Development and Evaluation of Weaning Foods Using Locally Available Nutritious Fruits in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world although the country is endowed with agricultural produce that could be properly utilised to prepare adequate food for children. Considering this, three weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and nutritious fruits such as wheat, soya flour, jackfruit and mango. Methods: Standard procedures of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to determine the chemical composition and microbiological analysis. Organoleptic qualities were analysed by twenty adult panelists of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh, using a 9-hedonic scale against a cereal based commercial brand as standard for proximate and sensory properties. Results: The moisture content of the developed weaning foods ranged from 2.78-3.59%, crude protein content 14.74-16.55%, fat 11.04-12.70%, ash 1.38-1.68%, crude fibre 1.04-1.52%, carbohydrate 65.83-71.09% and energy content from 445.80-465.48 kcal/100g of the foods. The formulated weaning foods A, B and C were significantly different (p<0.05) in moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy contents from the commercial brand, D. According to rat bioassay method, the prepared weaning foods C and B had the highest Protein Efficiency Ratio and Feed Efficiency Ratio than the commercial brand, D. Total bacterial counts were nil for all weaning foods. Sensory analysis revealed acceptability of all the weaning foods and preference for weaning food C that compared favorably with the standard in all the quality attributes. Conclusion: The formulated weaning foods are inexpensive and nutritious, and its ingredients are locally available. These foods have the potential for improving malnutrition problems facing children in Bangladesh.

A Case of Barley Anaphylaxis due to Infant's Weaning Food / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

Barley is not a rare dietary content in Asian food but very few cases of anaphylactic reactions to barley have been reported. Furthermore, most reports are in adult patients with allergic reactions to beer containing barley components or occupational asthmatics known as 'baker's asthma'. We present a case of 11-month old boy who experienced an episode of anaphylaxis with generalized urticaria, periorbital swelling, wheeze and dyspnea after eating baby food containing barley, chestnut, glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, within 30 minutes. Laboratory tests demonstrated high total serum IgE (531 kU/L) and revealed high level of IgE sensitizations to wheat (64.3 kU/L), barley (35.2 kU/L), rice (1.39 kU/L). Using the IgE-immunoblot assay, 7, 14, 25, and 26 kDa of IgE binding bands were identified and high degree of IgE cross-reactivity between barley and wheat extracts were revealed using IgE-immunoblot inhibition and ELISA-inhibition tests in this case.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Vitamin D Deficiency in Breastfed Infants / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional problems, despite a recent improvement of nutritional status of infants and children. We assessed the risk factors for IDA in infants and vitamin D deficiency and IDA by nutrition analysis. METHODS: We analyzed blood tests and evaluated 103 children with IDA and 123 children without IDA, 6-36 months of age, who were cared for in our hospital between March 2006 and July 2010. Nutritional analysis using Canpro was performed among breastfed infants 6~12 months of age who had been diagnosed with IDA and had detailed diet histories. RESULTS: Breastfed infants accounted for 87.4% and 40.7% of the IDA and comparison groups, respectively. The IDA and comparison groups began weaning food at 6.4+/-1.8 and 5.9+/-1.3 months, respectively. In the IDA and comparison groups, 46.4% and 53.5% began to adapt to weaning food within 4 weeks, respectively. The most common reason for hospital care of the IDA group was respiratory symptoms constituting 36.2%. Only 18.6% visited the hospital for palloror anemia. The Canpro analysis, performed on 11 infants with IDA, showed that iron and vitamin D were <40% and 30% of recommended intakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Weaning food should be started 4~6 months of age in breastfed infants. In infants at high risk for IDA and vitamin D deficiency, screening tests should be recommended. The high-risk infants may require iron, vitamin D fortified formula, or oral supplements.

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Vitamin D Deficiency in Breastfed Infants / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional problems, despite a recent improvement of nutritional status of infants and children. We assessed the risk factors for IDA in infants and vitamin D deficiency and IDA by nutrition analysis. METHODS: We analyzed blood tests and evaluated 103 children with IDA and 123 children without IDA, 6-36 months of age, who were cared for in our hospital between March 2006 and July 2010. Nutritional analysis using Canpro was performed among breastfed infants 6~12 months of age who had been diagnosed with IDA and had detailed diet histories. RESULTS: Breastfed infants accounted for 87.4% and 40.7% of the IDA and comparison groups, respectively. The IDA and comparison groups began weaning food at 6.4+/-1.8 and 5.9+/-1.3 months, respectively. In the IDA and comparison groups, 46.4% and 53.5% began to adapt to weaning food within 4 weeks, respectively. The most common reason for hospital care of the IDA group was respiratory symptoms constituting 36.2%. Only 18.6% visited the hospital for palloror anemia. The Canpro analysis, performed on 11 infants with IDA, showed that iron and vitamin D were <40% and 30% of recommended intakes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Weaning food should be started 4~6 months of age in breastfed infants. In infants at high risk for IDA and vitamin D deficiency, screening tests should be recommended. The high-risk infants may require iron, vitamin D fortified formula, or oral supplements.

Survey on the Awareness of Guardians of Young Infants on the Weaning of Food in Pohang and Gyeongju Area / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to investigate the awareness of the weaning of food using questionnaires, and the relationship with the weight gain in young infants. METHODS: From September 2005 to December 2005, we performed a survey on 141 guardians of young infants aged from 6 to 18 months, who visited the pediatric out-patient department at Dongguk University Medical Center. We calculated the total score for each responder from ten questions on the weaning of food and assessed the body weight percentile of each of the young infants. RESULTS: The most commonly reported information source for weaning food was 'the friends around' by 62 respondents (44.0%); 54 (38.3%) responded that the definition of weaning food was the preparatory step before starting a solid diet. Most used a spoon (90.8%) to feed when weaning food with a thin gruel of rice (78.7%). The time for weaning of food was before breast or infant formula feeding (55.3%). Addition of cow's milk was around 12 months (77.3%). The mean score was 6.21; however this did not show a statistically significant correlation with weight gain in young infants. CONCLUSION: The overall awareness of weaning of food has improved; however, information from doctors has decreased. Although the relationship between the awareness of weaning of food and the growth of young infants was not statistically significant, further studies on weaning of food, with larger and controlled sample sizes may provide important information.

Survey on the Pattern of Food Intake during Early Childhood and Allergic Disease / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE: Change of foods intake during infancy and early childhood is being indicated as a causal factor for recent dramatic increase in the number of allergic diseases in children. The food allergens may have an important role for the development of allergic diseases including atopic dermatitis in children. Early prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis are important to prevent of allergic disease later in life. METHODS: The questionaire survey about the diet patterns of their children and the parents' awareness and knowledge on the relationship between food and allergy was performed for the parents of 316 patients aged under 48 month old at 7 university hospitals (4 allergy clinics and 3 general clinics) or 4 private clinics in September, 2002. RESULTS: Formular fed is more common in all age group and it comprised over 70% in the group under age 6 month old in compare with breast milk fed. The mean age of the start of weaning was 5.2+/-1.8 months in a child with a history of allergy, and 4.6+/-2.0 months who had no allergy history. The most common reason to start weaning was nutritional supplement and the next was to train for adult foods. Fruit juice was the first introduced weaning food in most cases. Among 316 children, 108 children had experience of having grain diet, live diet or natural diet for better nutrition. More than half of the parents had relatively correct knowledge about allergy such as the relationship between food and allergy especially in the group with a allergic disease. Many parents started grain diet, live diet, a soup of bone, and the white of an egg to their children under 12 months of age. CONCLUSION: In general, most of the parents enrolled had relatively correct information about the time and the purpose of weaning. However, their knowledge about the kinds of food and time of first exposure is at issue to be pointed out. Especially as a point of view for early intervention of allergic disease, continued more active education about the food allergens and their relation to allergic diseases are strongly recommended.

STUDY OF ZINC ABSORPTION IN THE SOYBEAN FERMENTED WEANING FOOD / 营养学报

The absorptioa of zinc in the fermented soybean weaning food was studied using methed of neutron activation analysis of a stable isotope 70Zn. The results indicated that the rate of zinc absorption (38.7%), activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum (102.3V/L) and the increment of weight (0.5kg) of the infants (7-18m) eating the soybean fermented weaning food were higher than those eating the nonfermented soybean weaning food (30.9%, 71.0V/L, 0.4kg) and the traditional grain weaning food (rice gruel and noodle) (27.5%, 61.5V/L, 0.4kg)

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIET AND THE GROWTH OF INFANTS DURING THE WEANING PERIOD (6-18 MONTHS) / 营养学报

The growth curves and diet of 185 babies in rural area near Beijing from 6 months to 18 months old have been studied. Infants were divided into 3 groups according to their diet taken:(1) 89 babies had breast milk only;(2) 66 babies took more than 250g animal milk per day besides breast milk;(3) 30 babies who did not have breast milk and only animal milk was taken. All the babies were gradually transferred to an ordinary cereal based diet during the weaning period. To half of them a soybean and cereal based formula fortified with minerals and vitamins was supplied, which would provide 6.6g protein and 141 kcal and some other nutrients per day.The results showed that the growth curves of body weight and height of children were much better than the data obtained in 1975, but still lagged behind that of the urban children, especially for the body weight. The weight curves of the babies who took animal milk seemed higher than the other groups. Female babies who were fed with breast milk and supplemented with the weaning food have a better weight and height curves than non-supplemented ones, but this was not seen in males. The hemoglobin contents of the babies who took animal milk when they were 18 months old were lower than that of the 6 months old, but there were no differences in the breast milk groups, and the lowering of the hemoglobin level in the animal milk groups could be corrected by adding weaning food in the diet. When the babies were 6 months old, 39.3% of them had a hair zinc content below the lower limit of the normal range, and it became to 47.6% when they were 18 months old. So zinc deficiency of the babies were present in this local area, and it should be fortified into the weaning food.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF SEVERAL WEANING FOODS / 营养学报

In this study the nutritive value of 4 kinds of weaning foods containing soyflour were measured by chemical and animals experiments. The 4 experimental weaning foods were:1.This formula was developed by the Institute of Health collaborating the First Food Factory of Beijing. It was produced by the Factory and the trade name is "Baobao Le" The soybean was processed by the infra-red light.2.This formula was recommended by UNICEF (Formula No. 5). Soybean flour was treatded with the extruded method.3.This formula was the same as No. 2 (UNICEF Formula No. 5). In which the soybean was wet-heat treated. No. 2 and 3 samples were produced by Wu Xi Light Industry College.4.This formula was developed by the Institute of Shanghai Food Industry as formula D. Puffed soybean flour was used.The 2 control foods were:5.This formula was based on formula "5410". The sample was made by the First Food Factory of Beijing (trade name, "Nutritive Baby Powder").6.Infant Milk Powder, produced by the Child Milk Factory of Shuang Cheng Xian, Hei Long Jiang Province, cow's milk powder was used as the main source of protein. The protein content of the products were:No. 1 and 4, 19.0%, equal to the protein requirement for weaning foods; No.2 and 3, 15.8%, lower than No.1 and 4; Infant Milk Powder, 15.1%; Nutritive Baby Powder, 17.0%.From the results of the animal experiment on weaning rats with respect to growth, after 9 weeks of feeding, the average body weight of control group 5 and 6 increased by 185.8 and 180.5g respectively, which were significantly higher than 146.7 and 150.4g of the experimental groups No. 1 and 4. While the increased body weight of No. 1 and 4 were higher than group 2 and 3 (79.8g and 113.1g respectively). The increase of body lengths were of the same order of the 6 groups as that in body weight.Blood hemoglobin values were all normal (control groups 13.4 and 13.9g per 100 ml; experimental groups 13.9, 14.2, 13.0 and 13.0g).The weight of pancreas in the 4 experimental groups were all normal. It showed that the activity of trypsin inhibitor had been destroyed. Weights of thyroid of the rats were all within the normal range except group 1,2,3, which were a little bit heavier. Potassium iodide was.added into formula 1,2 and 3, to prevent hyperthyroidism but since potassium iodide is easily to evaporate, so it would be perferable to use potassium iodate instead.The above results indicated that the growth promoting effect of the 4 weaning foods is lower than the two baby powder, but they are good weaning foods for baby after six months. "Baobao Le" and formula No 6 are much better.

THE INFLUENCE OF WEANING FOOD ON THE GROWTH OF INFANTS WHILE BREAST-FEEDING / 营养学报

A common phenomenon of a flatten growth curve of infants at the fourth month of brest-feeding that happened in developing countries as compared with the developed areas. This is one of the problems widely concerned about. Thirty one infants were observed for six months from the fourth month after birth, They were divided into three groups and different kinds of weaning foods were provided according to the habit of mother basically using rice paste with small quantity of meat, fish, and egg yolk added, Group 2 used rice paste fortified with 2 to 3% of lysine but still some meat added, Group 3 used whole milk poweder that mixed with rice paste. Home visit was held once or twice weekly, every other week. The health status, body weight and hemoglobin of the babies, as well as the quantity of food eaten were recorded.Under a continuous counselling, the hemoglobin level of babies became normal gradually and the weight gain of babies was higher as compared with the local average growth curve significantly but this growing tendancy was affected by the episodes of illness, especially the respiratory tract infection, diarrheoa (42.3% and 34.6% of total episodes respectively) and the fevers including common cold (23.1%).The rate of body weight of the infants was still lower as compared with those of the United Kingdom babies so a proper feeding guidance to the nursing mother of infants in the rural area was more urgent.