Clasificación alternativa para terceros molares / Alternate classification for third molars

Resumen Introducción En el presente artículo se describen las diferentes clasificaciones de terceros molares retenidos y se recomienda una nueva clasificación que permite predecir la dificultad para la remoción respectiva. Objetivo Lo anterior tiene la finalidad servir de guía para que los estudiantes o profesionales en Odontología utilicen como clasificador el grado de dificultad de terceras molares, el cual se constituiría en un instrumento de medición del tiempo necesario para remover la pieza dental, los pasos necesarios para dicha remoción y la morbilidad relacionada.

Abstract Introduction Different literaly classifications of impacted wisdom teeth will be shown in adddition to a new categorization wich predicts their removal difficulty. Aim The goal of the above statement is to be used as a guide for students and/or collegues to classify the degree of difficulty as a tool to measure the needed time to extract the tooth and the necessary steps to remove it and the related morbility.

Research on Relationship Between Doctor’ Professional Morality and Private Morality from the Perspective of Practical Wisdom / 中国医学伦理学

The cultivation of medical ethics includes two aspects, namely, the education of professional ethics in the doctor-patient communication and the cultivation of personal virtues. The morality of doctors is not only a pure personal morality, but mostly based on the professional ethics of "maintaining the connection with the others" in the doctor-patient relationship. In fact, doctors need to deal with and respond to the interaction of doctor-patient communication in medical service activities, and construct professional ethics and personal virtues within an appropriate "degree" range in correct behavior ways, that is, the virtue and ability of doctors’ practical wisdom. In reality, medical recipients of medical skills (patients and their relatives) not only decline but also lack of active dialogue and interaction power with medical professionals. There is a considerable lack of professional medical knowledge and patients have high medical expectations. Starting from the doctor’s professional ethics, it is necessary to not only abide by the medical scientific guidelines and professional ethics, but also take into account patients’ wishes and expectations, use practical wisdom to balance the measurement of medical benefits and risk, and make correct and appropriate scheme suitable for medical cases, with a view to achieving good medical effect. Patients’ good wishes for medical treatment are limited by the development degree of medical science and technology. A stable and mature doctor-patient relationship needs to be oriented towards fulfilling others, everything except oneself, and oneself. It is necessary to stick to the professional ethics of doctors as professionals, vigorously advocate professional ethics in performing their duties for the sake of obligations, and improve the doctors’ personal practical wisdom and virtue ability. Exploring the practice of medical wisdom from the perspective of medical treatment, grasping the wisdom of medical practice through the coordinated development of medical personal morality and professional ethics to explore the reflection and expression of doctors’ private ethics and professional ethics in promoting the construction of "the art of benevolence".

The Inheritance of Chinese Narrative Medicine Practice to the Traditional Chinese Medicine’s Life Wisdom / 中国医学伦理学

Starting from the inheritance and development of Chinese philosophy of life and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) wisdom through the Chinese narrative medicine practice, this paper discussed the inheritance and correspondence relationship between the text reading ability in Chinese narrative medicine practice and the "four diagnostic" in TCM wisdom, narrative regulation and the "mind-body philosophy" in TCM, as well as the narrative wisdom and the "Tao produces one" in the Chinese philosophy of life. By analyzing the stories of contemporary doctors’ practice of narrative wisdom, this paper clarified that the Chinese narrative medicine system is a new model of medical education and clinical practice constructed by absorbing the essence elements of Chinese traditional life wisdom and TCM culture, and integrating the concept of western narrative medicine. It advocated for Chinese scholars to actively build the discipline of "narrative traditional Chinese medicine", constantly translate and introduce the achievements to foreign countries, and create a good narrative ecology of TCM.

ZHANG Zhiyuan's Experience in Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Leukorrheal Diseases / 中医杂志

To summarize Professor ZHANG Zhiyuan's experience in treating leukorrheal diseases based on syndrome differentiation. It is believed that the main pathogenesis of leukorrheal diseases includes mainly depression， dampness and deficiency. Leukorrheal diseases can be classified into four syndrome types： syndrome of stagnation of liver qi and spleen deficiency， syndrome of internal retention of damp-heat， syndrome of cold-dampness invading downward， and syndrome of kidney yang deficiency. The treatment approach focuses on restoring the ascending and descending opening and closing of qi， regulating the liver and spleen to promote yang qi respectively. The four types of syndromes correspond to the application of four different herbal formulas： By using the combination of Danggui Shaoyao Powder （当归芍药散） from the Synopsis of Golden Chamber （《金匮要略》） with wind-dispelling herbs， adjustments are made to harmonize the liver and spleen； By applying modifications to the Baxian Drink （八仙饮） from the Obstetrics Enlightenment （《产科发蒙》） to clear heat and promote diuresis； A self-designed Shiwei Wendai Decoction （十味温带汤） is adjusted to warm the yang and dispel cold； The Baji Tusi Decoction （巴戟菟丝汤） from the New Compilation of Effective Recipes （《验方新编》） is adjusted to tonify and warm the kidney yang.

Application of the blended teaching model of "intelligent teaching" and "wisdom learning" in the practice teaching of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in internal medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of the blended teaching model of "intelligent teaching" and "wisdom learning" in the practice teaching of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in internal medicine.Methods:According to the principle of randomization, 54 interns in Class 1 of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the grade of 2019 were selected as control group and received traditional teaching, and 56 interns in Class 2 were selected as observation group and received blended teaching with "intelligent teaching" and "wisdom learning". After 6 months of internship, the two groups were compared in terms of the scores of theoretical assessment (basic theoretical knowledge and professional theoretical knowledge), clinical practice ability [Leicester Assessment Package (LAP)], and degree of satisfaction with teaching. SPSS 17.0 was used to perform the t-test and the chi-square test. Results:At the end of internship, compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly higher score of basic theoretical knowledge (41.53±3.42 vs. 38.71±3.38, P<0.05), score of professional theoretical knowledge (39.49±3.14 vs. 37.85±3.07, P<0.05), LAP score (84.32±6.65 vs. 78.46±6.17, P<0.05), and degree of satisfaction with teaching ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For interns majoring in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, the blended teaching model of "intelligent teaching" and "wisdom learning" can strengthen their mastery of theoretical knowledge, enhance their clinical practice ability, and improve their degree of satisfaction with teaching.

Mechanism of electroacupuncture regulating the ligand pathway of tyrosine kinase receptor in improving vascular dementia / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the potential mechanism of electroacupuncture regulating the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor B2/erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor-interacting B2/big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1(EphB2/EphrinB2/BMK1) signaling pathway to improve neural damage in vascular dementia rats. Methods Eighty SD male adult rats were randomly divided into a sham surgery group, a model group, a non acupoint electroacupuncture group, a nimodipine group, and an electroacupuncture three needle group. The vascular dementia rat model was made by the modified Pulsinelli four vessel occlusion method. After grouping, the rats in each group were subjected to water maze test, HE staining, Nissl staining, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 area, and the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the hippocampal CA1 area was detected by immunohistochemistry; Detection of EphB2 and BMK1 protein expression in rat hippocampal CA1 region was detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the model group, the escape latency of vascular dementia rats treated with electroacupuncture and nimodipine decreased (P0.05). Compared with the nimodipine group, the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats in the electroacupuncture Zhisanzhen group significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture may improve the damage of hippocampal neurons in vascular dementia rats by increasing the expression of EphB2 and BMK1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, thereby improving the learning and memory of vascular dementia rats.

Is physical activity associated with a higher degree of wisdom? cross-sectional study with high school students / Atividade física está associada com maior grau de sabedoria? estudo transversal com estudantes do ensino médio

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the association between the degree of wisdom and the level of leisure-time physical activity (PA) of students from a federal public school in southern Brazil. Observational cross-sectional study with 462 young people of both sexes between 15 and 18 years old. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire on the REDCap platform. The independent variable was the "level of leisure PA" (inactive, insufficiently active, and physically active) and the outcome was the "degree of wisdom" evaluated through a validated questionnaire (SD-WISE7). There was a linear trend towards an increase in the wisdom score according to the level of PA. This trend and significant association continued in the adjusted analysis, with active students averaging 1.84 points more in the wisdom score compared to inactive students. In conclusion, the wisest young people are also the most physically active young people. In view of the potential beneficial effects, current studies may consider wisdom as a possible mediator of PA with health outcomes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o grau de sabedoria e o nível de atividade física de lazer (AF) de alunos de uma escola pública federal do sul do Brasil. Estudo observacional de corte transversal com 462 jovens de ambos os sexos entre 15 e 18 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário autoaplicável na plataforma REDCap. A variável independente foi o "nível de AF de lazer" (inativo, insuficientemente ativo e ativo fisicamente) e o desfecho foi a "grau de sabedoria" avaliados por meio de questionários validados. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento do escore de sabedoria conforme o nível de AF. Essa tendência e associação significativa se manteve na análise ajustada, com os ativos tendo em média 1.84 pontos a mais no escore de sabedoria em comparação aos inativos. Em conclusão, os jovens mais sábios também são os jovens mais ativos fisicamente. Tendo em vista os potenciais efeitos benéficos, os estudos atuais podem considerar a sabedoria como um possível mediador da AF com desfechos em saúde.

The Role of Empathy and Vicarious Trauma on Wisdom and Psychological Distress among Lawyers

Background: The present study aims to understand the effects of Empathy and Vicarious Trauma on Wisdom and Psychological Distress among lawyers. In India, the ratio of lawyers to the entire population is quite low and hence, lawyers often find themselves overworked. Constantly working in a stressful environment such as a court has a negative impact on mental health. Therefore, understanding their mental health is crucial. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was used in the study. The data was collected from 94 litigating civil and criminal lawyers from age of 24 – 50 years (females = 54; males = 40). The sample was derived by the Purposive sampling method. The Toronto Empathy Scale, The Vicarious Trauma Scale, The Three- dimensional Wisdom Scale-12, and The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were administered to measure Empathy, Vicarious Trauma, Wisdom, and Psychological Distress respectively. Results: As a statistical tool for data analysis, Independent Samples t-tests were used. The results indicated that Empathy has a significant effect on Wisdom [ t (92) = 3.48, p<0.01]. However, Empathy has no significant effect on Psychological Distress [t (92) = 0.23, ns]. Furthermore, Vicarious Trauma has a significant effect on both Wisdom [ t (92) = 2.31, p<0.05] and Psychological Distress [t (92) = 3.56, p<0.01]. Conclusion: In India, the mental health of lawyers is often compromised which has serious repercussions. Hence, there is a need to address these psychological concerns for the psychological well-being of the lawyers.

Aproximación teórica al diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de terceros molares / Theoretical approach to the cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption

The cephalometric diagnosis of third molars, as the molar group that heads the list of dental retentions, has been very variable and controversial from the clinical to the most modern radiographic methods. A literature review was carried out from January 2017 to March 2020; consulting articles, theses and texts available in databases; enlisting a total of 33 bibliographical references from which 27 were selected. The selection criteria were the direct relation with the subject, updating level in the last 5 years, as well as their methodological quality. The objective was aimed at describing the theoretical approaches to cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption. The review showed that there is a wide variety of studies on cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption with different limitations, each one contributing with their own approach to the subject, with isolated aspects on the etiology of the abnormal eruption in foreign contexts, offering measures that do not adjust to the Cuban population, representing 72.2 % in the last 5 years, including texts, not so updated, but which were of essential consultation due to the importance of their contents. It was concluded that the theoretical approaches presented by the literature on cephalometric diagnosis of third molar eruption are distinguished by the use of different foreign methods in diverse populations; highlighting a Cuban method applicable to the local and national context.

El diagnóstico cefalométrico de los terceros molares, como grupo molar que encabeza la lista de retenciones dentales, ha sido muy variable y controvertido desde la parte clínica hasta los métodos radiográficos más modernos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica desde enero de 2017 hasta marzo de 2020; y se consultaron artículos, tesis y textos disponibles en bases de datos. Se copiló un total de 33 referencias bibliográficas y de ellas se seleccionaron 27. Los criterios de selección fueron la relación directa con el tema, nivel de actualización en los últimos 5 años, así como su calidad metodológica. El objetivo fue describir las aproximaciones teóricas al diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de terceros molares. La revisión demostró que existe una gran variedad de estudios sobre el diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de terceros molares con diferentes limitaciones, que aportan su propio enfoque al tema, con aspectos aislados sobre la etiología de la erupción anormal en contextos extranjeros, y de este modo ofrecen medidas que no se ajustan a la población cubana, con un 72,2 % en los últimos 5 años, incluyendo textos, no tan actualizados, pero que fueron de imprescindible consulta por la importancia de sus contenidos. Se concluyó que los enfoques teóricos que presenta la literatura sobre el diagnóstico cefalométrico de la erupción de los terceros molares se distinguen por la utilización de diferentes métodos foráneos en diversas poblaciones; y se destaca un método cubano aplicable al contexto local y nacional.

The effects of "rain classroom" wisdom teaching on nursing students′ self-learning and self-efficacy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of "rain classroom" wisdom teaching on geriatric students′ autonomous learning ability and self-efficacy.Methods:From June to August, 2021, 61 nursing students who practiced in the department of gerontology of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University were selected as research subjects, and divided into experimental group (30 students) and control group (31 students) by random number table method. In the experimental group, wisdom teaching based on "Rain classroom" was carried out at the same time as conventional teaching, while in the control group, conventional teaching was carried out, and the teaching effect was evaluated by the independent learning ability measurement scale and academic self-efficacy scale of nursing students.Results:The score of autonomous learning ability of nursing students in the experimental group was 68.55 ± 11.06, and that in the control group was 74.29 ± 9.16. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t = -2.01, P<0.05). The academic self-efficacy scores of nursing students in experimental group and control group were 52.27 ± 11.56 and 52.64 ± 9.28 respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The wisdom teaching of "rain classroom" improves the independent learning ability of geriatric nursing students, and attaches importance to the cultivation of self-efficacy of nursing students, and the improvement of self-efficacy needs further research.

Validación de un modelo cefalométrico de predicción para el brote de los terceros molares / Validation of a cephalometric prediction model for third molar eruption

Introducción: La intervención temprana en el brote anormal de los terceros molares podría reducir la proporción de pacientes con las molestias asociadas y la aparición de alteraciones producto a la retención dentaria. Objetivo: Validar el modelo cefalométrico predictivo para el brote de los terceros molares desarrollado González Espangler. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo, de corte transversal, en adolescentes del Instituto Preuniversitario "Rafael María de Mendive" de Santiago de Cuba durante el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2017 y marzo del 2020. Fueron empleadas dos muestras aleatorias de 21 estudiantes de 15-18 años y 29 profesionales de las ciencias de la salud. Se estudiaron variables como el sexo, color de la piel, localización, etapa de formación, espacio óseo posterior, angulación, diámetro mesiodistal, factores predictivos y tipo de brote de los terceros molares. Resultados: Predominó el tipo de brote anormal: 19,0 por ciento para la localización 1.8; 17,9 por ciento para la 2.8; 21,4 por ciento en la 3.8 y 20,2 por ciento en la posición 4.8. No existieron diferencias significativas entre las medidas promedios del espacio óseo posterior, angulación y diámetro mesiodistal con el estudio de referencia. La validación de modelo por criterio de expertos obtuvo una calificación global de concordancia entre ellos del 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: El modelo cefalométrico predictivo validado es viable en el proceso de predicción del brote de los terceros molares en la población(AU)

Introduction: Early intervention in the abnormal eruption of third molars could reduce the number of patients with associated discomfort and the appearance of alterations caused by dental retention. Objective: Validate the cephalometric prediction model for third molar eruption developed by González Espangler. Methods: A cross-sectional longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of adolescents from Rafael María de Mendive Senior High School in Santiago de Cuba from January 2017 to March 2020. The two random samples examined consisted of 21 students aged 15-18 years and 29 health sciences professionals. The variables considered were sex, skin color, location, training stage, posterior bony space, angulation, mesiodistal diameter, predictive factors and type of third molar eruption. Results: Abnormal eruption prevailed: 19.0 percent in location 1.8; 17.9 percent in 2.8; 21.4 percent in 3.8 and 20.2 percent in 4.8. Significant differences were not observed between average values for posterior bony space, angulation and mesiodistal diameter, and the study reference. Validation of the model by expert criteria obtained a global agreement score of 100 percent. Conclusions: The cephalometric prediction model validated in the study is viable for the prediction of third molar eruptions in the population(AU)

Ser humano qua modos de des-velamento / Being human qua ways of unconcealment

os modos de desvelamento são aspectos modais do ser humano. São suas facetas, enquanto ser-aí, na abertura de sua estrutura fundamental, ser-em-o-mundo, iluminando a clareira do Aí, em que si-mesmo, mim-mesmo, entes intramundanos e entes outros comparecem ou vêm de encontro em modos-de-ser distintos. A ênfase no "humano" em detrimento do ser reduz a expressão ser humano ao escândalo de um ente humano. Ao mesmo tempo, inverte a hierarquia lógica dos modos de desvelamento, privilegiando quase exclusivamente a techne e a episteme, o que Heidegger denunciou como o imperialismo do "pensamento calculativo" sem lugar para o "pensamento meditativo".

the modes of unveiling are modal aspects of the human being. They are faces, as Dasein, in the openness of its fundamental structure, being-in-the-world, illuminating the clearing of the There, in which oneself, myself, beings within-the-world and other beings come across in distinct modes-of-being. The emphasis in the "human" with the loss of being reduces the expression human being to the scandal of a human entity. At the same time, inverts the logical hierarchy of the modes of unveiling, giving an almost exclusive privilege to techne and episteme, what Heidegger denounced as the imperialism of the "calculative thought" without any place for the "meditative thought".

Antiviral medicinal plants found in Lanna traditional medicine / 中草药·英文版

Traditional medicine uses a multitude of plants to create medicinal formulations, some of which show antiviral properties that may be of benefit in treating emerging viral diseases, including Covid-19. Lanna, an ancient Kingdom in Northern Thailand, with a thriving culture that continues to this day and has a rich history of traditional medicine using local plants that is still practiced today. To find potential antiviral medicinal candidates, we examined ancient manuscripts, interviewed traditional healers practicing today, and inventoried current traditional medicines to catalogue 1400 medicinal formulations used in Lanna traditional medicine. We then narrowed this list to find those traditionally used to treat diseases that in their original use and descriptions most likely map to those we know today to be viral diseases. We identified the plants used in these formulations to create a list of 64 potential antiviral herbal candidates drawn from this ancient Lanna wisdom and matched these to the scientific literature to see which of these plants had already been shown to possess antiviral properties, generating a list of 64 potential antiviral medicinal candidates from Lanna traditional medicine worth further investigation for treating emerging viral diseases.

Research progress of public health wisdom teaching based on information technology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The characteristics of public health teaching are discussed in this paper from the aspects of public health curriculum system and difficulties of public health curriculum. The application status of flipped classroom, MOOC, distance learning, online course, Elearning, UMU online education platform and other smart teaching methods in public health teaching are summarized. It is suggested that the level of smart public health teaching should be improved from the perspectives of learning autonomy, deep integration of teaching and technology and construction of smart classrooms.

Estimation of time utilized in suturing of oral flaps post-surgical wisdom teeth removal using Negus knot pusher instrument (a comparative study) / Estimativa do tempo utilizado na sutura de retalhos orais após exodontia de terceiros molares utilizando o instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus: um estudo comparativo

Objective: Wisdom teeth were the most common teeth affected among the rest of the teeth, these teeth need accurate evaluation and diagnosis, surgical removal of impacted wisdom needs time for incision, bone removal and suture, so the use of any instrument helps to reduce this time is essential. The objectives of this study were to estimate the time needed for the suture of oral flaps post-surgical removal of the lower wisdom teeth by using Negus knot pusher and compare it with the time used for stitching in conventional manual holding single stitching. Material and Methods: Data had been collected from thirty patients through history, clinical examination and radiographic assessment, followed by classical surgical removal performed on the same principles for all patients, at the suture level patients divided arbitrarily into two groups, control group 15 patients and 15 patients Negus pusher group, using Negus knot pusher, which is usually used to hold the stitch and stop bleeding post tonsillectomy operations by ligation, time elapsed for suturing with knot tying is calculated for both groups. Results: Among the 30 patients incorporated in the clinical study, control group mean was (1 minutes and 11 seconds and 70 milliseconds) while for the pusher group was (1 minutes and 32 seconds and 57 milliseconds), the comparison by means of T-test was not significant with the (0.424) value. Conclusion: the Negus pusher instrument can be used for the knotting stiches post wisdom teeth removal as an auxiliary tool and the time can be shortened by the use of a modified handling technique and more satisfaction for patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Os terceiros molares são os dentes mais afetados entre o resto dos dentes e necessitam de avaliação e diagnóstico precisos. A exodontia desses elementos impactados requer tempo para incisão, remoção óssea e sutura, portanto, é essencial o uso de instrumentos que ajudem a reduzir o tempo de procedimento. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram estimar o tempo necessário para a sutura de retalhos orais após a exodontia de terceiros molares inferiores utilizando o instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus (Negus Knot pusher) e compará-lo com o tempo necessário para a realização de sutura única convencional. Material e Métodos: Os dados foram coletados de 30 pacientes através da história, exame clínico e avaliação radiográfica, seguidos pela remoção cirúrgica clássica realizada através do mesmo princípio para todos os pacientes. Considerando o nível da sutura, os pacientes foram divididos arbitrariamente em dois grupos, grupo controle (n=15) e grupo Empurrador de nó Negus (n=15), o qual é geralmente utilizado para segurar o ponto e estancar o sangramento após cirurgia de tonsilectomia por ligadura. O tempo decorrido para sutura foi calculado para ambos os grupos. Resultados: Entre os 30 pacientes incluídos no estudo, a média do grupo controle foi de 1 minuto e 11 segundos e 70 milissegundos, enquanto para o grupo Empurrador de nó Negus foi de 1 minuto e 32 segundos e 57 milissegundos. A comparação intergrupo por meio do teste T não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,424). Conclusão: O instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus pode ser usado para sutura após a extração de terceiros molares como ferramenta auxiliar e o tempo pode ser reduzido pelo uso de uma técnica de manuseio modificada. Ademais, pode estar associado a maior satisfação dos pacientes. (AU)

Reasons for Third Molars Extraction by Different Health Care Providers

Background: Third molars extraction is one of the most common surgical procedures in daily dental practice.However, the reasons for extraction varies in the literature. Objectives: The primary objective of this study wasto investigate the reasons for the extraction of third molars. The secondary objectives were to evaluate if patientand dentist- related factors affect the reasons for extraction. Methodology: A questionnaire was completed byhealth care providers in four dental centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 195 patients (118 females and 77males), who had their third molars extracted (n=227) were included in this study. Statistical analysis wasperformed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Caries (42.3%) and prophylaxis (39.2%) were the most commonreasons for the extraction of third molars. Extraction for prophylactic reasons was significantly higher amongfemale patients and patients younger than 40 years old (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, thedecision to extract for prophylactic reasons was significantly higher among specialists or consultants ascompared to students, interns or residents (74.0% vs. 26.0%; p<0.001). No difference was found betweenmaxillary and mandibular third molars extraction. Conclusion: This study identified caries and prophylaxis asthe most common causes of third molars extraction. It was also found that patients' age, gender, as well as dentists'qualification were factors influencing the reasons for extraction.

Discusiones Políticas y Morales Referentes a la Justicia y su Aporte a la Psicología del Desarrollo Moral / Political and Moral Discussions regarding Justice and their Contribution to the Psychology of Moral Development / Discussões Políticas e Morais Referentes à Justiça e sua Contribuição para a Psicologia do Desenvolvimento Moral

Resumen Las investigaciones sobre moral y justicia en psicología han tomado diferentes caminos conceptuales. Los psicólogos han atendido a situaciones cotidianas de intercambio entre personas para establecer cómo la justicia tiene que ver con el respeto al semejante y con la evitación de daño (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). Estas aproximaciones adolecen de una serie de imprecisiones conceptuales. Procurando esclarecer los sentidos del concepto de justicia se exploran debates en disciplinas emparentadas. El artículo rescata las discusiones en filosofía moral y política que entienden la justicia en relación con espacios públicos y con las obligaciones que se demandan al Estado, como una manera de precisar nuevos caminos investigativos para la psicología moral. La justicia y las nociones de igualdad tienen un sentido propio cuando se refieren a espacios públicos y a consideraciones de derechos humanos. De manera relacionada se ofrece una perspectiva del desarrollo según las teorías del ciclo vital que postulan la sabiduría como el nivel más desarrollado de juicio moral.

Abstract Research on morality and justice in psychology has followed different conceptual paths. Psychologists have dealt with everyday situations of interaction among persons in order to establish that justice has to do with respect for fellow humans and avoidance of damage (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). These approaches feature a series of conceptual inaccuracies. In an effort to clarify the meanings of the concept of justice, the article explores debates from related disciplines. It turns to discussions in moral and political philosophy that understand justice in relation to public spaces and obligations demanded from the State, as a way to open up new research paths for moral psychology. Justice and the notions of equality acquire a specific meaning when referred to public spaces and to considerations of human rights. In relation with this, it also provides a perspective of development according to life cycle theories, which establish wisdom as the most developed level of moral judgment.

Resumo Pesquisas sobre moral e justiça na psicologia tomaram caminhos conceituais diferentes. Os psicólogos têm atendido a situações cotidianas de intercâmbio entre pessoas para estabelecer como a justiça está relacionada ao respeito pelos semelhantes e à prevenção de danos (Giraldo & Benítez, 2011). Essas abordagens sofrem de uma série de precisões conceituais. Com o intuito de esclarecer os sentidos do conceito de justiça, os debates são explorados em disciplinas relacionadas. O artigo resgata as discussões em filosofia moral e política que entendem a justiça em relação aos espaços públicos e com as obrigações que são exigidas do Estado, como forma de especificar novos caminhos de estudo para a psicologia moral. A justiça e as noções de igualdade têm um sentido próprio quando se referem a espaços públicos e considerações de direitos humanos. De um modo relacionado, uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento é oferecida de acordo com as teorias do ciclo de vida, que postulam a sabedoria como o nível mais desenvolvido de julgamento moral.

Effect of minimally invasive techniques for removing impacted wisdom teeth on local inflammatory response and pain / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of minimally invasive techniques for removing impacted wisdom teeth on local inflammation and pain. Methods A total of 110 patients with impacted wisdom teeth removed in our department from June 2016 to February 2018 were divided into observation group(55 cases,minimally invasive removal) and control group (55 cases, traditional chisel) according to the surgical method. The operative status, the inflammatory mediators and pain mediators in the gingival sulcus before and after the treatment, and the therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared. Results The operative time of the observation group was shorter than that of the control group,the intraoperative blood loss was less than that in the control group, the differences were significant(P ＜ 0. 05). The levels of PTX3, cells in the gingival sulcus adhesion of cytokine 1 (ICAM1),peroxidase (MPO),prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels,pain mediator 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP), substance P(SP), galanin(Gla) and adenosine triphosphate(ATP) in the observation group after treatment was lower than those in the control group, the differences were significant(P ＜ 0. 05); The degree of mouth opening restriction, facial swelling and visual analog scale score(VAS) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were significant(P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Compared with traditional chisel in extraction of impacted wisdom teeth, the minimally invasive wisdom tooth extraction can relieve the inflammatory response and pain sensation of patients,and the clinical treatment effect is significant.

An anatomical study of the lingual nerve in the lower third molar area / 대한해부학회지

The lingual nerve (LN) is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, and its injury is one of the major complications during oral surgery. This study aims to investigate the anatomy of the LN in the lower third molar area. Twenty sides from ten fresh-frozen adult cadaveric Caucasian heads were examined to measure the diameter of the LN. The mean diameter of the LN was 2.20±0.37 mm (range, 1.61–2.95 mm). There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements between sexes, sides, or tooth status (dentulous or edentulous). Understanding the anatomical features of the LN is essential for performing any surgical procedure in the oral region.

Clinical efficacy of Nd∶YAP laser in the treatment of acute wisdom tooth pericoronitis / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of Nd∶YAP laser in the treatment of acute localized pericardial periodontitis. Methods A total of 120 patients with acute localized pericardial periodontitis were randomly divided into 3 groups, including Nd∶YAP laser group, minocycline group and control group (iodine glycerol group). All patients were underwent pretreatment of intracrevicular washing with 3.0％hydrogen peroxide and normal saline alternately. After the pretreatment, the patients in the Nd∶YAP laser group were given 3 min local Nb:YAP laser irradiation (1 time/d for 3 times), in the minocycline group were injected with minocycline hydrochloride ointment (1 time), and in the control group were treated with 2％iodine glycerol (1 time/d for 4 times) in gingival sulcus. One day after the treatment, the gingival index (GI), pain visual score (VAS), and opening degree of all patients were recorded, and the therapeutic effect was observed 5 days after the treatment. Results Compared with the minocycline group and the control group (iodine glycerol group), the GI value and VAS value of the Nd∶YAP laser group decreased and the openmouthed size increased (all P<0.05). At 5 days after the treatment, the patients in the Nd∶YAP laser group and the minocycline group had significant improvement in local gingival sulcusinflammation, and the total effective rate was 90％and 85％, which was significantly better than the control group (all P<0.05) and no significant difference in efficacy between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions The Nd∶YAP laser treatment inacute wisdom tooth pericoronitis can significantly reduce pain and improve openmouthed size, and has a good clinical efficacy.