Efecto de las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en los síntomas de estrés post-traumático en sobrevivientes de un terremoto. Hacia un modelo explicativo del estrés post-traumático / The effects of stress coping strategies in post-traumatic stress symptoms among earthquake survivors: an explanatory model of post-traumatic stress

Se determinó el efecto de las estrategias de afrontamiento (WOC) en los síntomas de estrés post-traumático (PTSD) ante un evento estresante común para 304 personas (Chile, terremoto 27 de febrero de 2010), mediante la aplicación del ways of coping questionnaire y de la davidson scale of trauma. Los resultados muestran 4 modelos de regresión lineal múltiple significativos que explican el total y los 3 tipos de síntomas del PTSD a partir de las WOC evitación y resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, un primer modelo integrado mediante ecuaciones estructurales no obtuvo buenos índices de ajuste. Se concluye con un modelo integrado alternativo que presenta muy buenos índices de ajuste. Finalmente se entregan explicaciones basadas en neuroimágenes y covert conditioning, además de reflexiones sobre prevención y prevalencia del PTSD.

The effect of the ways of coping (WOC) in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a stressing event common to a sample of 304 people (Chile, earthquake february, 27 2010) was determined through the application of the ways of coping questionnaire and the davidson scale of trauma. The results show 4 significant regression multiple linear models explaining the total and the 3 types of PTSD symptoms through WOC such as avoidance and problem solution. However, a first integrated model through structural equations did not attain good fit indexes. The study has been concluded with an alternative integrated model presenting very good adjustment indexes (CMIN/DF=.058, RMSEA=.000, NFI=.999, CFI=.999 and PNFI=.100). Finally, explanations based on neuroimages and covert conditioning are provided along with reflections on the prevention and prevalence of the PTSD.

The Association of Alcohol Problems with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Psychological Hardiness and the Ways of Coping in Firefighters / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the association between alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, psychological hardiness, and coping mechanisms in firefighters. METHODS: We conducted an e-mail survey of 131 firefighters who were working at the two fire department stations in Gyeonggido, receiving replies from 96. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Hardiness Scale, and The Ways of Coping Checklist were used to collect the data. We divided the subjects into three drinking groups per their AUDIT scores : social, problem, and abuse drinking groups and compared PTSD symptoms, psychological hardiness, and coping strategies among the groups. RESULTS: Of the 96 firefighters, 73 (76.1%), 11 (11.4%), and 12 (11.4%) belonged to the social, problem, and abuse drinking groups, respectively. Control, one component of psychological hardiness, was significantly lower in the abuse drinking group. However, IES-R scores and four subscales of the Ways of Coping Checklist did not vary significantly among the groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest an approach focused on psychological hardiness should show a preventive effect with regard to firefighters' alcohol problems.

Relationship Among the Dissociation, Ways of Coping Style, and Hypnotizability in Undergraduate Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : Presently there exist conflicting results in terms of the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and the dissociation experience in college-aged populations. The present investigation sought to explore the relationship among dissociation, coping style and hypnotizability using structural equation modeling (SEM). METHODS : 288 Korean undergraduates completed the Dissociation Experience Scale-Korean version (DES-K), Coping style assessment, and assessment of the eye roll sign which is a suggested biological marker of hypnotizability according to Spiegel. We divided the students into two groups (DES> or = 20, N=81; DES <20, N=207) to evaluate differences in these variables. The Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship among the variables. We used SEM to investigate the mediating process in the relationship among hypnotizability coping style and dissociation. RESULTS : In the high DES-K group, scores of passive coping strategies (emotionally focused and wishful thinking) were higher than low DES-K group. There were statistically significant but weak correlations between hypnotizability and wishful thinking and between passive coping strategies and dissociation. The mediating role of passive coping style between hypnotizability and dissociation was confirmed in university students. CONCLUSION : These results suggested there was no direct relationship between hypnotizability and dissociation and passive coping strategies mediating the relationship between hypnotizability and dissociation. This study cautions against equating dissociative capacity with hypnotizability.

Relationship Among the Dissociation, Ways of Coping Style, and Hypnotizability in Undergraduate Students / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : Presently there exist conflicting results in terms of the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and the dissociation experience in college-aged populations. The present investigation sought to explore the relationship among dissociation, coping style and hypnotizability using structural equation modeling (SEM). METHODS : 288 Korean undergraduates completed the Dissociation Experience Scale-Korean version (DES-K), Coping style assessment, and assessment of the eye roll sign which is a suggested biological marker of hypnotizability according to Spiegel. We divided the students into two groups (DES> or = 20, N=81; DES <20, N=207) to evaluate differences in these variables. The Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship among the variables. We used SEM to investigate the mediating process in the relationship among hypnotizability coping style and dissociation. RESULTS : In the high DES-K group, scores of passive coping strategies (emotionally focused and wishful thinking) were higher than low DES-K group. There were statistically significant but weak correlations between hypnotizability and wishful thinking and between passive coping strategies and dissociation. The mediating role of passive coping style between hypnotizability and dissociation was confirmed in university students. CONCLUSION : These results suggested there was no direct relationship between hypnotizability and dissociation and passive coping strategies mediating the relationship between hypnotizability and dissociation. This study cautions against equating dissociative capacity with hypnotizability.

The relationship between emotional intelligence and the ways of occupational stress coping in nurses / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate characteristics of emotional intelligence(EI)and the ways of occupational stress coping in nurses as well as the predictive validity of EI on coping strategies.Methods 464 nurses from general hospitals were collected and evaluated with psychometric instruments including:Wong's Emotional Intelligence Scale(WEIS)and Nurse Ways of Coping Questionnaire.Data were conducted by Logistic regress analysis according to key themes.Results (1)Nurses' demographic characteristics had effects to the ways of occupational stress coping and emotional intelligence.However,there was no statistical difference of El varied with education levels(P＞0.05).(2)Both problems solving and positive recognition are main coping styles of nurses towards occupational stress.Either avoidance or self-reproach was seldom coping strategies of nurses toward occupational pressures(2.60±0.55;2.60±0.75;1.37±0.69;respectively).(3)El was correlated with coping styles(r=-0.123～0.253,P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Conclusion Four dimensions of EI positively or negatively predicted six kinds of occupational stress coping strategies separately.

Relations between Demographic, Clinical, Psychopathological Characteristics and the Ways of Coping for Psychosocial Adjustment in Epileptic Patients / 대한간질학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to understand the relations of demographic and clinical characteristics, psychopathology and ways of coping with psychosocial adjustment of epileptic patients. METHODS: The participants were 200 epileptic outpatients. They completed Korean version of Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (K-WPSI), Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and The Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC). RESULTS: The results showed that frequency of seizure, education level, socioeconomic level, occupation, all of subscales in SCL-90-R and passive coping styles were significantly related to overall psychosocial functioning of epileptic patients. The global severity index score that indicated present psychopathology of SCL-90-R best explained overall psychosocial functioning. And the frequency of seizure, education level, socioeconomic level, occupation, and somatization were also significant factors. The global severity index score was explained by emotional focused coping, socioeconomic level, frequency of seizure, and problem focused coping. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that psychosocial adjustment of epileptic patients showed a significant relations with psychopathology, clinical and socioeconomic factors and the ways of coping.

Processos de enfrentamento do estresse e sintomas depressivos em pacientes portadores de retocolite ulcerativa idiopática / Stress coping strategies and depressive symptoms among ulcerative colitis patients

Inserindo-se na tradição de estudos sobre as relações entre doenças e processos emocionais, este trabalho investigou as formas de enfrentamento do estresse e a presença de sintomas depressivos em 100 indivíduos portadores de retocolite ulcerativa idiopática (RCUI), usuários do Ambulatório de Doenças Inflamatórias do Cólon do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, em São Paulo, que foram comparados a um grupo controle formado por 100 acompanhantes de pacientes de outra unidade da mesma instituição, isentos da doença, garantindo-se similaridade sociodemográfica entre os dois grupos. O grupo de doentes compõe-se predominantemente de mulheres brancas, de baixa instrução, a maioria das quais mantém relacionamento conjugal, reside com familiares e revela ser praticante de crença religiosa. A metodologia consistiu em aplicar aos dois grupos o Inventário de Estratégias de Enfrentamento (Coping) de Folkman e Lazarus e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. A situação estressante mais relatada entre os portadores de RCUI foi a própria doença (categoria dificuldades pessoais, 60%); para enfrentá-la, recorrem sobretudo a estratégias dos fatores Suporte social (47%) e Reavaliação positiva (40%). No grupo controle, o evento estressante mais referido foi da categoria família (44%) - sobretudo doença em família -; e as estratégias utilizadas, do fator Reavaliação positiva (52%). Quanto ao transtorno do humor, 71% dos portadores de RCUI não apresentavam sintomas depressivos (contra 78% do grupo controle), 9% apresentavam disforia (mesmo percentual do grupo controle) e 20%, sintomas depressivos (contra 13% do grupo controle). A associação entre as características clínicas da RCUI e os sintomas depressivos mostrou que estes estão mais presentes nos indivíduos em situação de maior gravidade da doença. Na associação entre as características clínicas e os processos de enfrentamento mais utilizados ) pelos doentes, verificou-se predominância do fator Suporte social, independentemente da intensidade das manifestações clínicas da doença e da presença ou ausência de sintomas depressivos. Inferem-se dos resultados desafios para a pesquisa, o ensino e a prática da Enfermagem.

This study investigated associations between illness and emotional processes by focusing on stress, coping, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 100 ulcerative colitis (UC) outpatients who attend the inflammatory bowel disease clinic at the Medicine College of the University of São Paulo's Hospital das Clínicas, in São Paulo, Brazil. Patients were compared to a sample control group made up of 100 healthy subjects who kept company to other patients at another unit of the same hospital; both groups' main sociodemographic features were matched. Patients were mostly white women of low instruction, religious practisers, living with a partner, who dwelt with their families or relatives. To both groups were applied the Folkman and Lazarus's Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. The most stressful event reported by UC patients was the illness itself (category "personal hardship", 60%) and, in order to cope with it, they resort to Social support (47%) and Positive reappraisal (40%) strategies. In the control group, the most reported stress event belonged to the category "family" (44%) - mostly illness in the family -, and Positive reappraisal (52%) were the most referred coping strategies. As to humor disorders, 71% of UC patients were found to show no depressive symptoms (vs control group's 78%), 9% presented dysphoria (same percentage at control group), and 20% patients showed depressive symptoms (vs control group's 13%). Among UC patients, the association between the disease clinical features and depressive symptoms shows that the latter are more frequent in more severely ill patients. When crossing patients' clinical features and coping processes used, Social support strategies prevail, regardless of disease activity and of presence or absence of depressive symptoms. Findings suggest challenges for Nursing research, teaching, and practice.

Effect of the Genotypes of ALDH II and the Ways of Coping with Stress on the Alcohol Use in Freshmen of a University / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The authors investigated the genotypes of ALDH II and the ways of coping with stress affecting the alcohol use of university freshmen to see the differences associated with the alcohol use according to genotype. METHODS: Five hundred fifty one Chungbuk National University freshmen were investigated on the amount of alcohol consumption per episode, the frequency of alcohol use, and the ways of coping with stress by using a self-questionnaires. Their blood samples were also analysed for their ALDH II genotypes by PCR-RFLP method. The degree of alcohol use was calculated by integrating the amount and the frequency of alcohol use, was assessed according to ALDH II genotype, sex, the ways of coping with stress associated. Collected data was analysed by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis according to genotype and sex. RESULTS: There was a significant difference of the amount of alcohol use per episode according to ALDH II genotype. But there was no difference of the frequency of alcohol use according to ALDH II genotype. Subjects with ND and DD genotype showed significantly lower degree of alcohol use than NN genotype. Women showed significantly lower amount, frequency and degree of alcohol use than men. Active coping, emotional expression, religious seeking, and support seeking for problem solving were associated with the degree of alcohol use in the group with D allele. Religious coping and fatalism were associated with the degree of alcohol use in women. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences of the degree of alcohol use and the ways of coping to stress according to sex and ALDH II genotype.

Estructura de la red social, apoyo social percibido y estilos de atrontamiento: un estudio preliminar en cuidadores familiares de enfermos crónicos / Social network structure, perceived social support and coping styles: a preliminary study in family caregivers of chronic patients

Objetivos 1) analizar posibles diferencias entre madres que cuidan hijos e hijas que cuidan padres, en la estructura de la red social, el apoyo social percibido y los estilos de afrontamiento y 2) estudiar la posible relación entre la estructura de la red y el apoyo social percibido, y los estilos de afrontamiento.Se utilizó el Cuestionario sobre Apoyo Social de Mannheim (MISS) y se seleccionó una versión abreviada del Cuestionario de Estilos de Afrontamiento de Lazarus y Folkman, obtenida por Vitaliano y col.Los valores obtenidos permiten concluir, con un cierto margen de error, que: a) los grupos de madres e hijas cuidadoras se diferencian en el apoyo social percibido y en los estilos de afrontamiento "autoatribución de la culpa" y "pensamiento fantasioso" y b) el grado de apoyo social percibido influye sobre la búsqueda de apoyo social como estilo de afrontamiento, entre las madres cuidadoras y entre las hijas

This study examines 1) the probable differences between mothers who take care of their children and daughters who take care of their parents, in the structure of their social network, the perceived social support and coping mechanisms. 2) Study the probable relationship between the structure of the social network and the perceived social support with the coping mechanisms. The Mannheim Instrument on Social Support (MISS) and the short version of Ways of Coping by Lazarus and Folkman, developed by Vitaliano et al. We can conclude, with a certain margin of error that a) mothers and daughters caregivers of a chronically ill child or parent show a different perceived social support and different ways of coping referred to "self-attributed guilt" and "wishful thinking" and b) the perceived social support influences on the search for social support as a way of coping

Estilos de afrontamiento: un estudio preliminar en cuidadores familiares de enfermos crónicos / Ways of coping: a preliminary study in caregivers of chronically ill patients

Los objetivos de este trabajo son:1) describir cualitativa y cuantitativamente los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador frente a la enfermedad crónica de un familiar y 2) analizar la probable relación existente entre la relación de parentesco y los distintos tipos de enfermedad crónica con los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador. Para evaluar la situación de cuidado del enfermo crónico se construyó un cuestionario integrado por 15 preguntas abiertas y cerradas con alternativas fijas. Para evaluar los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador se seleccionó una versión abreviada del Cuestionario de estilos de afrontamiento (Ways of Coping Checklist) de Lazarus y Folkman, obtenida por Vitaliano. Se aplicaron cinco análisis de variancia de dos factores. Es posible concluir que la variable relación de parentesco sólo influye en los puntajes obtenidos en el Factor 4: Pensamiento fantasioso y que ellas no se diferencian entre sí en los distintos estilos de afrontamiento de acuerdo al tipo de enfermedad crónica que padece el enfermo.

The purpose of this paper is 1) to describe quantitatively and qualitatively the coping mechanisms of the caregiver that faces the chronic illness of a relative. 2) Analyze the relationship between kind of kinship and the different types of chronic illness with the coping mechanisms of the caregiver. In order to evaluate the caregiving of the chronically ill patient we built a questionnaire of 15 open and close items. To asses the coping mechanisms of the caregiver we chose the short version of Ways of Coping Checklist (Lazarus and Folkman) developed by Vitaliano. We made five analyses of variance of two factors. We can conclude that the variable kinship is only responsible for the numbers obtained in Factor 4: Fantasy thoughts and that they show no differences in the ways of coping according to the kind of chronic illness.

The Relationship of Perceived Stress, Ways of Coping, and Stress Response of Nursing Students / 간호학회지

This was designed to identify the relationship of perceived stress, ways of coping, and stress response in student nurses. The subjects of this study were 320 student nurses from two universities and three junior colleges located in Seoul. The data were collected from November 28 to December 10, 1997 by a questionnaire survey method. The instruments for this study were the perceived stress scale developed by Levenstein(1993), ways of coping scale developed by Lazarus and Folkman(1984), and the stress response scale developed by Choi(1991). The data were analyzed by SAS program, using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and ANOVA. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The mean score for the level of perceived stress was 2.55. 2. The mean score for the level of problem oriented coping was 1.61 and the mean score for the level of emotional oriented coping was 1.37. 3. The mean score for the level of stress response was 3.74. Stress was classified into nine factors and the order of scoring for the most frequent was; assignments(3.98), as a nurse(3.97), interpersonal relationship(3.88). 4. The relationship between perceived stress and stress response revealed a positive significant correlation(r=0.23, p=0.0001). 5. The relationship between emotional oriented coping and stress response revealed a positive significant correlation(r=0.22, p=0.0001). 6. The relationship between perceived stress and emotional oriented coping revealed a positive significant correlations(r=0.13, p=0.020). In conclusion, this study revealed that the level of perceived stress and ways of coping were important factors influencing the stress response of student nurses. Therefore, in consideration of perceived stress, ways of coping should be included in the development of a stress management program for student nurses. Further research with an expanded area and subjects is recommended.