Selective conservative treatment for anterior abdominal gunshot: a literature narrative review / Tratamento seletivo não operatório para ferimentos penetrantes por projéteis de arma de fogo na parede anterior do abdome: revisão narrativa da literatura

ABSTRACT The nonoperative treatment of anterior abdominal gunshot wounds remains controversial. This article presents a narrative review of the literature after the selection of studies in electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library and Lilacs), with the intention of evaluating the clinical and diagnostic tools that should be part of conservative selective approach of these lesions. It was observed that a nonoperative selective treatment can be effectively and safely used, when performed by a trained interdisciplinary team, working in adequate trauma centers. The selective nonoperative treatment is associated with a decrease in negative and nontherapeutic laparotomies, reducing the incidence of complications. It also contributes to the reduction of hospital costs.

RESUMO O tratamento não operatório de ferimentos abdominais causados por projéteis de armas de fogo ocorridos na região anterior do abdome permanece controverso. Este artigo apresenta revisão narrativa da literatura após a seleção de estudos levantados em bancos de dados eletrônicos (PubMed, Cochrane Library e Lilacs), com a intenção de avaliar os parâmetros clínicos e exames de diagnóstico que deverão fazer parte do da abordagem conservadora seletiva dessas lesões. Avaliando os estudos selecionados, foi verificado que conduta não operatória seletiva pode ser empregada de forma eficaz e segura, quando realizada por equipe interdisciplinar treinada, atuando em Centros de Traumas adequados para a realização deste tipo de atendimento. O tratamento não operatório seletivo está associado à diminuição de laparotomias negativas e não terapêuticas, reduzindo a incidência de complicações, além de colaborar para a diminuição dos custos hospitalares.

Análise epidemiológica dos acidentes com material biológicos em um hospital oftalmológico / Epidemiological analysis of accidents with biological material in an eye hospital

Objetivo:Analisar a ocorrência e as características dos acidentes com material biológico em um hospital oftalmológico no nordeste do Brasil.Métodos:Estudo transversal, com análise retrospectiva dos dados dos pacientes, realizada por meio de um levantamento dos acidentes com material biológico notificados à Comunicação de Acidentes de Trabalho (CAT) durante o período de 2010 a 2013.Resultados:Foram notificados 34 acidentes, sendo 26 (76,5%) em trabalhadores do gênero feminino e 8 (23,5%) masculino. A média de idade foi 30,0 ± 5,9 anos. Quarenta e oito (82,3%) acidentes aconteceram no bloco cirúrgico da sede do hospital, 15 (44,1%) foram com auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem, 8 (23,5%) com instrumentadores, 5 (14,7%) com médicos em treinamento, 4 (11,8%) com médicos formados e 2 (5,9%) com equipe de profissionais de limpeza. Os acidentes foram do tipo percutâneo em 30 (88,2%) casos e por contato com mucosa em 4 (11,7%). Em 28 (82,4%) casos o acidente foi no membro superior, 4 (11,8%) na face e 2 (5,9%) em membros inferiores. O acidente ocorreu durante o ato cirúrgico em 12 (35,3%) e 10 (29,4%) durante a manipulação do material após o procedimento cirúrgico. Os acidentes aconteceram com funcionários que possuíam média de dois anos de experiência e após 5,5 horas trabalhadas.Conclusão:Os acidentes com material biológico em um hospital oftalmológico foram mais frequentes em profissionais auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem, durante o ato cirúrgico e manipulação do instrumental após cirurgia. Este trabalho, portanto, demonstrou a importância de identificar riscos de acidentes laborais entre profissionais de saúde na área de oftalmologia.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and characteristics of accidents with biological material in an ophthalmology hospital in the Northeast of Brazil.Methods:Retrospective descriptive study on ducted through a survey of biological material accidents notified by Comunicação de Acidentes de Trabalho (CAT) during 2010-2013.Results:34 accidents were reported, 26 (76.5%) workers were females and 8 (23.5%) were males. The mean age was 30.0 ± 5.9 years. Forty-eight (82.3%) accidents occurred in the surgical room of the hospital, 15 (44.1%) were with auxiliary / practical nurses, 8 (23.5%) with surgical technologists, 5 (14.7%) with training physicians, 4 (11.8%) with trained physicians and 2 (5.9%) with cleaning staff. Accidents were with percutaneus in 30 (88.2%) cases, and contact with mucosa in 4 (11.7%). In 28 (82.4%) cases the accident was in the upper limb, 4 (11.8%) in the face, and 2 (5.8%) in the lower limbs. The accident occurred during surgery in 12 (35.3%) and 10 (29.4%) during manipulation of the material after surgery. The injuries occurred with employees who had an average of two years of experience and after 5.5 hours worked.Conclusion:Occupational accidents with biological material in an ophthalmology hospital were more frequent with auxiliary/practical nurses, during surgery and in the manipulation of instruments after surgery.This study demonstrated the importance of identifying risks of occupational accidents among health professionals in ophthalmology.

Secção medular subtotal por ferimento de arma branca / Section Subtotal for Spinal Cord Injury White Gun

Lesão demedula espinhal por arma branca é incomum, sendo responsável por 12% dos traumas raquimedulares. Os autores descrevem um caso de secção demedula espinhal cervical subtotal por arma branca em um paciente de 18 anos.

A spinal cord injury by stab is uncommon, accounting for 12% of spinal cord trauma. The authors describe a case of cervical spinal cord section subtotal stab wound in a patient of 18 years.

Pseudoaneurisma de aorta como causa de síndrome da veia cava superior: relato de caso / Aortic pseudoaneurysm as cause of superior vena cava syndrome: a case report

A síndrome da veia cava superior representa o conjunto de sinais e sintomas decorrentes da sua obstrução. A síndrome tem como principais etiologias tumores malignos, como o carcinoma broncogênico, o linfoma e a metástase mediastinal. O câncer de pulmão é responsável por 80% dos casos, os linfomas mediastinais por 15%, e 5% correspondem às demais causas. Este relato de caso objetiva apresentar um caso incomum dessa síndrome, ocorrido em um paciente do sexo masculino após ferimento penetrante no tórax, resultando em pseudoaneurisma de arco aórtico e a síndrome da veia cava superior.

The superior vena cava syndrome represents the set of signs and symptoms resulting from obstruction of superior vena cava. The syndrome has as main causes malignant tumors such as bronchogenic carcinoma, lymphoma and mediastinal metastases. Lung cancer accounts for 80% of cases, mediastinal lymphomas by 15% and 5% correspond to other causes. This case report aims to present an unusual case of this syndrome, which occurred in a male patient after penetrating wound in the chest, which developed a pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch and superior vena cava syndrome.

Clinical application of laparoscopic diagnostic peritoneal lavage (l-dpl) for abdominal stab injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To assess the role of combined use of laparoscopy with diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) in the diagnosis of abdominal stab injury (ASI). Methods From March 2005 to June 2010,21 cases of abdominal and thoracoabdominal stab injuries were analyzed retrospectively.All the cases were diagnosed laparoscopically first.If no significant injury was detected,1 000 ml of normal saline was infused through the abdominal trocar into the peritoneal cavity and routine/regular study on RBCs,WBC,amylase and bile of the effluent fluid was made. ResultsLaparoscopic diagnosis was positive in five cases,including two cases of diaphragmatic injuries,one traumatic bleeding of liver capsule,one small intestinal perforation and one stomach wall perforation.Laparoscopic diagnosis was negative in 16 cases,of which two were detected as intestinal perforation and repaired by laparotomy.The operation time was (120 ± 35.6) min and the hospital stay was (5.3 ± 3.4) d.There were no major complications after operation. Conclusion Combining the visual advantage of laparoscopy with the sensitivity and specificity of DPL can effectively improve the diagnosis of ASI.

Thoracoscopic diagnosis and management of diaphragmatic injury after thoracoabdominal stab wound / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To analyze effects of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected diaphragmatic injury after thoracoabdominal stab wound.Methods Sixty-eight patients who received thoracoscopic diagnosis and management of diaphragmatic injuries due to thoracoabdominal stab wounds from April 2000 to October 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Occult diaphragmatic injuries were found in 11 patients.Seven patients underwent thoracoscopic suture,of which five had synchronous laparotomy for inspected abdominal organ injuries.Pulmonary parenchymal lacerations occurred in 15 patients who received thoracoscopic repair or resection.Coagulated hemothorax in 13 patients were removed.Postoperative complications included pleural effusion in one patient,pneumonia in two and pulmonary atelectasis in one.Hospital stay was(7.9±13.5)days,without ICU stay.The length of drainage,operation time and intraoperative blood loss were(3.3±1.5)days,(45.6±78.1)minutes and(57.8±24.3)ml respectively.There was no conversion to thoracotomy.Thoracic CT scan was performed six months postoperatively,without hernias.The accuracy of thoracoscopy in diagnosing diaphragmatic injury was 100％.Conclusion Thoracoscopy should be performed for the thoracoabdominal stab wounds with stable hemodynamics,with definite significance especially for the diagnosis and treatment of wounds at the 7-9th intercostal spaces.

Trauma hepático por heridas punzocortantes y por arma de fuego: Nuestra experiencia en Ciudad Juárez / Hepatic trauma due to stab and gunshot wounds: Our experience in Ciudad Juárez, México

Objetivo: Analizar el manejo de las lesiones hepáticas por trauma penetrante en un hospital de trauma sin tomografía computada. Diseño: Estudio de cohorte, comparativo analítico no aleatorio Sede: Hospital General de Ciudad Juárez (segundo nivel de atención). Análisis estadístico: Porcentajes como medida de resumen de variables cualitativas, prueba χ² de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher. Pacientes y métodos: Pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma abdominal penetrante con lesión hepática. Grupo I (heridos por arma blanca) y grupo II (heridos por arma de fuego). Se estudiaron variables dependientes: edad, sexo, mecanismo de lesión, estado hemodinámico, hemoperitoneo, grado de lesión, lesiones concomitantes, tratamiento, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 86 pacientes con lesión hepática. 70% de laparotomías fueron terapéuticas, 17% fueron cirugías de control de daños y 13% laparotomías no-terapéuticas. Los grados de lesión más común fueron grado I y III. El tratamiento establecido fue ''quirúrgico-conservador'' en 44%, hepatorrafia en 33% y empaquetamiento 23%. 70% tuvieron lesiones intraabdominales concomitantes. La complicación más frecuente fue choque hipovolémico. La mortalidad para el grupo I fue 4% y en el grupo II de 32%. Discusión: No existe diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos y las variables estudiadas, excepto la mortalidad, que es mayor los heridos por arma de fuego. El manejo según los algoritmos de centros de trauma nivel I no se puede cumplir en nuestro hospital.

Objective: To analyze the management of liver injuries due to penetrating trauma in a trauma hospital without computed tomography. Design: Cohort, non randomized analytical comparative study. Setting: General Hospital of Ciudad Juárez, Mexico (second level health care center). Statistical analysis: Percentages as summary measure of qualitative variables, Pearson's χ² test and Fisher's exact test. Patients and methods: Patients subjected to surgery due to abdominal penetrating trauma with liver injury Group I (stab wounds) and Group II (gunshot wounds). We studied the following dependent variables: age, gender, injury mechanism, hemodynamic state, hemoperitoneum, degree of injury, concomitant injuries, treatment, complications, and mortality. Results: We included 86 patients with liver injury; 70% of laparaotomies were therapeutic, 17% were damage control surgeries, and 13% were non-therapeutic. The most common injury degrees were I and III. The established treatment was ''conservative-surgical'' in 44%, hepatorrhaphy in 33%, and packing in 23%. Intraabdominal concomitant injuries occurred in 70% The most frequent complication was hypovolemic shock. Mortality was of 4% for Group I and of 32% for Group II patients. Discussion: There was no significant difference between both groups and among the studied variables, except for mortality, which was higher in the gunshot group of patients. Management according to the algorithms of level I trauma centers cannot be followed at our hospital.

Traumatismos raquimedulares penetrantes em adolescentes / Traumatismos raquimedulares penetrantes en adolescentes / Penetrating spinal cord injuries in adolescents

OBJETIVO: analisar a conduta em uma série de adolescentes com traumatismos raquimedulares penetrantes (TRMp) e, confrontando com a literatura, estabelecer a melhor estratégia terapêutica para esses pacientes. MÉTODOS: avaliação retrospectiva de prontuários médicos de dez pacientes, nove do sexo masculino e um do feminino, com TRMp e menores de 18 anos, tratados à nível hospitalar. Analisou-se a anamnese, o exame neurológico e os exames de imagem. A conduta terapêutica variou entre cirurgia ou conservador. RESULTADOS: a média de idade foi de 16 anos (13 a 18 anos). A mediana de hospitalização inicial foi de 11 dias (4 a 180 dias). Quatro pacientes foram submetidos à laminectomia, um ao desbridamento da lesão e os demais a tratamento conservador. Só um paciente, foi submetido à laminectomia, que migrou para Frankel E. Nenhum paciente apresentou infecção da ferida ou instabilidade tardia da coluna vertebral. CONCLUSÃO: as lesões medulares secundárias desempenham pouca importância no resultado neurológico, o que leva à definição clínica do quadro na admissão hospitalar da maioria dos casos. Houve uma nítida predominância de TRMp em adolescentes do sexo masculino. Não ocorreu diferença significativa entre as condutas realizadas em relação ao resultado neurológico, à infecção e instabilidade. O tratamento deve ser individualizado, não negligenciando o tratamento clínico e considerando a cirurgia apenas em casos específicos.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the management of a series of adolescents with penetrating spinal cord injuries (pSCI) and comparing to literature, provide the best therapeutic strategy to these patients. METHODS: retrospective evaluation of medical reports of ten consecutive cases of pSCI, nine from the male sex and one from the female. All the patients were under 18 years old. The clinical history, neurologic evaluation and the images exams were analyzed. The therapeutic management varied between surgery and conservative. RESULTS: the average age was 16 years old (form 13 to 18 years). The median time spent at the first hospitalization was 11 days (from 4 to 180 days). Four patients were submitted to laminectomy, one to wound debridement and five to conservative treatment. Only one patient submitted to laminectomy had neurological improvement. No patients presented in this series showed, in the follow-up, wound infection or spinal instability. CONCLUSION: secondary spinal cord injuries are less relevant to the neurological status, which means that the sequelae are established at hospital admission in most of the cases. There was a clear predominance of pSCI in male adolescents. There was no significant difference between the cases that were managed clinically or surgically, concerning the neurological outcome, infection and instability. The therapy must be individualized, the clinical management must not be neglected and surgery must be considered only in specific cases.

OBJETIVO: analizar la conducta en una serie de adolescentes con traumatismos raquimedulares penetrantes (TRMp) y confrontar con la literatura, además de establecer la mejor estrategia terapéutica para eses pacientes. MÉTODOS: evaluación retrospectiva de historias clínicas de diez pacientes, nueve masculinos y un femenino de TRMp menores de 18 años, tratados a nivel hospitalar. Se analizó la anamnesis, el examen neurológico y los exámenes de imagen. La conducta terapéutica varió entre cirugía o tratamiento conservador. RESULTADOS: el promedio de edad fue de 16 años (13 a 18 años). La media de hospitalización inicial fue de 11 días (4 a 180 días). Cuatro pacientes fueron sometidos al tratamiento conservador. Solo un paciente sometido a laminectomía migró para Frankel E. Ningún paciente presentó infección de la herida o inestabilidad tardía de la columna vertebral. CONCLUSIÓN: las lesiones medulares secundarias desempeñan poca importancia en el resultado neurológico, lo cual lleva a la definición clínica del cuadro en la admisión hospitalar de la mayoría de los casos. Hubo una nítida predominancia de TRMp en adolescentes del sexo masculino. No ocurrió diferencia significativa entre las conductas realizadas en relación al resultado neurológico, infección e inestabilidad. El tratamiento debe ser individualizado, sin negligencia en el tratamiento clínico y considerando la cirugía sólo para casos específicos.

Lesiones penetrantes y transfixiantes en los traumatismos abiertos del tórax

La gravedad y el peligro para la vida que acompañan a las lesiones penetrantes y transfixiantes del tórax y la necesidad de una respuesta inmediata con un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, motivaron a profundizar en el estudio de estos traumatismos, evaluar la aplicación oportuna del tratamiento quirúrgico, determinar los agentes vulnerantes causales, los órganos más afectados y las complicaciones. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 116 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" en un período de 4 años, con traumatismos abiertos del tórax; 80 pacientes presentaron lesiones penetrantes o transfixiantes. Se analizó la edad, el sexo, los agentes vulnerantes, las lesiones viscerales, la terapéutica y las complicaciones. Se comprobó que los pacientes del sexo masculino en la tercera década de vida fueron los más afectados, y como agentes vulnerantes predominaron los punzocortantes. El pulmón fue el órgano intratorácico más lesionado; el 97 % de los pacientes presentaron neumotórax, hemotórax o hemoneumotórax, asociado con un colapso pulmonar y compromiso respiratorio severo. Se realizó la toracotomía en el 37 % de los pacientes y su indicación se consideró siempre correcta. La sepsis de la herida traumática fue la complicación más frecuente.

The severity and danger for life caused by the penetrating and transfixing chest injuries and the need of an immediate response with an early diagnosis and treatment, motivated us to go deep into the study of these traumas, to evaluate the timely application of the surgical treatment, to determine the causal injuring agents, the most affected organs and the complications. A retrospective study of 116 patients with open traumas of the chest that were attended at "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Military Central Hospital during 4 years was conducted. 80 patients had penetrating or transfixing injuries. Age, sex, the injuring agents, the visceral injuries, the therapeutics and the complications were analyzed. It was proved that male patients were the most affected during the third decade of life. It was also observed a predominance of puncturing and cutting agents. The lung was the most injured intrathoracic organ. 97 % of the patients had pneumothorax, hemothorax or hemopneumothorax., associated with a collapse of the lung and severe respiratory compromise. Thoracotomy was performed in 37 % of the patients and its indication was always considered as correct. The sepsis of the traumatic wound was the commonest complication.