ABSTRACT
A afirmação do pensamento urbanístico moderno no Brasil não pôde deixar de enfrentar visões persistentes a respeito do papel das cidades na vida nacional, do caráter, relevância ou validade de nosso processo de urbanização, dos vícios e virtudes do mundo urbano. Para elucidar algumas dessas visões, podemos recorrer a textos formadores da consciência local, dos cronistas coloniais redescobertos no século XIX à emergência de uma concepção dominante de "cultura brasileira" na obra de Gilberto Freyre. Ao longo dessa trajetória transparecem diferentes enfoques, imagens e projeções, em que o mundo urbano é visto ora ostentando sua imponência oficial, ora exibindo suas mazelas morais e físicas, mas na maioria das vezes desaparecendo em favor do quadro predominante de um país "essencialmente" rural.
The assertion of modern urban planning in Brazil cannot evade persistent visions of the role of cities in the country's life, of the relevance, validity or character of our urbanization process, or of the vices and virtues of the urban world. In order to elucidate some of these visions, we may consult formative texts of local knowledge from colonial writers rediscovered in the 19th century to the emergence of a dominating notion of "Brazilian culture" in the work of Gilberto Freyre. Along this trajectory different images and projections can be seen in which the urban milieu is regarded either as the imposing official space of Europeanization, or as displaying its physical and moral deficiencies, although more often simply disappearing in favor of the prevailing image of an "essentially" rural country.
Subject(s)
Cities , City Planning , City Planning/history , Colonialism , Natural Resources , BrazilABSTRACT
Objective To quantify the correlations between Elekta XVI cone beam CT dose and various scanning protocols,providing mathematical models to assess the protocol-dependency of imaging dose during imnage guided radiotherapy.Methods Based on standard protocols and various combinations of kVp and mA on an XVI mounted on an Elekta Versa HD accelerator,the air KERMA was measured at various positions in a standard PTW CTDI body phantom using calibrated PTW 30009 kV chamber and UNIDOS webline electrometer.Weighted CT dose index (CTDIw) was computed thereafter.SigmaPlot 10.0 was used to fit the measurements against mA and/or kVp yielding empirical functions.Results Under standard protocols,the CTDIw of Varian OBI was only 11.23％ (chest) and 9.15％ (pelvis) of Elekta XVI.Using the default and other 4 investigated kVp values,the central and peripheral KERMA were both proportional to mA,and vet the slope value a varied dramatically from 0.479 to 6.679.Major affecting factors included kVp settings,measurement locations,and dosimetric mnetrics,etc.None linear regressions were used to fit kVp against KERMA at various locations and CTDIw (R2 ＞ 0.997).The differences between all coefficients were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The impact of changing both mA and kVp on the dose to phantom center can be described as mGy =(5.917-0.197 ×kVp+0.002 × kVp2-5.063 × 10-6 × kVp3) × mA.Conclusions Imaging dose of Elekta XVI is strongly dependent on scanning paraneters.The proposed mathematical models can be used as efficient and robust indicators of such dependency.
ABSTRACT
Objective To acquire setup error with X-ray volumetric images (XVI) technique during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) of pelvic tumors in order to provide guidance for the doctor to determine the interval between clinical target volume (CTV) and planning target volume (PTV).~ Totally 20 pelvic tumor patients accepting radiation oncology underwent CBCT scan before the first treatment,and auto registration was executed between CBCT images and planning CT images to determine the setup errors at X,Y and Z directions.Then the patients experienced another CBCT scan to obtain residual setup errors,VMAT was carried out after auto on-line correction by the treatment couch,and the third CBCT scan was performed after the treatment.Totally three times of CBCT scans were implemented every week hereafter.The setup errors were analyzed before and after the treatment,and the target volume margin (MPTV) was calculated accordingly.Results The setup errors at X,Y and Z directions were significantly decreased after correction.The values of MPTV at X,Y and Z directions before correction were 3.89,6.20 and 5.24 mm respectively,and the ones after correction were 1.42,2.42 and 2.40 mm respectively.The decreased values of MPTV were between 2.47 and 3.78 mm,which showed the most significant trend at Y direction.Conclusion VMAT of pelvic tumors based on XVI contributes to decreasing the setup errors and enhancing treatment quality.
ABSTRACT
En la actualidad, la medicina occidental ve con mayor interés las prácticas curativas tradicionales por ser estas menos invasivas y por contar con recetas y tratamientos de comprobada eficacia. Este acercamiento se ha logrado gracias a la ayuda de estudios históricos y antropológicos. Sin embargo, en el caso de la medicina tradicional peruana, la historiografía no ha trabajado con profundidad el tema. Este artículo pretende alentar el desarrollo de nuevos trabajos sobre este tópico y para ello reseña brevemente las fuentes escritas referentes a la medicina andina, desde las recopilaciones de los primeros cronistas en el XVI hasta los estudios actuales.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Bibliography of Medicine , Indigenous Culture , Medicine, Traditional , History of Medicine , PeruABSTRACT
Apresenta o ensino da medicina na Universidade de Coimbra no século XVI, enquadrando-o no contexto português e europeu e apontando o contributo dos principais professores - Enrique de Cuellar, Tomás Veiga, Alfonso de Guevara e João Bravo Chamisso - , assim como suas obras mais relevantes. Depois de expor a história prévia, são analisadas as reformas de dom Manuel I e de dom João III, o papel da anatomia na renovação dos estudos médicos, a relação com os Descobrimentos, as dificuldades levantadas pela Inquisição, a prática nos hospitais e, finalmente, o declínio do ensino da medicina. Apesar de não terem sido professores em Coimbra, faz-se referência aos dois maiores nomes da medicina portuguesa no século XVI, Amato Lusitano e Garcia da Orta.
The article addresses the teaching of medicine at the Universidade de Coimbra in the sixteenth century, framing it within the Portuguese and European context and highlighting the contributions of the institution's key professors - Enrique de Cuellar, Tomás Veiga, Alfonso de Guevara, and João Bravo Chamisso - along with their main works. Following a historical overview, the study analyzes the reforms of Dom Manuel I and Dom João III, the role of anatomy in the renewal of medical studies, the relation with the Discoveries, the obstacles raised by the Inquisition, medical practice at hospitals, and, lastly, the decline of medical teaching. Although they did not teach at Coimbra, reference is made to the two greatest names in sixteenth-century Portuguese medicine: Amato Lusitano and Garcia da Orta.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , Universities , Education, Medical , Medicine , Portugal , Teaching , History, 16th CenturyABSTRACT
Na história quinhentista do Brasil, são muito raras as referências aos profissionais da saúde. Na expedição de Edward Fenton, despachada pela Coroa inglesa em 1582 para fundar um entreposto comercial na Ásia, vinha o famoso cirurgião-barbeiro e físico (médico) John Banister. Desviada da sua rota original para repetir os feitos de Francis Drake, a esquadra fez escala na África, atravessou o Atlântico e ancorou no litoral catarinense. Nessas águas, a expedição degenerou em ações piráticas e retornou fracassada à Europa. John Banister é considerado aquele que libertou a anatomia inglesa da sua escravidão medieval, lançando sobre ela a luz do Renascimento. Foi a primeira vez que alguém dessa envergadura na área da saúde visitava estas latitudes.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , Barber Surgeons/history , History of Medicine , Physicians/history , BrazilABSTRACT
El dogma galénico "Pus bonum et laudabile" fue el paradigma reinante en el manejo de heridas por casi dos mil años y estimuló el uso de tratamientos que favorecían la supuración, lo cual promovió una gran cantidad de muertes en los hospicios y en los campos de batalla debido a la sepsis. En el presente trabajo se analizará, desde una mirada kuhniana, el gradual proceso del derrocamiento de dicho dogma, desde el impacto que tuvo la entrada de las armas de fuego al combate en el siglo XIV y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de la cirugía de guerra, hasta el nacimiento de la era microbiológica en el siglo XIX. Se observará también la evolución de las técnicas quirúrgicas, desde el desbridamiento hasta la amputación, y cómo éstas tuvieron gran impacto para reducir la incidencia y mortalidad del shock traumático y del shock séptico. En este marco de referencia se analizará la profunda ruptura epistemológica que se dio gracias a la sepsis en el siglo XIX en el campo de la microbiología, además de los paulatinos avances desde el siglo XVI que permitieron el desarrollo de la cirugía moderna. De este modo, se verá cómo todos estos avances impulsados por la sepsis tuvieron un profundo impacto en el desarrollo de la medicina contemporánea.
The galenic dogma "Pus bonum et laudabile" was the dominant paradigm in wound management for nearly two thousand years and it encouraged the use of treatments that favored the suppuration, which promoted a large number of deaths in hospices and in the battle fields due to sepsis. In this work we will analyze, from a Kuhnian view, the gradual overthrowing process of this dogma, from the impact of the entry of firearms into combat in the fourteenth century and their implications for the development of war surgery, to the birth of the microbiological era in the nineteenth century. The evolution of surgical techniques from debridement to amputation, and how they had a great impact in reducing the incidence and traumatic shock and septic shock mortality, will also be observed. In this framework we will analyze the profound epistemological rupture that occurred due to sepsis in the field of microbiology during the nineteenth century, in addition to the gradual progress that since the sixteenth century have enabled the development of modern surgery. In this way, we will see how all these advancements motivated by sepsis had a profound impact on the development of contemporary medicine.
ABSTRACT
Trata-se de contribuição parcial ao entendimento da história da recepção e transmissão dos textos clássicos hipocráticos e galênicos na Itália do período moderno. Observando-se rotuli e puncti da Escola Médica da Universidade de Pádua, que registram as disciplinas e os conteúdos ministrados no período compreendido entre 1500 e 1600, pode-se conhecer o currículo oficial dessa famosa escola. A consulta a tais documentos mostra o compromisso da formação médica oficial com a tradição, em especial com Hipócrates, Galeno, Avicena e Aristóteles.
Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , Curriculum , Education, Medical/history , Schools, Medical/history , History of Medicine , ItalyABSTRACT
El presente trabajo contiene un resumen de la Historia de la medicina en Cuba entre los siglos XVI y XVII. En el mismo se ha intentado caracterizar el estado higiénico-sanitario de la isla en el periodo, así como valorar el papel de los individuos que ejercieron la profesión médica en los inicios de la etapa colonial cubana; nos referiremos además a los primeros centros asistenciales de la Isla, las enfermedades más frecuentes y que causaban los mayores estragos; al ser el trabajo una recopilación bibliográfica, ha sido necesario recurrir a información dispersa en documentos, revistas , libros y en la red INFOMED, con la dificultad de que a veces los datos son contradictorios entre autores y el agravante de la inexistencia de datos originales por la desaparición ( por diversos motivos) de documentos de época, es por ello que se hace necesario continuar investigando sobre el tema.
This work contains a summary of the History of the Medicine in Cuba during the XVI and XVII centuries; it characterizes the hygienic-sanitary conditions in the island as well as the role of the professionals in the field of medicine during the beginnings of the colonial times in the country The work also gathers information about the first health centers in the island and the most frequent diseases which caused fatal outcomes. The work is based on a bibliography study, and that is why its information has been taken from different documents, magazines, books and in the INFOMED net. Sometimes authors do not share the same viewpoints; other times original documents were not found. Hence, it is necessary to continue researching on the subject matter.