Radiologic-pathologic autopsy correlation of an internal watershed infarct, a case report

ABSTRACT Internal watershed infarcts (IWIs) occur at the junction of the deep and superficial perforating arterial branches of the cerebrum. Despite documentation in the radiology literature, IWIs are rarely encountered at the time of autopsy. Here, we report the case of a 59-year-old incarcerated male who was brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive on the floor of his jail cell. Initial examination and imaging demonstrated right-sided hemiplegia, aphasia, right facial droop, and severe stenosis of the left middle cerebral artery, respectively. Repeat imaging 4 days after admission and 26 days before death demonstrated advanced stenosis of the intracranial, communicating segment of the right internal carotid artery, a large acute infarct in the right posterior cerebral artery territory, and bilateral deep white matter ischemic changes with a right-sided "rosary-like" pattern of injury that is typical of IWIs. Postmortem gross examination showed that the right deep white matter lesion had progressed to a confluent, "cigar-shaped" subacute IWI involving the right corona radiata. This is the first well-documented case of an IWI with radiologic imaging and photographic gross pathology correlation. This case uniquely highlights a rarely encountered lesion at the time of autopsy and provides an excellent visual representation of internal watershed neuroanatomy.

Multiple metals and agricultural use affects oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater Aegla crabs / Presença de múltiplos metais e agricultura afetam biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em caranguejos de água doce (Aegla)

Metals and agrochemicals are among the main aquatic contaminants, being able to trigger oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the correlation between the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in Aegla crabs (Crustacea, Anomura) with (i) the set of metals present in the streams sediment and (ii) with land uses of three hydrographic basins. The study was carried out in streams (≤ 2nd order) of hydrographic basins in southern Brazil (Basins of Rio Suzana, Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho and Rio Dourado). In these streams were quantified the land uses and Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in the sediment. The enzymes Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), as well as the level of membrane lipid peroxidation (TBARS), were analyzed in adult females. The PCA analysis showed that the distribution of metals was different between the basins. Cd, Cr and Fe were correlated positively with CAT and negatively with TBARS and GR. The Dourado basin had the lowest concentrations of these three metals and the highest levels of TBARS. However, in Dourado basin there is predominance of agriculture land use, and TBARS was positively correlated with agricultural land use. Besides in Dourado basin, GR activity was higher than in the others basins, indicating a compensatory response in relation to CAT inhibition. The basins of Suzana and Ligeirinho-Leãozinho rivers had lower TBARS values, which may be due to the induction of CAT in response to metals accumulated in sediment. In summary, this work indicates that in the basins with a higher concentration of toxic metals there is an adaptive response of CAT induction, which reduces TBARS in Aegla. On the other hand, in the basin with lower metallic contamination, TBARS occurrence was primarily influenced by agricultural land use.

Os metais e agroquímicos estão entre os principais contaminantes aquáticos, podendo desencadear estresse oxidativo em organismos expostos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma possível correlação entre o nível de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em Aegla (Crustacea, Anomura) com (i) o conjunto de metais presentes no sedimento e (ii) com os usos da terra, em três bacias hidrográficas distintas. O estudo foi realizado em riachos(≤ 2ª ordem) de bacias hidrográficas do Sul do Brasil (Bacias do Rio Suzana, do Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho e do Rio Dourado), as quais foram caracterizadas em função do percentual de usos da terra e do nível de Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn e Zn no sedimento. As enzimas Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa Redutase (GR), bem como o nível de peroxidação lipídicadas membranas (TBARS), foram analisadas em fêmeas adultas. Uma análise de PCA mostrou que a distribuição de metais foi distinta entre as bacias. Cd, Cr e Fe no sedimento correlacionaram positivamente com a CAT e negativamente com TBARS e GR. Entretanto, a bacia do Dourado apresentou os menores níveis destes três metais e os maiores níveis de TBARS, o que pode ser justificado pelo predomínio da agricultura nesta bacia, já que o TBARS correlacionou positivamente com o percentual de uso agrícola. Nesta bacia, a atividade da GR foi mais alta do que nas outras, indicando uma resposta compensatória em relação a inibição da CAT. As bacias do rio Suzana e rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho apresentaram valores menores de TBARS, o que pode decorrer da indução da CAT em função dos metais acumulados no sedimento. Em síntese, este trabalho indica que nas bacias com maior concentração de metais tóxicos ocorre uma resposta adaptativa de indução da CAT, o que reduz os níveis de TBARS em Aegla. Por outro lado, na bacia com menor contaminação metálica os níveis de TBARS foram primariamente influenciados pelo uso agrícola.

Multiple metals and agricultural use affects oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater Aegla crabs

Abstract Metals and agrochemicals are among the main aquatic contaminants, being able to trigger oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the correlation between the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in Aegla crabs (Crustacea, Anomura) with (i) the set of metals present in the streams sediment and (ii) with land uses of three hydrographic basins. The study was carried out in streams ( 2nd order) of hydrographic basins in southern Brazil (Basins of Rio Suzana, Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho and Rio Dourado). In these streams were quantified the land uses and Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in the sediment. The enzymes Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), as well as the level of membrane lipid peroxidation (TBARS), were analyzed in adult females. The PCA analysis showed that the distribution of metals was different between the basins. Cd, Cr and Fe were correlated positively with CAT and negatively with TBARS and GR. The Dourado basin had the lowest concentrations of these three metals and the highest levels of TBARS. However, in Dourado basin there is predominance of agriculture land use, and TBARS was positively correlated with agricultural land use. Besides in Dourado basin, GR activity was higher than in the others basins, indicating a compensatory response in relation to CAT inhibition. The basins of Suzana and Ligeirinho-Leãozinho rivers had lower TBARS values, which may be due to the induction of CAT in response to metals accumulated in sediment. In summary, this work indicates that in the basins with a higher concentration of toxic metals there is an adaptive response of CAT induction, which reduces TBARS in Aegla. On the other hand, in the basin with lower metallic contamination, TBARS occurrence was primarily influenced by agricultural land use.

Resumo Os metais e agroquímicos estão entre os principais contaminantes aquáticos, podendo desencadear estresse oxidativo em organismos expostos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma possível correlação entre o nível de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em Aegla (Crustacea, Anomura) com (i) o conjunto de metais presentes no sedimento e (ii) com os usos da terra, em três bacias hidrográficas distintas. O estudo foi realizado em riachos ( 2ª ordem) de bacias hidrográficas do Sul do Brasil (Bacias do Rio Suzana, do Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho e do Rio Dourado), as quais foram caracterizadas em função do percentual de usos da terra e do nível de Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn e Zn no sedimento. As enzimas Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa Redutase (GR), bem como o nível de peroxidação lipídica das membranas (TBARS), foram analisadas em fêmeas adultas. Uma análise de PCA mostrou que a distribuição de metais foi distinta entre as bacias. Cd, Cr e Fe no sedimento correlacionaram positivamente com a CAT e negativamente com TBARS e GR. Entretanto, a bacia do Dourado apresentou os menores níveis destes três metais e os maiores níveis de TBARS, o que pode ser justificado pelo predomínio da agricultura nesta bacia, já que o TBARS correlacionou positivamente com o percentual de uso agrícola. Nesta bacia, a atividade da GR foi mais alta do que nas outras, indicando uma resposta compensatória em relação a inibição da CAT. As bacias do rio Suzana e rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho apresentaram valores menores de TBARS, o que pode decorrer da indução da CAT em função dos metais acumulados no sedimento. Em síntese, este trabalho indica que nas bacias com maior concentração de metais tóxicos ocorre uma resposta adaptativa de indução da CAT, o que reduz os níveis de TBARS em Aegla. Por outro lado, na bacia com menor contaminação metálica os níveis de TBARS foram primariamente influenciados pelo uso agrícola.

Multiple metals and agricultural use affects oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater Aegla crabs / Presença de múltiplos metais e agricultura afetam biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em caranguejos de água doce (Aegla)

Metals and agrochemicals are among the main aquatic contaminants, being able to trigger oxidative stress in exposed organisms. The objective of this work was to evaluate the correlation between the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in Aegla crabs (Crustacea, Anomura) with (i) the set of metals present in the streams sediment and (ii) with land uses of three hydrographic basins. The study was carried out in streams (≤ 2nd order) of hydrographic basins in southern Brazil (Basins of Rio Suzana, Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho and Rio Dourado). In these streams were quantified the land uses and Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations in the sediment. The enzymes Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Reductase (GR), as well as the level of membrane lipid peroxidation (TBARS), were analyzed in adult females. The PCA analysis showed that the distribution of metals was different between the basins. Cd, Cr and Fe were correlated positively with CAT and negatively with TBARS and GR. The Dourado basin had the lowest concentrations of these three metals and the highest levels of TBARS. However, in Dourado basin there is predominance of agriculture land use, and TBARS was positively correlated with agricultural land use. Besides in Dourado basin, GR activity was higher than in the others basins, indicating a compensatory response in relation to CAT inhibition. The basins of Suzana and Ligeirinho-Leãozinho rivers had lower TBARS values, which may be due to the induction of CAT in response to metals accumulated in sediment. In summary, this work indicates that in the basins with a higher concentration of toxic metals there is an adaptive response of CAT induction, which reduces TBARS in Aegla. On the other hand, in the basin with lower metallic contamination, TBARS occurrence was primarily influenced by agricultural land use.

Os metais e agroquímicos estão entre os principais contaminantes aquáticos, podendo desencadear estresse oxidativo em organismos expostos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma possível correlação entre o nível de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em Aegla (Crustacea, Anomura) com (i) o conjunto de metais presentes no sedimento e (ii) com os usos da terra, em três bacias hidrográficas distintas. O estudo foi realizado em riachos (≤ 2ª ordem) de bacias hidrográficas do Sul do Brasil (Bacias do Rio Suzana, do Rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho e do Rio Dourado), as quais foram caracterizadas em função do percentual de usos da terra e do nível de Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn e Zn no sedimento. As enzimas Catalase (CAT) e Glutationa Redutase (GR), bem como o nível de peroxidação lipídica das membranas (TBARS), foram analisadas em fêmeas adultas. Uma análise de PCA mostrou que a distribuição de metais foi distinta entre as bacias. Cd, Cr e Fe no sedimento correlacionaram positivamente com a CAT e negativamente com TBARS e GR. Entretanto, a bacia do Dourado apresentou os menores níveis destes três metais e os maiores níveis de TBARS, o que pode ser justificado pelo predomínio da agricultura nesta bacia, já que o TBARS correlacionou positivamente com o percentual de uso agrícola. Nesta bacia, a atividade da GR foi mais alta do que nas outras, indicando uma resposta compensatória em relação a inibição da CAT. As bacias do rio Suzana e rio Ligeirinho-Leãozinho apresentaram valores menores de TBARS, o que pode decorrer da indução da CAT em função dos metais acumulados no sedimento. Em síntese, este trabalho indica que nas bacias com maior concentração de metais tóxicos ocorre uma resposta adaptativa de indução da CAT, o que reduz os níveis de TBARS em Aegla. Por outro lado, na bacia com menor contaminação metálica os níveis de TBARS foram primariamente influenciados pelo uso agrícola.

Determinação da relação entre vazões líquida e sólida e análise de fatores que influenciam a dinâmica do transporte de sedimentos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jordão (UPGRH-PN 1) / Determination of the liquid and solid discharge ratio and analysis of factors influencing the dynamics of sediment transport in the Jordão River Watershed (UPGRH-PN 1)

RESUMO O entendimento do escoamento de sedimentos é fundamental para a adequada gestão e uso dos recursos hídricos. A falta de planejamento de uso e ocupação do solo, marcado por ações antrópicas irracionais, influencia diretamente a dinâmica dos sedimentos nas bacias hidrográficas em todo o território nacional. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo teve como objetivos determinar as descargas de sedimentos, analisar fatores que podem influenciar o carreamento de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica e construir as curvas-chave que representam a relação entre as descargas sólida e líquida no rio Jordão. O estudo foi realizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jordão, estabelecendo-se quatro estações de amostragem, sendo realizadas nove campanhas de medições de vazões e coletas de água para análise de sedimentos suspensos em épocas secas e chuvosas no período de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018. As concentrações e descargas de sedimentos apresentaram variações entre as estações e os períodos de amostragem. Na época chuvosa, os valores das descargas e concentrações foram superiores ao período de estiagem. A maior concentração média foi de 101,16 mg.L-1 na estação 3, e a maior descarga sólida total ocorreu na estação 4, com valor médio de 113,83 t.d-1. Além da precipitação, fatores como cobertura vegetal, uso do solo e declividade influenciam o carreamento dos sedimentos no rio Jordão. As curvas-chave de sedimentos em suspensão e totais, para cada estação e para os dados unidos de todas as estações, apresentaram boas correlações.

ABSTRACT Understanding the sediment flow is fundamental for the proper management and use of the water resources. The lack of planning in the use and occupation of land, marked by irrational anthropogenic actions, directly influences the sediment dynamics in river basins throughout the national territory. In this sense, the objectives of this article were to determine sediment discharges, to analyze factors that can influence sediment dynamics in the basin and to construct the key curves that represent the relationship between the solid and liquid flow of the Jordão River. The study was carried out in the Jordão River Basin. Four sampling stations were established, and nine campaigns were carried out to measure flows and water samples for the analysis of suspended sediments during dry and rainy seasons from August 2017 to July 2018. The concentrations and discharges of sediment presented variations between the seasons and sampling periods. In the rainy season, the values of discharges and concentrations were higher than in the dry season. The highest mean concentration was 101.16 mg.L-1at station 3, and the highest total solid discharge occurred at station 4 with a mean value of 113.83 t.d-1. In addition to precipitation, factors such as vegetation cover, land use and slope are influencing the sediment dynamics in the Jordão River. The key curves of suspended and total sediments obtained for each season and the bound data from all stations showed good correlations.

Conflito de uso e indicadores morfométricos para a gestão de política de uso do solo / Land use conflict and morphometric indicators for land use policy management

RESUMO Este trabalho propõe indicadores ambientais de políticas públicas com base na espacialização dos parâmetros morfométricos e de conflito de uso em áreas municipais. As técnicas de geoprocessamento de imagens orbitais em sistemas de informações geográficas foram utilizadas para analisar o banco de dados dos valores de cada parâmetro morfométrico da superfície terrestre - área, perímetro, comprimento da rede de drenagem, densidade de drenagem, número de canais, frequência de rios, declividade e coeficiente de rugosidade - e elaborar os mapas temáticos de uso atual, de uso potencial e de conflito de uso do solo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e exploratória multivariada. A espacialização dos valores obtidos da caracterização morfométrica gerou indicadores físicos ambientais que possibilitaram a diferenciação de áreas. O conhecimento do sistema hidrológico dessas regiões reflete o sistema natural de drenagem em seu comprimento. O número de canais e conflito de uso indicam áreas prioritárias para gestão ambiental e políticas de uso do solo. Os parâmetros morfométricos são potenciais indicadores ambientais.

ABSTRACT This study has the main objective to propose environmental indicators for public policies based on spatial distribution of morphometric characteristics and land-use conflicts in municipal areas. The techniques of satellite images in geographic information systems were used to analyze the database of the values of each morphometric parameter of the earth's surface: area, perimeter, length of the drainage system, drainage density, number of channels, river frequency, slope and roughness coefficient and to elaborate thematic maps of current land-use, potential land-use, and land-use conflicts. The data were submitted to descriptive and multivariate exploratory statistical analysis. The spatial distribution of values of morphometric characterization generated environmental physical indicators which enabled the differentiation of areas. The knowledge of the hydrological system in these regions reflects the natural drainage system along its length. The number of channels and the land-use conflicts indicate priority areas for environmental management and land use policies. The morphometric characteristics are potential environmental indicators.

Overlapping Cervical Cell Image Segmentation Based on Bottleneck Detection and Watershed Algorithm / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study proposes an image segmentation method based on bottleneck detection and watershed algorithm to solve the problem of overlapping cervical cell image. First, we use polygon approximation to get all feature points on the cell contour and then use bottleneck detection and ellipse fitting to obtain the correct split point pairs. Therefore, the approximate range of the overlapping region was determined. The watershed algorithm was used to obtain the internal boundary information for the gradient image of the region. Finally, the segmentation results of the overlapped cells were obtained by superimposing with the outer contour. The experimental results show that this algorithm can segment the contour of a single cell from the overlapping cervical cell images with good accuracy and integrity. The segmentation result is close to that of doctors' manual marking, and the segmentation result is better than other existing algorithms.

Plano Estratégico de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Itaquarinchim (RS): integrando responsabilidades / Strategic payment plan for environmental services in Itaquarinchim Arroyo Basin, RS: integrating responsibilities

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um Plano Estratégico de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PEPSA) para a manutenção da qualidade da água e do solo na bacia hidrográfica do arroio Itaquarinchim, em Santo Ângelo (RS). Com base em um diagnóstico ambiental da bacia hidrográfica, das ações propostas no Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico e do Plano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Ijuí, foram levantados os principais problemas ambientais existentes na bacia, definidos possíveis serviços ambientais e apontados seus benefícios. O PEPSA propõe uma análise integrada das políticas relacionadas aos recursos hídricos, relacionando-as com as metas e os objetivos dos planos analisados. Com o intuito de efetivar as ações propostas, o PEPSA sugere, após identificar possíveis fontes de recursos, a formatação de um fundo para pagamento de serviços ambientais. O PEPSA organizado de forma sistêmica pode ser compreendido como ferramenta base para a concretização de ações e metas propostas em diferentes planos e programas e, dessa forma, para a efetivação de políticas públicas.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to develop a Strategic Payment Plan for Environmental Services (SPPES), for the maintenance of water and soil quality in the watershed of Arroyo Itaquarinchim, in St. Angelo/RS. Based on an environmental assessment of the river basin, of the actions proposed in the Municipal Sanitation Plan and the Plan of Ijuí River Basin, major environmental problems in the basin were raised, also defining services and indicating possible environmental benefits. PEPSA proposes an integrated analysis of policies related to water resources, linking them with the goals and objectives of the plans analyzed. In order to accomplish the proposed actions, PEPSA suggests, after identifying possible funding sources, putting together a fund to pay for environmental services. The sistematically organized PEPSA can be understood as a base tool for effective actions and goals proposed in different plans and programs, and thus, for the implementation of public policies.

O valor do serviço de proteção de mananciais / The value of the watershed protection service

RESUMO Unidades de conservação são espaços protegidos que prestam serviços ambientais continuamente para toda a sociedade. O Serviço de Proteção aos Mananciais de abastecimento público (SPM) é um desses serviços. Como previsto no art. 47 do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC), Lei nº 9.985, de 2000 (BRASIL, 2004b), deve contribuir financeiramente para a proteção e implementação da unidade aquele usuário do recurso hídrico que se beneficiar da proteção proporcionada por ela. O pagamento pelo serviço ambiental a que a unidade de conservação faz jus deve ser valorado com a participação de seus usuários e divulgação de seus valores para que esses usuários conheçam as consequências de perdas dos serviços ecossistêmicos. Valorar esse serviço é o objetivo deste trabalho.

ABSTRACT Conservation Units are Protected Areas that continuously provide environmental services to society. An example is the Public Water Supply Watershed Protection Service (SPM). As provided in art. 47, Law 9.985 of 2000 (BRASIL, 2004b), the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC): should contribute financially to the protection and implementation of the unit those users of water resources that benefit from the protection afforded by it. The payment for environmental services that the protected area deserves should be valued with the participation of all users, who should be aware of the value of the ecosystem services provided and the consequences of losing such services. Valuing this service is the goal of this work.

Lago Guaíba: uma análise histórico-cultural da poluição hídrica em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Lake Guaíba: a historical and cultural analysis of water pollution in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

RESUMO A qualidade de vida é intrinsecamente ligada à disponibilidade de água, e a poluição desse recurso afeta diretamente as populações. O Lago Guaíba possui importância histórica, econômica e cultural para Porto Alegre (RS) e região metropolitana. Este trabalho discute o contexto histórico-cultural da poluição do Lago Guaíba. Com grande região hidrográfica, o lago sofre diversos impactos ambientais e, ao mesmo tempo, possui múltiplos usos para suas águas. Apesar da grande importância do Lago Guaíba para a região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, há um histórico descaso com sua qualidade. O lago apresenta-se poluído, com percepção pública dessa realidade e limitação de usos diretos de suas águas.

ABSTRACT The quality of life is intrinsically linked to water availability; however, pollution on this resource directly affects people. Lake Guaíba has a historical, economic and cultural importance to Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil) and its metropolitan region. This report discusses the historical and cultural context of Lake Guaíba's pollution. With a large watershed, Lake Guaíba suffers many environmental impacts and, at the same time, has multiple uses for its waters. Despite the great importance of Lake Guaíba to Porto Alegre metropolitan region, there is a historical disregard with its quality. The lake is polluted and there is a public perception of this reality with direct limitation of its water's use.

Hydrological Modeling of the Paligad Watershed (India) Using HSPF Model

For hydrological studies, it is well known that each hydrological system behaves differently and in order to effectively manage those systems, it is necessary to understand their behavior. The hydrological component of Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) model was set up and calibrated for Paligad watershed which is a sub-basin of Aglar watershed in the Uttarakhand state of India. The calibration of the model was done manually and an expert advice system called as HSPEXP+ was used to aid calibration. The values of evaluation indicators such as coefficient of determination (R2) Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, PBIAS and the mean error (RE) were found to be within acceptable range which also indicated good calibration and validation results. The validation results showed that the model nearly simulated the mean monthly runoff with the coefficient of determination (R2) as 0.83 for the year 2015-2016. The total observed annual runoff volume was 32.26 inches, where the value of annual simulated runoff volume was found to be 30.37 inches indicating an error of -5.84% in the estimation of total annual runoff volume. The effect of change in land use/ land cover of the catchment can be evaluated using this model. This study offers more scope on the management of watershed output in the form of runoff and the impact changes in land use/ land cover on the streamflow from the basin.

The watershed transform in pathological image analysis: application in rectiulocyte count from supravital stained smears

Background: Morphometric studies based on image analysis are a useful adjunct for quantitative analysis of microscopic images. However, effective separation of overlapping objects if often the bottleneck in image analysis techniques. We employ the watershed transform for counting reticulocytes from images of supravitally stained smears.Methods: The algorithm was developed with the Python programming platform, using the Numpy, Scipy and OpenCV libraries. The initial development and testing of the software were carried out with images from the American Society of Hematology Image Library. Then a pilot study with 30 samples was then taken up. The samples were incubated with supravital stain immediately after collection, and smears prepared. The smears were microphotographed at 100X objective, with no more than 150 RBCs per field. Reticulocyte count was carried out manually as well as by image analysis.Results: 600 out of 663 reticulocytes (90.49%) were correctly identified, with a specificity of 98%. The major difficulty faced was the slight bluish tinge seen in polychromatic RBCs, which were inconsistently detected by the software.Conclusions: The watershed transform can be used successfully to separate overlapping objects usually encountered in pathological smears. The algorithm has the potential to develop into a generalized cell classifier for cytopathology and hematology.

Plano de segurança da água implementado na estação de tratamento de água de Guaraú, em São Paulo / Water safety plan implemented on Guaraú water treatment plant in São Paulo, Brazil

RESUMO O Plano de Segurança da Água representa a estratégia de previsão de perigos e monitoramento de riscos que podem ameaçar a qualidade da água para consumo humano. O trabalho teve o intuito de estudar o Plano de Segurança da Água implantado na estação de tratamento de água Guaraú, de modo a identificar sua concepção metodológica, seus desafios e suas potencialidades para o controle efetivo do sistema de abastecimento de água. Os documentos que subsidiaram a elaboração do plano foram as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e as exigências do padrão de potabilidade, previstos pela Portaria nº 2.914/2011, do Ministério da Saúde. Para tratamento de água, a companhia gestora do saneamento na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo adotou a metodologia de Beuken et al. (2008) e a proposta de Brasil (2012) para caracterização do perigo e avaliação de riscos. A avaliação indica que quanto maior o valor atribuído a determinado parâmetro, maior é a atenção necessária a este ao longo do sistema de abastecimento de água. A empresa instituiu o Plano de Segurança da Água para otimizar os processos de tratamento e garantir qualidade na distribuição de água potável de forma eficiente. Essa empresa iniciou discussões internas sobre o instrumento em 2006, identificou uma metodologia que pudesse expressar as diretrizes da política ambiental, elaborou o modelo do Plano de Segurança da Água, realizou reuniões técnicas e implantou o plano na estação de tratamento do Guaraú. Os principais resultados foram a sistematização de registros, a implementação de novos procedimentos, a aquisição de equipamentos, a capacitação técnica e a identificação de pontos de controle. O maior desafio foi implantar um instrumento preventivo viável e dinâmico para gestão hídrica. Ressalta-se que o sucesso do plano depende, entre outros fatores, de dados atualizados, da participação da alta administração e dos ajustes necessários requeridos pela própria metodologia. Há falta de estudos científicos e manuais práticos sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT Water Safety Plans represent the strategy for predicting hazards and monitoring risks that can threat the water quality for human consumption. This paper intended to study Water Safety Plans implemented at Guaraú water treatment plant in order to identify its methodological requirements, challenges and opportunities for the effective control in water supply systems. The documents that supported the plan were the World Health Organization recommendations and the drinking water standards of Brazilian regulation 2914/2010 by Health Ministry. Regarding water treatment, the managers of sanitation in the metropolitan areaof São Paulo adopted Beuken et al. (2008) and Brazil (2012) methodologies for hazard description and risk evaluation. This evaluation model proposes that the greater value associated to a certain parameter meansit needs more attentionthan another in the water supply system. The company has implemented Water Safety Plans to optimize its treatment processes and to ensure water distribution with quality and efficiency. The company has been discussing about this tool since 2006; it identified a methodology that could express the environmental policy guidelines, elaborated a model of Water Safety Plans, held technical meetings and applied the plan to Guaraú water treatment plant. The main results were records systematization, implementation of new procedures, acquisition of equipment, technical capacitation and identification of control points. The greatest challenge was to establish a feasible and dynamic preventive tool for managing water resources. It must be emphasized that the Water Safety Plans success depends on, among other variables, an up-to-date database, the cooperation of decision-makers and continuous adjustments required by the methodology itself. There is not sufficient scientific studies and handbooks about this subject.

Identificação molecular de Escherichia coli diarreiogênica na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Xopotó na região do Alto Rio Doce / Molecular identification of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in the watershed of Xopotó River, in Alto do Rio Doce, Brazil

RESUMO Esta pesquisa científica teve como principal objetivo identificar patótipos de Escherichia coli diarreiogênica nas águas superficiais da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Xopotó, na região do Alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais. Os estudos referentes às estirpes diarreiogênicas de E. coli no meio ambiente no Brasil são escassos. A bacia hidrográfica escolhida para o estudo sofre intensa degradação ambiental devido ao lançamento de esgoto in natura em seus corpos d'água e às atividades antrópicas, como a agropecuária. As coletas de água nos 13 pontos amostrais foram realizadas em duas épocas do ano de 2015 (abril e julho). Para identificação dos genes de E. coli diarreiogênica, utilizou-se o método de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A bacia hidrográfica apresentou contaminação diarreiogênica de patótipos E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) e E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), tal ocorrência foi constante em ambas as campanhas. Os genes de virulência observados foram: na STEC, toxina Shiga (Stx1), responsável por causar doenças renais graves, como a síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (SHU); já a EPEC apresentou somente o gene virulento eae, característico do subgrupo atípico (aEPEC); a ETEC apresentou toxinas termolábeis (LT). A presença desses patótipos representa potencial risco de doenças diarreiogênicas na população que utiliza os recursos hídricos, particularmente idosos e crianças, e evidencia o comprometimento da qualidade microbiológica dos cursos d'água constituintes da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Xopotó, decorrente principalmente da ausência de estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs).

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this scientific research was to identify pathotypes of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli in the watershed of Xopotó River, in Alto do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais region, Brazil. The studies referring to the stirps diarrheagenics of E. coli in the environment in Brazil are scarce. The watershed chosen for the study suffers intense environmental degradation due the release of raw sewage into their water bodies and human activities, such as agriculture. The water collecting at 13 sampling points were held in two periods of the year 2015 (April and July). For the identification of the genes of diarrheagenic E. coli, the method of reaction polymerase chain (PCR) was used. The watershed presented pathogenic contamination of pathotypes Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) such a constant occurrence in both campaigns. The virulence genes observed were: STEC, Shiga toxin (Stx1), responsible for causing severe kidney disease as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Besides that, EPEC presented only the virulent gene eae, characteristic of the atypical subgroup (aEPEC), as well as thermolabile toxins (LT). The presence of these pathotypes represents potential risk of diarrheagenic diseases in the population that uses the water resources, particularly the elderly and children, and demonstrates the commitment of the microbiological quality of constituents watercourses of the watershed of Xopotó River, mainly because the lack of sewage treatment facilities.

Physical parameters of the cachimbal river sub-basin associated to landscape change in Pinheiral-RJ, Brazil / Parâmetros físicos da sub-bacia do rio cachimbal associada à mudança de paisagem em Pinheiral-RJ, Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize the physical parameters of the Cachimbal River Watershed, located in Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and to use the resulting data to identify degradation risks. To achieve this purpose, a Hydrologically Consistent Digital Elevation Model (HCDEM) was generated using contour line, river path, and area boundary data extracted from topographic maps of the cities of Volta Redonda (Page SF-23-ZAV-2) and Piraí (Page SF-23-Z-VI-1). These maps were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and were rendered at a scale of 1:50,000 ArcGISs version 10.5 software was used to generate the HCDEM, from which the physical parameters were extracted. Results showed that the altitude of the area ranges from 360 m to 740 m, while the slope varies heterogeneously from 6% to 28%. The sub-basin has a total area of 104.15 km², a perimeter of 63.41 km, a main channel length of 21.79 km, and a 5th-order dendritic drainage network. Other parameters include a compactness coefficient of 1.74, a form factor of 0.34, and a circularity ratio of 0.33. These values indicate that the sub-basin is not prone to floods because of its elongated shape. Meanwhile, drainage density was 2.60 km km-2, while river density was 5.5 channels km-2; these parameters indicate excellent performance and high potential to generate new channels. Although the roughness coefficient indicates that the area is suitable for agricultural development, the roughness index demonstrates the need to adopt more nuanced agricultural practices that account for the particular features of the area, such as topographic variation and soil characteristics.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os parâmetros físicos da sub-bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Cachimbal, Pinheiral-RJ, Brasil, a fim de se identificar os riscos à degradação. Para isso foi gerado o Modelo Digital de Elevação Hidrologicamente Consistente (MDEHC) através a partir das cartas topográficas dos municípios de Volta Redonda (Folha SF-23-Z-A-V-2) e Piraí (Folha SF-23-Z-VI-1), obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística na escala de 1:50.000, onde foram extraídas as curvas de nível, rios e limite. A confecção foi realizada utilizando o software ArcGIS versão 10.5. A obtenção dos parâmetros físicos foi realizada sob o MDEHC. Verificou-se que a altimetria varia de 360m a 740m e a declividade de 6% a 28%, estando elas apresentando padrão de distribuição heterogêneo. A sub-bacia possui área total de 104.15 km², perímetro de 63.41 km, com comprimento do canal principal de 21.79 km e rede de drenagem de 5ª ordem, com padrão dendrítico; coeficiente de compacidade (Kc) de 1.74; coeficiente de forma (Kf) de 0.34, índice de circularidade (IC) de 0.33; que indicam que a sub bacia não apresenta propensão a enchentes, pois possui formato alongado. Os valores encontrados para densidade de drenagem (Dd) foram de 2.60 km km-2 e a para densidade hidrográfica (Dh) de 5.5 canais km-2, o que classificou a área com Dd muito boa e Dh com elevado potencial para gerar novos canais. Dessa forma o escoamento superficial ocorre de forma lenta, e a formação de processos erosivos ocorre gradualmente. Apesar do coeficiente de rugosidade (Cr) indicar aptidão agrícola para agricultura, o índice de rugosidade (Ir) verificado, demonstra a necessidade da adoção de um conjunto de práticas agrícolas mais conservacionistas, levando em levando em consideração as particularidades da área, com destaque para as variações do relevo e características do solo associadas à paisagem da bacia hidrográfica.

Risk factors and MRA observation in the patients with cortical watershed infarcts or internal watershed in-farcts / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors and MRA manifests in the patients with cortical wa-tershed infarcts(CWSI)or internal watershed infarcts(IWSI).Methods We collected the patients with acute wa-tershed infarcts in our hospital from January 2013 to April 2016.According to the Bogousslavsky classification stan-dard,the patients were divided into two groups:CWSI and IWSI. The two groups were compared in terms of risk factors and MRA manifests. Results We included 36 CWSI and 11 IWSI patients in the study.There were signifi-cant differences in smoke,diabetes mellitus,fasting blood glucose levels and carotid atherosclerotic plaque be-tween the two groups,and so it was with the stenosis of ICA,MCA,ACA,PCA,VA and BA:The stenosis of ICA in the CWSI group was more serious than in the IWSI group,but the stenosis of MCA,ACA,PCA,VA and BA in the IWSI group was more serious than in the CWSI group. Conclusions The pathogenesis of CWSI may be related to the formation of carotid atherosclerotic plaques,carotid stenosis and arterial artery embolism,or plaque shedding and micro emboli removal.The pathogenesis of IWSI may be related to the decrease of the perfusion pres-sure at the end of the intracranial artery.The ratio of IWSI to diabetes mellitus is higher than that of CWSI,suggest-ing that the damage of diabetes to intracranial arteriole is earlier than that of intracranial and extracranial arteries.

Juxta-articular Plate Fixation in Distal Radius Intra-articular Fractures with Accompanying Volar Free Fragments beyond the Watershed Line

BACKGROUND: Although distal radius fractures (DRF) are common fractures, intra-articular comminuted DRF with volar free fragments are uncommon. There is considerable difficulty in the fixation of free fragments beyond the watershed line using the existing volar locking plate. We aimed to examine the efficacy and potential complications associated with the use of juxta-articular volar plates in intra-articular DRF accompanied by free fragments beyond the watershed line. METHODS: The patients were enrolled in a consecutive manner between 2007 and 2016. In cases of DRF with free fragments beyond the watershed line, we employed a 2.4-mm small fragment juxta-articular volar locking compression plate using a volar Henry approach. A total of 32 patients were included in this study. There were 15 males and 17 females with a mean age of 52.3 years (range, 33 to 69 years). The mean follow-up period was 14.5 months (range, 10 to 24 months). Preoperative radiographs and three-dimensional computed tomography images were used to analyze fracture patterns and assess the free fragments beyond the watershed line. The mean number of free fracture fragments beyond the watershed line was 2.33. Plain radiographs of immediate postoperative and last follow-up were used to confirm fracture union, incongruence, radial height, volar tilt, radial inclination, and arthritic changes. For functional assessment, we measured grip strength, range of motion (ROM), modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS) and determined Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores at the last follow-up. Postoperative complications were monitored during the follow-up period. RESULTS: All patients obtained sound union without significant complications. At the last follow-up, 16 cases presented with an articular step-off of more than 1 mm (mean, 1.10 mm). The mean MMWS was 76.3 (range, 55 to 90), mean DASH score was 15.38 (range, 9 to 22), mean visual analogue scale score for pain was 1.2 and mean grip strength was 75.5% of the opposite side. The mean ROM was 74.3° for volar flexion and 71.5° for dorsiflexion. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of intra-articular DRF with free fragments beyond the watershed line, a volar approach with use of a juxtaarticular plate provided favorable outcomes without significant complications.

Infarction location for predicting cerebral infarction progressive motor nerve function deficits in middle cerebral artery area / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the correlation between the infarction location and progressive motor deficits (PMD) occurrence.Methods The patients with middle cerebral artery(MCA) infarction within 24 h of onset without thrombolytic therapy were included.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) motor item score increase ≥2 points of the base line within 7 d after stroke onset served as the PMD diagnostic criteria.The differences in clinical and laboratory data,and infarction location were compared between the PMD group and non-PMD group.The multivariate Logistic regression analysis predicted the risk factors of PMD occurrence.Results A total 121 patients with MCA acute cerebral infarction were included in the study and divided into the PMD group (45 cases) and non-PMD group (76 cases).The internal watershed infarction occurrencerate in the PMD group was higher than that in the non-PMD group (26.7 ％ vs.5.3％,p=0.001).The occurrence rate of penetrating arterial infarction (PAI) had no statistical difference between the PMD group and non-PMD group(42.2％ vs.35.5％,P=0.463).PAI was further divided into perforating branch atheromatous disease (BAD) and lipohyalinitic degeneration (LD).The occurrence rate of BAD in the PMD group was significantly higher than that in the non-PMD group (28.9％ vs.9.2％,P=0.005).The stepwise Logistic regression analysis indicated that watershed infarction [odds ratio (OR):9.750,95 ％ confidence interval(CI):2.828-33.612,P=0.000] and BAD lesion (OR:6.036,95 ％ CI:2.119-17.190,P =0.001) were the independent risk factors contributing to PMD.Conclusion Internal watershed infarction and BAD lesion may predict the PMD occurrence.The infarct location is conducive to find the high risk population of cerebral infarction progress.

Aptidão da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Almada diante da implantação de áreas para disposição ambiental de rejeitos / The waste disposal suitability of Almada River Watershed

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou identificar a adequabilidade da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Almada (BHRA) diante da implantação de áreas para a disposição de rejeitos por intermédio do reconhecimento das características dos atributos do meio físico e de uso e ocupação do solo. A metodologia adotada teve, inicialmente, as suas atividades associadas ao levantamento dos estudos ambientais e à consolidação dos mapeamentos temáticos já realizados na área da BHRA. Em seguida, os planos de informações temáticas, a exemplo de substrato rochoso, solos e formas de relevo, tiveram as suas características enquadradas em classes de adequabilidade à implantação de rejeitos de acordo com a proposta de Zuquette. Os resultados encontrados atestam o cenário em que a área da BHRA apresenta mais concentração de adequabilidades severas e restritivas localizadas nas porções oeste, norte e leste, em virtude da extensa ocorrência de áreas de preservação permanente (APPs) associadas às áreas de declividade superior a 45º e em porções de topo de morros, além da presença marcante de bolsões de floresta densa.

ABSTRACT This work had the objective to identify the suitability of the Almada River Watershed (ARW) front of the deployment areas for waste disposal from the recognition of physical environment and land use occupation characteristics. The methodology had initially its activities associated with the survey of environmental studies and consolidation of thematic maps already made in the ARW area. Then the plans of thematic information, like bedrock, soils and landforms, had its features framed in suitability classes to the implementation of waste disposal in accordance with the proposal of Zuquette. The results attested to the scenario in which the area of ARW has a higher concentration of severe and restrictive suitability located in the west, north and east portions, due to the extensive occurrence of permanent preservation areas in upper 45º slope areas and top portions of hills, associated with the presence of dense forest.

Parasite infracommunities of Leporinus friderici: A comparison of three tributaries of the Jurumirim Reservoir in southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT The degradation and homogenization of natural habitats is considered a major cause of biotic homogenization. Many studies have been undertaken on the effects of dams on aquatic wildlife, in particular fish assemblages. But how do dams affect the parasitic fauna of such fish? The aim of the present study was to examine parasitic similarity, comparing the diversity and structure of parasite communities of Leporinus friderici (Characiformes, Anostomidae) in three upstream tributaries under the influence of the Jurumirim Dam on the Upper Paranapanema River in southeastern Brazil. The present study did not find any significant differences in parasite communities among populations of L. friderici in the three upstream tributaries. This result highlights that dams promote and facilitate the dispersal of organisms between localities, and therefore the spatial homogenization of parasite communities. Overall, the results suggest that fish parasite assemblages can provide suitable data for evaluating biotic homogenization caused by dams.