni para múltiplos testes de significância (r = 0,683; p = 0,014). Deste modo, a variação temporal dos dados limnológicos, que evidenciou maiores valores de turbidez, sólidos totais, cor e temperatura para o período chuvoso, e maiores concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo na estiagem, correlacionou-se significativamente com os dados bióticos. O segundo eixo da PCA evidenciou que as variáveis não variaram durante os períodos sazonais estudados.
Subject(s)
WaterABSTRACT
Objective: In recent years, educators have increasingly adopted e-learning. Unfortunately, most e-courseware or Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) could not always fulfill educators’ needs. This results in a need to develop their own e-courseware by using available electronic authoring tools; however, there are difficulties in using these tools. The present study was intended to research the difficulties of using authoring tools and to identify features needed by educators; the results were used to develop the innovative CAIBuilder software. Methods: The waterfall model, human-computer interaction and object-action interface model have been used for designing and implementing the CAIBuilder. The software was written with ToolBook OpenScriptฎ. The beta version was tested, bugs were fixed and additional features were coded. The final version was used to conduct two workshops for 53 non-programmer university educators. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires were distributed to collect demographic data, knowledge, concepts, skills, experience, and confidence on creating multimedia applications; and key features of CAIBuilder. Results: The results were analyzed and presented in percentages, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for comparison. The results demonstrated that over 85% of non-programmer educators found CAIBuilder was user-friendly, easy to learn, but yet powerful. The Wilcoxon signed rank test at a significant level p < 0.0001 indicated that, after the CAIBuilder workshops, over 80% of participants had increased their knowledge and confidence in creating multimedia applications by themselves, creating computerized test items, navigational controls and program flows. The Autonomic Nervous System and Physical Modalities are two examples of interactive e-courseware implemented by using CAIBuilder and they have been currently used for teaching physiology and physiotherapy to medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. Conclusions: CAIBuilder was an innovative electronic authoring tool of choice for non-programmer authors to create good quality and interactive e-courseware with feedback in a reasonably quick time frame without programming.