Violência e transgeracionalidade: relações familiares de jovens que cumprem medidas socioeducativas / Violence and transgerationality: family relations of young people which fulfill socio-educational measures

O presente estudo objetivou discutir a vivência de violências intrafamiliares, a partir da perspectiva da transgeracionalidade nos contextos de jovens que cometeram atos infracionais. Para tanto, através de uma metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com jovens que se encontravam cumprindo a medida socioeducativa de semiliberdade. O procedimento de análise do material foi realizado a partir da análise de conteúdo temática. Foi possível constatar, a partir do relato dos jovens, a ocorrência de diversas formas de violência intrafamiliar, bem como a existência de um padrão de transmissão geracional, no qual, membros das famílias também estiveram em conflito com a lei. Assim, destaca-se a necessidade da efetivação de políticas públicas que ampliem e fortaleçam a proteção integral no intuito de romper essa herança familiar marcada por ciclos de violência.

The present study aimed to discuss the experience of intrafamilial violence, as well as to address the phenomenon of transgenerationality in the contexts of young people who committed infractional acts. Thus, throughout a qualitative research method, there were conducted semi-structured interviews with young people who were fulfilling the socio-educational measure of semi- freedom. The material analysis procedure was performed based on the theme content analysis. It was perceived the occurrence of different ways of violence within the family, as well as the existence of a generational transmission of a pattern in which members of those families had also been in conflict with the law. Therefore, it was verified the need to implement public policies that broaden and strengthen the integral protection in order to break this family heritage marked by cycles of violence.

O adolescente em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa e sua inserção escolar / The adolescent in compliance with socio-educational measurement and its school insert / El adolescente en cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa y su inserción escolar

Embora o tema da inclusão escolar venha ganhando espaço nos últimos anos, a questão específica da inclusão escolar de menores que cumprem medidas socioeducativas ainda carece de estudos empíricos em nosso país. O presente estudo procurou identificar as construções discursivas ligadas ao processo de reinserção escolar de alunos em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com os adolescentes que cumprem medidas socioeducativas, os representantes das escolas que receberam as matrículas desses adolescentes, e dos responsáveis técnicos da instituição que acompanha o cumprimento da medida. Verificou-se um elevado grau de discriminação dos adolescentes no contexto escolar e a estruturação de discursos que culpabilizam os próprios adolescentes pela discriminação que sofrem.

While the topic of school inclusion come gaining space in recent years, the specific issue of school inclusion of children that comply programs for young offenders still needs empirical studies in Brazil. This study aimed to then identify the discursive constructions linked to the school reintegration of pupils in fulfillment of programs for young offenders. For that interviews were conducted with adolescents who fulfill the programs, representatives of the schools that received the enrollment of these adolescents, and technical experts of the institution that supervises the fulfillment program. It was found a high degree of discrimination of this adolescents in schools, and the structuring of speeches blaming the teenagers themselves by the discrimination suffered.

Aunque el tema de la integración escolar vienen ganando terreno en los últimos años, el tema específico de la inclusión escolar de los niños que cumplen con las medidas socioeducativas aún carece de estudios empíricos en Brasil. Este estudio objetivó identificar las construcciones discursivas ligadas a la reinserción escolar de los alumnos en cumplimiento de las medidas educativas. Para esto fuera hecho entrevistas con los adolescentes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas, representantes de las escuelas que recibieron la matrícula de estos adolescentes, y los expertos técnicos de la institución que supervisa el cumplimiento de la medida. Hubo un alto grado de discriminación de los adolescentes en las escuelas, y la estructuración de discursos culpando los propios adolescentes de la discriminación que sufren.

Psychiatric Disorders and Recidivism among Korean Adolescents on Probation or Parole

OBJECTIVE: The percentage of repeat offenders is increasing among juvenile offenders in Korea. The assessment and treatment of the mental health of young offenders may play an important role in reducing the recidivism rate of adolescents. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adolescents on probation or parole and the risk of recidivism associated with specific psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We studied 120 adolescents on probation. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Conners’ Rating Scale-Revised were used to diagnose psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Almost half of the juvenile offenders had psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (19.17%), bipolar disorder (18.33%), antisocial personality disorder (11.67%), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (10.83%). Alcohol use disorder was significantly associated with repeated offenses, but psychiatric disorders, excluding alcohol use disorder, were not significantly associated with repeated offenses. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the development of education and treatment programs for psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder, among juvenile offenders on probation or parole may help to prevent repeated criminal behaviour.

Perceptions of young offenders about the police: a qualitative study conducted in Brazil / Percepções de adolescentes infratores sobre a polícia: um estudo qualitativo realizado no Brasil / Percepciones de jóvenes delincuentes sobre la policía: estudio cualitativo realizado en Brasil

The objective of this article is to better understand young offenders' perceptions of the police, as well as to investigate how the context of police violence is implicated in the process of criminalization of this group. A qualitative study was conducted with young offenders who have had experiences of being policed within their development contexts. From an ecological approach, we emphasize the psychosocial dimensions of adolescent experiences within a systemic model of violence. The findings highlighted the damaging effects of truculent police approaches in adolescents' lives and how such actions reinforce the social stigmas that accompany young people exposed to social exclusion, undermining the rights ensured by the Child and Adolescent Statute.

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender as percepções que adolescentes envolvidos em atos infracionais têm sobre a polícia, bem como averiguar como o contexto de violência policial implica no processo de criminalização do grupo supracitado. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo com adolescentes infratores que haviam tido experiências de abordagens policiais em seus contextos de desenvolvimento. A partir de uma abordagem ecológica, enfatizamos as dimensões psicossociais das experiências dos adolescentes dentro de um modelo sistêmico. A pesquisa evidenciou os efeitos danosos das abordagens policiais truculentas na vida dos adolescentes e como essas ações reforçam os estigmas sociais que acompanham jovens em situação de exclusão social, implicando na desconsideração dos preceitos expressos nas políticas de atenção psicossocial voltadas a esse segmento.

El objetivo de este artículo es comprender las percepciones que los adolescentes involucrados en actos infractores tienen sobre la policía, así como averiguar cómo el contexto de violencia policial implica el proceso de criminalización de este grupo. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con adolescentes infractores que habían tenido experiencias de abordajes policiales en sus contextos de desarrollo. A partir de un enfoque ecológico, enfatizamos las dimensiones psicosociales de las experiencias de los adolescentes dentro de un modelo sistémico. La investigación evidenció los efectos dañinos de las abordajes policiales truculentas en la vida de los adolescentes y cómo estas acciones refuerzan los estigmas sociales que acompañan a jóvenes en situación de exclusión social, implicando en la desconsideración de los preceptos expresados en las políticas de atención psicosocial dirigidas a ese segmento.

Dispositivos penales juveniles: atravesamientos institucionales / Youth criminal devices: institutional traversal

El presente escrito se desprende del proyecto de beca de culminación de doctorado que se propone identificar la relación entre la cultura organizacional de los Centros Socioeducativos de Régimen Cerrado y el desgaste profesional de sus miembros. Estas instituciones son Dispositivos Penales Juveniles que alojan a los jóvenes que han infringido la ley penal. En esta oportunidad se presenta la indagación de los orígenes de las mismas. Se propone la consideración teórica de los Centros como heterotopías de desviación (Foucault, 1967). Asimismo se exponen los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento respecto al sentimiento de frustración encontrado en los trabajadores que conforman estas instituciones y se articulan con la noción de desgaste mental producido por la insatisfacción en el trabajo (Dejours, 1992). Por último se señala la incidencia de los atravesamientos jurídico e institucional en ésta particular institución concebida como la respuesta estatal para los jóvenes que han cometido un delito.

This letter follows the draft grant doctoral culmination aims to identify the relationship between organizational culture Socioeducativos closed centers and professional wear of its members. These institutions are hosting Youth Criminal Devices young people who have broken the law. This time the investigation of the origins of these presents. the theoretical consideration of the Centers as heterotopias of deviation (Foucault, 1967) is proposed. The results obtained so far regarding the feeling of frustration found in workers who make up these institutions also exposed, articulate with the notion of mental exhaustion caused by dissatisfaction at work (Dejours, 1992). Finally the impact of legal and institutional atravesamientos in this particular state institution designed as a response to young people who have committed a crime noted.

Significaciones del proceso de integración social de jóvenes exinfractores en la ciudad de Cali / Meanings of social integration process in young ex-offenders in the city of Cali

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación: Significaciones del proceso de integración social de jóvenes exinfractores en la ciudad de Cali; específicamente el análisis y discusión de resultados de las experiencias expuestas por aquellos que han egresado de un centro reeducativo de la ciudad de Cali luego de recibir una sanción privativa de la libertad. El proceso de integración social fue caracterizado por tres campos específicos: redes de apoyo, formación académica y trabajo. De esta forma, se realizó un análisis de corte cualitativo a partir de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, retomando algunos referentes conceptuales abordados principalmente desde el desarrollo del concepto de significación y sentido subjetivo

This article presents the results of the research: Meanings of Social Integration Process in Young Ex-offenders in the city of Cali, specifically the analysis and discussion of results from the experience offered by young people who have graduated from a custodial sentence from a reeducational center in the city of Cali. The process of social integration was characterized starting from three specific areas: support networks, academic training and work. Thus, a qualitative analysis was performed from conducting semi-structured interviews, retaking some conceptual references addressed primarily from the development of the concept of meaning and subjective meaning

Desafíos de la terapia ocupacional en la inclusión social de jóvenes infractores de ley, en medios de régimen cerrados de internación en Chile / Challenges of occupational therapy in the social inclusion of young offenders in closed centers in Chile

La presente investigación de carácter cualitativo y exploratorio, tuvo por objetivo desarrollar un análisis de las acciones que un grupo de terapeutas ocupacionales realizan en los programas de reinserción social de jóvenes infractores de ley, en centros de régimen cerrado y de internación. Para esto, se contactó a un grupo de 29 profesionales que contestaron un cuestionario semiestructurado. El análisis de los hallazgos se realizó empleando la técnica del análisis de contenido. Dentro de los resultados se identificó que las acciones profesionales se orientan a las necesidades ocupacionales de los adolescentes, enfocadas hacia la participación social e inclusión laboral. Las intervenciones se concentran en los procesos motivacionales y de responsabilización, con eje en el vínculo terapéutico, la entrevista motivacional y la consideración de los intereses de los adolescentes. Se estima que las rutinas al interior del centro y el área educacional no son abordadas, en su mayoría, por los terapeutas ocupacionales. Los equipos interdisciplinarios de los centros han incorporado el rol de Terapia Ocupacional con dificultades y desconocimiento, atribuyéndoles cierta experticia solamente en las áreas de capacitación y en el ámbito laboral.Concluimos que existen distintos niveles de desarrollo profesional en el área, ya que no todos los profesionales presentan experiencia de trabajo con población adolescente privada de libertad, los cuales presentan altos niveles de complejidad psicosocial. Existen avances en propuestas de diagnóstico ocupacional del adolescente infractor, sin embargo se requiere generar evidencia en lo que respecta a intervenciones específicas que fortalezcan acciones que mejoren el desempeño ocupacional de los adolescentes para lograr procesos de reinserción efectivos...

The research study has a qualitative and exploratory approach and aimed to develop an analysis of the actions made by a group of occupational therapists within social reintegration programs for young offenders in closed centers. For this, we contacted a group of 29 professionals who answered a semi-structured questionnaire. The analysis of the findings was performed using the content analysis method. The results identified that professional actions are oriented towards young’ occupational needs, focused towards social participation and work inclusion. The interventions focus on motivational processes and accountability, with emphasis in the therapeutic relationship, motivational interviewing and consideration of the interests of teenagers. It is estimated that the teenagers’ routines in the center and the area of education are mostly not addressed by occupational therapists. Centers’ Interdisciplinary teams have incorporated the role of Occupational Therapy with difficulties and lack of knowledge, attributing them only certain expertise in the areas of workplace training.We conclude that there are different levels of professional development in the area, since not all professionals have experience working with teenagers deprived of freedom, which challenges with high levels of psychosocial complexity. There are advances in diagnosis of occupational proposed juvenile offenders, but is necessary to generate evidence regarding specific interventions to strengthen actions to improve teenagers’ occupational performance to achieve effective reintegration processes...

Aplicação de medida socioeducativa de semi liberdade para adolescentes nos contextos do Brasil e de Portugal / The semi liberty measure application to adolescents in the context of Brazil and Portugal

O comportamento infrator e a aplicação de medida socioeducativa na adolescência representam uma dimensão relevante de estudo. O presente artigo visou conhecer as características de duas instituições que atendem adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, na qual foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 44 adolescentes, que cumpriam medida socioeducativa em regime semiaberto em Portugal e no Brasil. A partir da análise de conteúdo, verificou-se que as instituições pesquisadas diferem em seus modelos de funcionamento e regras internas, bem como nas oportunidades oferecidas aos meninos. Estes aspectos refletem as diferenças culturais, socioeconômicas e jurídicas desses países. Entretanto, ambas as instituições possibilitam a ocorrência de processos proximais, favorecendo o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes

The delinquent behavior in childhood and adolescence and the socio-educational measure application represent a relevant dimension of study. This article aimed to know the characteristics of two institutions that attend adolescents with law conflict. This is a qualitative and exploratory research, in which semi-structured interviews was performed with 44 adolescents, who fulfill socioeducative measure in a semi-open regime of Portugal and Brazil. As a result it was found that the surveyed institutions differ in their internal operating models and rules, as well as the opportunities that are offered to adolescents. These aspects show the cultural, socio-economic and legal differences between these countries. However, both allow the occurrence of proximal processes leading to the development of adolescents

Saúde mental e fatores de risco e proteção: focalizando adolescentes cumprindo medidas socioeducativas / Young offenders in brazil: mental health and factors of risk and protection

The literature has indicated that young offenders may show varied problems of mental health; however, in Brazil a limited number of studies are focused on that question OBJECTIVE: Identify the health, self-esteem and social support levels of male young offenders complying with not confined socio-educational measures, the parenting styles adopted towards them and identify the relationship between these variables METHODS: It is an exploratory and correlational study in which 33 male young offenders aged between 14 and 18 years who attend the socio-educational programme of a mid-size city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, took part on the study, they answered specific instruments to appraise different variables of focus RESULTS: The results indicate that 67% of the adolescents presented mental health disorders; 84% perceive that the social support received is below "low" or "medium", and 33% judge the parental style of their caregiver as a risk. The greater the negligence and poor support of the family and caregivers, the lower the self-esteem of young offenders CONCLUSIONS: Most of the adolescents had mental health disorders and evaluated the social support received as low or medium. All participants evaluated negatively the parental style adopted by their parents. The parental style used was considered below average and risky. Furthermore, was observed that the lower the self-esteem of the adolescents and the lower the family support perceived by them, the higher was the degree of parental negligence evaluated. It is understood that these results reinforce the need for intersectoral coordination in actions aimed at this population.

A literatura tem apontado que adolescentes em conflito com a lei podem apresentar diversos problemas de saúde mental, porém poucos estudos brasileiros abordam essa questão OBJETIVOS: Identificar os níveis de saúde mental, auto-estima e suporte social de adolescentes cumprindo medidas sócio-educativas em meio aberto, os estilos parentais adotados pelos seus responsáveis e identificar relações entre estas variáveis MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo exploratório e correlacional. Participaram do estudo 33 adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas sócio-educativas em uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo/Brasil, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos que responderam a instrumentos específicos para avaliação das variáveis focalizadas RESULTADOS: Os resultados revelaram que a maior parte dos adolescentes apresentaram problemas de saúde mental e avaliaram o suporte social que recebem como sendo baixo ou médio. Além disso, o estilo parental adotado pelos responsáveis é regular abaixo da média ou de risco e todos os adolescentes avaliaram negativamente os estilos parentais adotados por seus responsáveis. Observou-se que quanto menor a auto-estima dos adolescentes, menor é o suporte familiar percebido por eles e mais seus responsáveis adotam a prática parental de negligência CONCLUSÃO: A maior parte dos adolescentes apresentaram problemas de saúde mental. Além disso, quanto menor a auto-estima dos adolescentes, menor foi o suporte familiar percebido por eles e mais seus responsáveis adotam a prática parental de negligência. Compreende-se que estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de articulação intersetorial nas ações que focalizam esta população.

Prevalence of mental disorders and recidivism in young offenders / Prevalência de transtornos mentais e reincidência em menores infratores

Several studies report that incarcerated young offenders show a high rate of psychiatric disorders whereas associations between specific psychiatric disorders and recidivism remain unknown. The Brazilian legal system has created a unique opportunity for the study of this issue when consider young offenders not that guilty in spite of the severity of the crime, settling in three years the maximum period of incarceration. This study aims to determine the rate of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of incarcerated young offenders and evaluate the possible psychiatric connections of primary offenders and recidivism. A group of 898 incarcerated young offenders at Fundação Casa answered psychiatric interviews and was diagnosed according to the criteria of ICD-10. Statistic connections were analyzed using the tests of Pearson and Cramer. The cohort was comprised of 619 primaries and 267 recidivists. 'Psychoactive Substance Use' and 'Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior' categories were related to recidivism, whereas 'Organic Mental Disorders', 'Mood Disorders', and 'Stress-related Disorders' were related to primary offenders. Discriminating disorders were the most likely to represent reactions to primary incarceration. In relation to associations that might represent predictors of crime, it became highly suggestive that substance abuse is the main cause of incarceration for the entire cohort.

Diversos estudos revelam que jovens infratores encarcerados apresentam taxas aumentadas de transtornos psiquiátricos, ao passo que associações entre transtornos específicos e reincidência permaneçam desconhecidas. O sistema legal brasileiro criou uma oportunidade exclusiva para o estudo desta questão, conforme considera os menores não imputáveis, a despeito da severidade do crime, fixando em três anos o período máximo de encarceramento. Este estudo pretende determinar a taxa de transtornos psiquiátricos em uma coorte de jovens infratores encarcerados e avaliar possíveis conexões entre transtornos específicos encarceramento primário e reincidência criminosa. Um grupo de 898 internos da Fundação Casa foi submetido a entrevistas psiquiátricas e diagnosticado de acordo com os critérios do CID-10. Conexões estatísticas foram analisadas usando os testes de Pearson e Cramer. A coorte tinha 619 primários e 267 reincidentes. Uso de Substância Psicoativa e Desordens da Personalidade e Comportamento Adulto relacionaram-se com reincidência, ao passo que Doenças Mentais Orgânicas, Transtorno do Humor e Desordens Relacionadas ao Estresse apresentaram relação com encarceramento primário. No que tange aos preditores da criminalidade, reforça-se a noção de que o abuso de drogas é a principal causa de encarceramento na amostra investigada.

Relatos de vida de adolescentes de jóvenes transgresores de comunidades violentas: Estado Aragua. Año 2012 / Life stories teens and violent community young offenders: Aragua state. Year 2012

Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, hermenéutica, en adolescentes y jóvenes violentos y transgresores, que residen en comunidades de alta incidencia de mortalidad por hechos violentos en el estado Aragua. quienes fueron entrevistados, con el fin de rastrear representaciones sociales que pudieran aproximarnos a la comprensión de la dinámica social de su mundo-de-vida y a la identificación de factores contextuales que podrían estar influyendo, de una manera compleja, en la generación de conductas violentas en adolescentes de familias venezolanas, con el propósito de identificar desde la heurística de los sistemas de valores y significados que rigen el discurrir cotidiano en el que se desarrollan los jóvenes aragüeños violentos y delincuentes. Se encontró que la familia, el liceo y la calle son los espacios de socialización donde se forjan las representaciones sociales que reproducen la violencia.

We conducted a qualitative type research, hermeneutics, in adolescents and young violent offenders who reside in communities with a high incidence of mortality from violent events in the state of Aragua. who were interviewed, in order to track social representations that could approach the understanding of the social dynamics of their life-world and identifying contextual factors that might be influencing, in a complex way, on the generation of violent behavior Venezuelan adolescents in families, in order to identify from the heuristic value systems and meanings that govern everyday discourse in which young people develop Aragua violent criminals. It was found that the family, at school and the street are social spaces where social representations are forged that reproduce violence.

Validez predictiva del instrumento Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para la intervención en adolescentes infractores de ley: estudio preliminar / Predictive Validity at the Instrument Risk and Resources (FER-R) for Intervention Assessment with Young Offenders: Preliminary Study

Se estudió la validez predictiva del instrumento Ficha de Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para adolescentes infractores de ley, en un lapso de dos años (2009-2011). La FER-R consta de 60 ítems y permite el registro de 10 dominios, riesgos criminogénicos, recursos y el registro de un índice de escalada delictiva. La muestra estuvo conformada por 101 adolescentes varones, entre 14 y 19 años de edad, judicializados y derivados a programas de intervención en medio libre. Los principales resultados muestran que el índice general de riesgo medido por la FER-R, presenta un 68.3 % de aciertos, con un área bajo la curva ROC = 0.73, indicando una magnitud predictiva fuerte de la escala total para predecir reincidencia en los adolescentes infractores chilenos.

The present study examined the recidivism predictive validity of an at risk and resources instrument for young offenders (FER-R) along a two-year span (2009-2011). This instrument has 60 items and it allows the recording of behavior in 10 different domains, grouped in three indices: criminogenic risk, resources, and an index of escalating crime rate. The sample consisted of 101 male young offenders (14 and 19 years), sent over to take part on free medium intervention programs. The main results showed that the overall predictive coefficient of the FER-R was a 68.3% correct, with an area under the curve, AUCs = 0.73, indicating a predictive capacity moderate to strong of recidivism of the instrument for Chilean juvenile offenders.

Effect of psychodrama intervention on coping style of young offenders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore effective coping style of targeted psychodrama on teenager offenders.Methods Targeted psychodrama intervention procedures were designed.60 teenagers selected from juvenile detention jail were randomly divided into experimental group and control group.Psychodrama intervention was applied to the experimental group to test the changes of the two groups before and after the intervention using simplified coping style questionnaire.Results Before the intervention,the positive coping style level of the experimental group was 1.40 ± 0.42,the negative coping style level was 2.19 ± 0.32; after the intervention,the positive coping style level of the experimental group was 2.13 ± 0.36,the negative coping style level was 1.77 ±0.30.The difference of the experimental group's positive response and the negative response were significant before and after the intervention(t =-6.223,P＜ 0.01; t =9.749,P＜0.01).The difference of the control group's positive response and the negative response were not significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Psychodrama intervention has a positive effect on the criminal teenagers coping styles,and it can improve their social adaptability.

Consumo de SPA en adolescentes judicializados bajo el sistema de responsabilidad penal entre 2009-2010 en Calarcá­Quindío / SPA consumption in adolescents prosecuted under the criminal liability system between 2009-2010 in Calarcá ­ Quindío

Objetivo: caracterizar el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes judicializados bajo el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal entre 2009 y 2010 pertenecientes a una fundación de rehabilitación de Calarcá, Quindío. Métodos: se sistematizaron las historias psicosociales de los 66 adolescentes institucionalizados y posteriormente se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo de las variables. Resultados: se encontró mayor prevalencia del género masculino con un 97%, la edad promedio de inicio de consumo de SPA fue 12,8 años, el 30% ingresaron por fabricación, tráfico o porte de estupefacientes, el 21% pertenece a una familia extensa, el 18% iniciaron el consumo con marihuana. Conclusiones: teniendo en cuenta que se ha encontrado que el consumo de SPA y las conductas delictivas suelen darse a edades muy tempranas y la importancia de algunas dinámicas familiares que actúan como factor de riesgo. Se evidencia la necesidad de crear programas de apoyo en el que tanto adolescentes como familias se vean involucrados.

Objective: to characterize the consumption of psychoactive substances in adolescents prosecuted under the Criminal Responsibility System between 2009 and 2010 belonging to a rehabilitation foundation in Calarcá, Quindío. Methods: the psychosocial histories of the 66 institutionalized adolescents were systematized and a descriptive analysis of the variables was subsequently carried out. Results: a higher prevalence of the male gender was found with 97%, the average age of initiation of SPA consumption was 12.8 years, 30% were admitted due to manufacture, trafficking or carrying narcotic drugs, 21% belonged to an extended family , 18% started using marijuana. Conclusions: taking into account that it has been found that the consumption of SPA and criminal behaviors usually occur at very young ages and the importance of some family dynamics that act as a risk factor. The need to create support programs in which both adolescents and families are involved is evident.

Factores psicosociales de riesgo asociados a conductas problemáticas en jóvenes infractores y no infractores / Psychosocial risk factors associated with problem behaviors in young offenders and non offenders

El presente trabajo estudia los factores de riesgo asociados con la conducta antisocial y delictiva en dos grupos de adolescentes. Un grupo está conformado por adolescentes que se encuentran recluidos en dos instituciones privadas para menores infractores, y el grupo control, de adolescentes no infractores, que asisten a una institución educativa pública. La muestra estuvo conformada por 179 adolescentes con edades entre 12 y 18 años. La edad media de la muestra fue de 15 años. Para analizar la información sociodemográfica y las puntuaciones de las pruebas se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Los resultados muestran que los adolescentes que se encuentran recluidos en dos instituciones para menores infractores presentan una mayor frecuencia de exposición a los factores de riesgo, asociados con la conducta antisocial y delictiva, en comparación con los adolescentes no infractores que asisten a una institución pública, en los niveles exosistema, microsistema y macrosistema. Los dos grupos de adolescentes se encuentran expuestos al maltrato, el consumo y abuso de alcohol en proporciones similares, y constituyen los factores de riesgo que más se asocian a la generación del comportamiento antisocial y el comportamiento delictivo.

The present study examines the risk factors associated with antisocial and criminal behavior in two groups of adolescents. A group consists of teenagers who are being held in two private institutions for juvenile offenders, and the control group of adolescent's offenders, attending a public school. The sample consisted of 179 adolescents aged between 12 and 18. The sample mean age was 15 years. The results were analyzed with SPSS 15.0. To analyze demographic information and test scores. The results show that adolescents who are being held in two institutions for juvenile offenders have an increased frequency of exposure to risk factors associated with antisocial and criminal behavior in adolescents compared with offenders who attend a public institution, exosystem levels, micro and macro. Abuse, alcohol use and abuse are factors that are exposed in similar proportions the two groups of adolescents and risk factors are most associated with the generation of antisocial behavior and criminal behavior.

Características de la teoría en el trastorno disocial de la conducta / Characteristics of theory in conduct disorder

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo indagar las características del procesamiento emocional y empático en adolescentes con trastorno disocial de la conducta (TDC), para clarificar el papel de la teoría de la mente en el desarrollo de esta patología. Se tomó una muestra de 60 menores infractores de entre 10 y 16 años, 30 con TDC, y 30 sin TDC para el grupo control, y se les aplicaron las pruebas Lectura de las miradas y Paso en falso. Se hallan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos, mostrando el grupo de casos un menor desempeño. Estos hallazgos sugieren la estructuración de una teoría de la mente con características particulares en el trastorno disocial de conducta, lo cual muestra que esta alteración interfiere en el desarrollo del comportamiento empático.

This study had the objective of inquiring about the characteristics of emotional and empathic processing in adolescents with conduct disorder (CD), in order to clarify the role of the theory of mind the development of this pathology. A sample of 60 young offenders between 10 and 16 years of age, 30 with CD and 30 without for the control grupo. The Eyes Task test and the Faux Pass test were applied. Significant statistical differences were present between the groups, with a worse performance in the group with CD. These findings suggest a particular structure of the theory of mind in CD, showing that this disorder interferes with the development of empathic behavior.

Una posible secuela de la asistencia a jóvenes transgresores a la ley penal: el Síndrome de Burnout en profesionales / A possible outcome of attendance young offenders criminal law: the Burnout Syndrome in professional

Este trabajo tiene origen en la investigación UBACYT P811 "Inhibición psicológica y su relación con la transgresión en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley"; siendo el reflejo de la contracara que se mostraba durante aquélla investigación. Sabido es que determinadas instituciones y los casos que allí se asisten, "per se" demandan un nivel de compromiso profesional y especialmente personal absolutamente distinto a lo acostumbrado. Así, la asistencia a jóvenes transgresores a la ley penal, impone a los profesionales una "especial dedicación" a nivel intelectual y emocional. Ello, puede -eventualmente-, generar secuelas. Los estudios científicos, demuestran que una de esas secuelas es el "Síndrome de Burnout". La relevancia de estudiar esta problemática está dada en función de que los desafíos, responsabilidades, roles, etc. que debe asumir el profesional que trabaja en estos casos, son variados, numerosos y complejos; pudiendo derivar en situaciones de desbordamiento y estrés que dificultan su práctica profesional.

This work is rooted in research UBACyT P811 "psychological inhibition and its relation to the transgression in adolescents in conflict with the law", being the reflection of the counterpart that was displayed during that investigation. It is known that certain institutions and cases there will be attending, "per se" denabd a kevek if orifessional commitment and personal especially quite different from usual. Thus, assistance to young offenders into the criminal law requires professionals a "special commitment" intellectual and emotional level. This can-eventually, generate sequels. Scientific studies show that one of those consequences is the "burnout syndrome". The relevance of studying this problem is given in terms of the challenges, responsibilities, roles, etc.. must assume the professional who works in these cases are varied, numerous and complex, can lead to overflow and stress situations that hinder their professional practice.

Pesquisas narrativo-dialógicas no contexto de conflito com a lei: considerações sobre uma entrevista com jovem autora de infração / Dialogical-narrative research in the contex of conflict with the law: reflections on the interview with a young offender

Neste trabalho discutimos as concepções de dialogismo e polifonia desenvolvidas por Bakhtin no campo literário, bem como formulações inspiradas em suas reflexões, aplicadas ao campo da pesquisa em ciências humanas, especialmente na psicologia. O objetivo é esboçar a perspectiva dialógica no campo do romance polifônico (Bakhtin, 1936/2008) e no contexto dos estudos do self e da identidade narrativa (Hermans, 1996, 2001), discutindo suas implicações para a compreensão da narrativa autobiográfica produzida por uma jovem egressa de medida sócio-educativa. A partir da análise do relato, identificamos os efeitos de sentido produzidos na interação entre pesquisadora e entrevistada, bem como o repertório de posições pessoais da narradora. Observou-se que o emprego da Entrevista Narrativa (Schütze, 1992), em que se recomenda ao entrevistador não fazer perguntas diretivas, criou uma situação de intercâmbio simultaneamente cooperativo e conflituoso, cujo processo pode ser entendido à luz das formulações dialógicas. Como espaço intersubjetivo assimétrico, o processo da entrevista tornou visíveis as estratégias de enfrentamento e negociação do poder entre as partes; a jovem protestou contra as regras da entrevista, solicitou perguntas mais explícitas e sugeriu alterações nas regras, insistindo no modelo convencional de entrevista. Compondo o espaço de interação da entrevista, observaram-se os macro-contextos que marcaram a narração: vozes doutrinárias das instituições voltadas para autores de infração, vozes da família, vozes auto-afirmativas dos pares de delinqüência, vozes de auto-afirmação e de auto-censura entre outras. Em termos da construção narrativa do self, o relato da entrevistada revelou as contradições e incoerências entre posições do "eu" ao longo da interação. No modo como se apresentou, ressoam as vozes pessoais e coletivas de parentes, juízes, assistentes sociais, psicólogos e outras personagens com as quais dialogou no trabalho de dar-se a conhecer à sua ouvinte e a si mesma.

This paper discusses the concepts of dialogism and polyphony as developed by Bakhtin in his literary studies as well as some formulations inspired by his works which are applied to human sciences research, especially to psychology. The aim is to outline the dialogical perspective on the polyphonic novel (Bakhtin, 1936/2008) and in the context of studies on self and narrative identity (Hermans, 1996, 2001), and discuss their implications for the understanding of the autobiographic narrative of a young woman who has undergone judicial measures due to conflict with the law. In the narrative analysis, we identified the effects of meaning produced in the interaction between interviewer and interviewee and the narrator's personal position repertoire. It was observed that the use of Narrative Interview (Schütze, 1992), which recommends the interviewer to avoid direct questions, resulted in an interchange marked simultaneously by cooperation and conflict, that may be understood by dialogical theory. As an asymmetrical inter-subjective space the interview process revealed coping and power negotiation strategies; the interviewee protested against the interview's rules, asked for direct questions and suggested alteration of the rules insisting on a more conventional type of interview. Composing this interaction space were observed the narration's macro-contexts: voices from institutions responsible for delinquent youth, family voices, self affirmative voices of peers involved in infractions, voices of self reprehension and so on. In terms of self narrative construction her account revealed contradictions and inconsistencies of I-positions throughout the interaction. In her self presentation can be heard personal and collective voices of relatives, judges, social workers, psychologists and other characters with whom she maintained dialogue in her task of making herself comprehensible for her listener and intimately for herself.

Atuação do psicólogo com adolescentes em conflito com a lei: a experiência do Canadá / El trabajo del psicólogo con adolescentes en conflicto con la Ley: la experiencia del Canadá / Psychologist' work with young offenders: the experience of Canada

O presente artigo apresenta o relato de experiência da atuação do psicólogo no sistema de justiça canadense, especialmente no caso de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. É apresentada uma comparação entre o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e leis semelhantes do Canadá, intituladas Youth Criminal Justice Act. São apresentados os procedimentos de avaliação biopsicossocial do adolescente, assim como a execução das medidas socioeducativas chamadas medidas alternativas. Embora a execução das medidas alternativas seja parecida entre os dois países, os índices de violência no Canadá são expressivamente menores do que no Brasil, o que evidencia que não são as medidas de caráter judicial que, isoladamente, reduzem a violência, mas uma série de fatores sociopolíticos, educacionais e culturais envolvidos.

Current research presents an experience report of a psychologist working within the Canadian justice system with young offenders. A comparison between the Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute and Canadian similar laws, called Youth Criminal Justice Act is provided. Procedures for the adolescent's bio-psycho-social evaluation, as execution of alternative measures, are also given. Although the execution of alternative measures are similar to those in Brazil, the violence rate in Canada is expressively lower, which demonstrates that merely justice measures do not reduce violence, but social-political, educational and cultural factors are involved too.

El presente artículo expone el relato de una experiencia de actuación del Psicólogo en el sistema judicial canadiense, especialmente en casos de adolescentes en conflicto con la Ley. Es presentada una comparación entre el " Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente" y las leyes semejantes en Canadá, tituladas Youth Criminal Justice Act. Se presentan los procedimientos de evaluación bio-psicosocial del adolescente, así como la ejecución de las medidas socioeducativas, llamadas de medidas alternativas. La ejecución de las medidas alternativas, aunque sea parecida con la brasilera, los índices de violencia en Canadá son expresivamente menores que los de Brasil, lo que evidencia que no son solamente las medias de carácter judicial que reducen la violencia, sino una serie de factores sociopolíticos, educacionales y culturales envolvimos.

Adolescentes em conflito com a lei: uma revisão dos fatores de risco para a conduta infracional / Young offenders: a review of risk factors for criminal Behavior

O artigo apresenta uma revisão dos fatores de risco associados à prática infracional em adolescentes. A revisão abrangeu publicações científicas publicadas entre 1997 e 2003, sendo efetuada a pesquisa com base nos seguintes unitermos em português e inglês: adolescente em conflito com a lei, adolescente infrator, fatores de risco e medidas sócio-educativas. Inúmeras pesquisas apontam para fatores de risco relacionados com a prática infracional. Entre eles, as condições da família com baixos níveis de afeto, pouca coesão e ausência de monitoramento das atividades dos filhos, indiferença generalizada e vínculo pouco afetivo nas relações interpessoais, nível socioeconômico reduzido, influência de colegas como a associação com pessoas agressivas ou usuários de drogas, distanciamento de pessoas que não se comportam criminalmente, atitudes pessoais, valores, crenças e alta tolerância às infrações, história comportamental de exposição a situações de risco, problemas familiares, presença de psicopatologias e problemas escolares, além de fatores fisiológicos e cognitivos.

This paper presents a revision of risk factors associated with youth criminal behavior. The revision included scientific papers published between 1997 and 2003, the research being done with the following Keywords in English and Portuguese: young offender, delinquency, risk factors. Many studies described risk factors associated with criminal behavior in youth, such as family patterns with low level of affection, low cohesion and lack of supervision of their children's activities, generalized indifference, poor interpersonal relations, low social-economic level, peer influence in terms of association with aggressive persons or drug users, isolation from people who do not behave criminally, personal attitudes, values and believes, high tolerance to deviance, behavioral history of exposure to risk situations, family distress, psychopathology, school problems, besides physiological and cognitive factors.