Climas empowering y disempowering, necesidades psicológicas e intención de práctica deportiva futura en jóvenes deportistas / Empowering and disempowering climates, psychological needs and future sports practice intention in young athletes

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer la interrelación entre la percepción de los climas empowering y disempowering generados por los entrenadores (nivel equipo) con la satisfacción y frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, y estas, a su vez, con las intenciones de continuar y abandonar la práctica deportiva (nivel individual) en jóvenes deportistas. Método: Participaron 251 deportistas mexicanos (M = 13.22, DT = 1.28) pertenecientes a 19 equipos. Se les aplicó una batería de cuestionarios para la recolección de datos y se realizó un análisis multinivel de ecuaciones estructuradas. Resultados: El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales reveló asociaciones positivas entre las percepciones de climas empowering desde una perspectiva grupal sobre la satisfacción de necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de continuar la práctica deportiva desde una perspectiva individual, así como entre las percepciones de un clima disempowering sobre la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y de estas sobre las intenciones de abandono. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren en un nivel aplicado que el clima empowering actúa como catalizador del bienestar psicológico y como protector de la aparición de frustración, mientras que el clima disempowering facilita el desarrollo de respuestas psicológicas desadaptativas en el deporte.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of this work is to know the interrelation between the perception of empowering and disempowering climates generated by coaches (team level) with basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, and these in turn, with the intentions to continue and abandon sports practice (individual level) in young athletes. Method: 251 Mexican athletes participated (M = 13. 22, SD = 1.28) belonging to 19 teams. A battery of questionnaires was applied for data collection and a multilevel structured equation analysis was performed. Results: The structural equation model revealed positive associations between perceptions of empowering climates from a group perspective on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to continue practicing sports from an individual perspective; as well as between perceptions of a disempowering climate on the frustration of basic psychological needs and of these on intentions to drop out. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest at an applied level that the empowering climate acts as a catalyst of psychological well-being and as a protector against the occurrence of frustration, while the disempowering climate facilitates the development of maladaptive psychological responses in sport.

Association between nutrition knowledge and nutrition practice among Malaysian adolescent handball athletes

@#Introduction: Previous literature suggests that good nutrition knowledge does not necessarily translate into desired eating behaviours among adolescent athletes, which may affect their sports performance. The purposes of the study were twofold, which were to examine nutrition knowledge and practice between the sexes, and to evaluate the magnitude of relationship between nutrition knowledge and practice among adolescent handball athletes in Malaysia. Methods: Three hundred and twelve male and female adolescent handball players competing in a national level competition voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire which consisted of items on their demographic information and about their nutrition knowledge and eating practices. Independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation were used to compare nutrition knowledge and practice between the sexes and to describe the relationship between variables, respectively. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) observed for nutrition knowledge and practice between the sexes. Besides, the results demonstrated that nutrition knowledge had a significant but weak positive correlation with eating habit (r=0.114, p=0.003) among the athletes. Conclusion: This study showed that nutrition knowledge and practice were moderately adequate, and that knowledge does not necessarily translate into good dietary practices. Therefore, the athletes would benefit from a comprehensive and innovative nutrition education, a strategy which warrants further investigation.

UV protection for young athletes: using participatory program planning to develop a sports schools program

BACKGROUND@#The incidence of melanoma increased rapidly throughout the last decades, with overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation being an established risk factor. Due to their intensive sun exposure, many student athletes (SAs) have an increased risk for skin cancer. The Clever in Sun and Shade Program (CSSP) aims at enforcing positive attitudes toward UV protection (UVP) and at supporting sports schools in establishing UVP strategies.@*METHODS@#CSSP was developed in 2019 using participatory program planning (PPP) as well as following WHO recommendations for UVP at schools. After drafting first material, within a PPP groups were conducted at a partner school (convenience sample 1) with students (n = 20), teachers (n = 5), school administration (n = 2), and coaches (n = 5). Materials were then adapted. Program acceptance and feasibility were tested at two further schools (convenience sample 2) with PPP groups of students (n = 95) and school administration (n = 2). Content analyses and descriptive statistics were conducted.@*RESULTS@#Less than 50% of SAs and coaches of sample 1 expressed positive attitudes toward UVP, less than 10% reported appropriate UVP behavior. By using PPP, program material was adapted to the target groups' needs, i.e., by including specific barriers and solutions. Only the most accepted video drafts were produced. The majority of SAs of sample 2 (80-86%) used predominantly positive adjectives such as "important" and "positive" to describe the completed videos and the behavior self-check poster.@*CONCLUSIONS@#PPP process has greatly influenced concept and materials of CSSP for sports schools. Integration of future program participants has proven to be an important component in creating a fitting and feasible program. CSSP for sports schools is a program free of charge that enables sports schools to integrate UVP into their daily routine. It will be disseminated in cooperation with German Olympic Sports Confederation and German Cancer Aid in 2021.

Relative age effect, skeletal maturation and aerobic running performance in youth soccer players

To investigate the presence of a relative age effect (RAE) and the influence of birth quarters (BQ), semesters (S) as well as skeletal maturation on anthropometric characteristics and aerobic peak speed (PST-CAR) in youth male soccer players. Methods: One hundred players were recruited to participate in this study. Players were allocated into 4 BQ's and 2 S. Skeletal maturity status was assessed using the Fels method. Assessments for players included determination of body size and composition and PST-CAR. Results: Overall, more players were born in BQ1 (38 %) and S1 (75%). The likelihood of players born in BQ1 and BQ2 being selected was 3.61 to 4.96 times higher than players in BQ3 and BQ4. Players in BQ4 maturing earlier were biologically older than their peers in BQ1. The players in BQ3 and S2 displayed higher PST-CAR compared with players in BQ2 and S1, respectively. However, players of contrasting skeletal maturity status did not differ in aerobic performance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that coaches and talent scouts are systematically retaining average and early maturing players born in S1 and excluding late maturing players born in BQ4. However, aerobic performance appeared to be dependent on the relative age, but independent of skeletal maturation during puberty.(AU)

Cardiac remodeling indicators in adolescent athletes / Indicadores de remodelagem cardíaca em atletas adolescentes

Summary Objective: The idea that different sports and physical training type results in different cardiac adaptations has been widely accepted. However, this remodelling process among different sport modalities is still not fully understood. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the heart morphology variation associated with a set of different modalities characterized by distinct models of preparation and different methods and demands of training and completion. Method: The sample comprises 42 basketball players, 73 roller hockey players, 28 judo athletes and 21 swimmers. Anthropometry was assessed by a single and experienced anthropometrist and the same technician performed the echocardiographic exams. Analysis of variance was used to study age, body size and echocardiograph parameters as well as different sport athlete's comparison. Results: Basketball players are taller (F=23.448; p<0.001; ES-r=0.553), heavier (F=6.702; p<0.001; ES-r=0.334) and have a greater body surface area (F=11.896; p<0.001; ES-r=0.427). Basketball and hockey players have larger left auricle diameters compared with judo athletes (F=3.865; p=0.011; ES-r=0.316). Interventricular end-diastolic septal thickness (F=7.287; p<0.001; ES-r=0.347) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (F=8.038; p<0.001; ES-r=0.362) of the judokas are smaller compared to the mean values of other sports participants. In addition, relative left parietal ventricular wall thickness is lower among swimmers compared with judokas (F=4.127; p=0.008; ES-r=0.268). Conclusion: The major contributors to changes in heart morphology are for the most part associated with sport-specific training and competition and the specific dynamics and adaptive mechanisms imposed by each sport.

Resumo Objetivo: Os efeitos decorrentes da prática de diferentes modalidades desportivas resultam em padrões divergentes de adaptação cardíaca. A presente pesquisa procura estudar a variação da morfologia do coração associada a um conjunto de modalidades desportivas distintas quanto à natureza do esforço e aos modelos de preparação, incluindo metodologias de treino e sistemas de competição. Método: Foram estudados 42 basquetebolistas, 73 hoquistas, 28 judocas e 21 nadadores. A antropometria foi avaliada por um único e experiente antropometrista e os exames ecocardiográficos foram realizados pelo mesmo operador. Recorreu-se à análise da variância para estudar a variação associada a idade, medidas de tamanho corporal e parâmetros ecocardiográficos, bem como para a comparação entre os atletas de diferentes modalidades desportivas. Resultados: Os basquetebolistas são os atletas mais altos (F=23,448; p<0,001; ES-r=0,553), mais pesados (F=6,702; p<0,001; ES-r=0,334), com maior superfície corporal (F=11,896; p<0,001; ES-r=0,427) e, com os hoquistas, apresentam um diâmetro da aurícula esquerda superior ao dos judocas (F=3,865; p=0,011; ES-r=0,316). A espessura telediastólica do septo interventricular (F=7,287; p<0,001; ES-r=0,347) e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (F=8,038; p<0,001; ES-r=0,362) dos judocas é inferior à dos outros atletas, mesmo quando controlado para o tamanho corporal. Os nadadores apresentam uma espessura parietal relativa do ventrículo esquerdo superior à dos judocas (F=4,127; p=0,008; ES-r=0,268). Conclusão: As diferentes fontes de variação da morfologia cardíaca prendem-se com as dinâmicas do processo de treino, competição e correspondentemente com os mecanismos adaptativos, sobrepondo-se ao processo de formação desportiva a longo prazo.

Déficits no equilíbrio muscular em jovens atletas de ginástica feminina / Muscle deficits in young female gymnastics / Déficit muscular en jóvenes gimnastas de sexo femenino

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os desequilíbrios musculares em atletas de ginástica feminina e correlacionar com a idade. Metodologia: 24 ginastas femininas de 9 a 15 anos tiveram os desequilíbrios musculares do joelho avaliados por meio de dinamômetro isocinético. Resultados: A razão I/Q demonstrou que 87,5% das ginastas apresentaram risco de lesão nos membros dominante e 91% no não dominante. Os desequilíbrios bilaterais revelaram 25% das ginastas com desequilíbrio bilateral superior a 10% no quadríceps e 30% nos isquiotibiais. Não foram encontradas correlações entre os desequilíbrios musculares e a idade das ginastas. Conclusão: Jovens ginastas apresentam desequilíbrios musculares que podem estar relacionados a possíveis lesões nos membros inferiores.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle imbalances in female gymnasts correlate with age. 24 female gymnasts 9 to 15 years old had their muscle imbalances of the knee evaluated by Isokinetic Dynamometer. The H/Q ratio showed that 87.5% and 91% of the gymnasts were at risk of injury in the dominant and non-dominant limbs respectively. Bilateral imbalances revealed that 25% of the gymnasts had bilateral imbalance exceeding 10% in the quadriceps and 30% in hamstrings. No correlations were found between muscle imbalances and age of the gymnasts. Young gymnasts have muscle imbalances that might be related to possible lower limb injuries.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los desequilibrios musculares en gimnastas femeninas y correlacionarlos con la edad. Metodología: se evaluaron los desequilibrios musculares de la rodilla de 24 gimnastas de 9 a 15 años mediante dinamómetro isocinético. La relación I/Q mostró que el 87,5 y el 91% de las gimnastas corrían el riesgo de sufrir lesiones en las extremidades dominantes y no dominantes, respectivamente. Los desequilibrios bilaterales revelaron que el 25% de las gimnastas presentaban desequilibrio bilateral superior al 10% en el cuádriceps y al 30% en los isquiotibiales. No se encontraron correlaciones entre los desequilibrios musculares y la edad de las gimnastas. Las gimnastas jóvenes presentaban desequilibrios musculares que podrían estar relacionados con posibles lesiones en los miembros inferiores.

Jornada escolar versus tempo de treinamento: a profissionalização no futebol e a formação na escola básica / School day versus training time: the football professionalization and training in basic school / Jornada escolar frente a tiempo de entrenamiento: la profesionalización del fútbol y la formación en la instrucción básica

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o tempo dedicado à formação profissional no futebol e à escola básica entre os atletas das categorias de base dos clubes da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e de fora dela. Fizemos entrevistas estruturadas com 228 atletas – das categorias sub-17 e sub-20 – de 19 clubes do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo os atletas dos clubes da capital fluminense. Observamos que os atletas dos clubes da capital investem mais tempo no futebol do que os demais jovens entrevistados. Esse tempo destinado ao esporte sugere uma concorrência com a formação escolar. Por fim, afirmamos que o tempo gasto com a formação no futebol pode criar dificuldade para uma vida escolar dedicada e para uma formação cultural de qualidade.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the time devoted to vocational training in basic schools and football among the athletes of the basic categories of clubs in the city of Rio de Janeiro and beyond. We conducted structured interviews with 228 athletes – the sub categories-17 and under-20 – from 19 clubs in the State of Rio de Janeiro. We observe that athletes of clubs from the capital they invest more time in football than other young people interviewed. This time spent with this sport formation suggests a competition with the school formation. Finally, we affirm that the time spent with the formation in football can create difficulties for a dedicated school life and cultural quality education.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el tiempo dedicado a la formación profesional en el fútbol y el tiempo dedicado a la instrucción básica entre los atletas de las categorías básicas de clubes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Realizamos entrevistas estructuradas a 228 atletas – de las categorías sub-17 y sub-20 – de 19 clubes del estado de Río de Janeiro, incluyendo a atletas de clubes de Río de Janeiro. Observamos que los atletas de clubes de la capital invertían más tiempo en el fútbol que el resto de jóvenes entrevistados. Este tiempo destinado al deporte sugiere una competencia con el colegio. Por último, declaramos que el tiempo dedicado a la formación en el fútbol puede crear dificultades respecto al tiempo dedicado al colegio y a una educación cultural de calidad.

Percepção subjetiva do esforço em jogos oficiais de Futsal / Perception subjective effort in official Futsal games

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a intensidade dos esforços utilizando o método da PSE em partidas oficiais de futsal. A amostra foi constituída por 10 atletas do sexo masculino (16,5±2 anos) que participaram da etapa estadual dos Jogos Escolares da Juventude. Foi avaliado o comportamento da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) em resposta à cinco jogos oficiais de futsal na categoria sub-17, sendo dois pela fase classificatória e três pela fase final da competição. A quantificação da carga interna foi determinada através do método da PSE da sessão (FOSTER et, al., 2001). Foram encontrados valores médios de 7,5 e 7,4 para as partidas da 1ª fase e 8,2, 8,7 e 8,9 para os jogos da fase final. Os resultados indicam cargas crescentes ao longo da competição, demonstrando que os jogos foram realizados com intensidades elevadas, compatíveis com intensidades de partidas de futsal analisadas utilizando outros indicadores, como frequência cardíaca e lactato. Pode-se concluir que a PSE é um método confiável para mensurar a intensidade dos esforços em partidas oficiais de futsal.(AU)

The aim of this study was to quantify the degree of effort using the method of PSE in official games of futsal. The sample consisted of 10 male athletes (16.5 ± 2 years) who participated in the state level of School Youth Games. The behavior of perceived exertion (RPE) in response to the five official games of futsal in the under-17 category was evaluated, two and three through the qualifying for the final stage of the competition. The quantification of the internal load was determined by the session SPE (Foster et, al. 2001) method. Average values of 7.5 and 7.4 for departures from 1st stage and 8.2, 8.7 and 8.9 for the finals matches were found. The results indicate increasing loads throughout the competition, demonstrating that the games were held at high intensities, consistent with intensities of futsal matches analyzed using other indicators such as heart rate and lactate. Can conclude that the PSE is a reliable method to measure the intensity of the efforts in official games of futsal.(AU)

Perspectiva ecológica na determinação de percursos desportivos contrastantes em jovens futebolistas / Sociocultural domain

Pretendeu-se examinar as influências contextuais e sócio-ambientais nas atitudes e comportamentos dos jovens na sua participação desportiva. Participaram 24 jovens jogadores de futebol de um Clube de Orientação Profissional (COP), divididos em quatro escalões dos sub 14 aos sub 17. Participaram em entrevistas de grupo sobre a sua participação desportiva, caracterização do contexto de prática e relações interpessoais. O clima de grupo, entre os pares, foi positivamente referido pelos jovens como importante. A procura de estatuto e reconhecimento, a par da aspiração ao profissionalismo foi referido como importante no trajeto desportivo. Os pais são importantes agentes na participação desportiva e a relação do jovem com o treinador mostrou-se influente no clima motivacional percepcionado pelos jovens. Os resultados determinam importantes ativos a ter em consideração na construção da estrutura de treino em jovens inseridos em clubes profissionais. A participação desportiva dos jovens atletas precisa ter em consideração o contexto de prática de forma a promover um desenvolvimento positivo.

It was intended to examine the contextual influences and socio-environmental attitudes and behaviors of young athletes in sport participation. The participants were 24 young soccer players in a Professional Oriented Club (POC), divided into four teams, sub 14 through sub 17; they participated in group interviews regarding their sport participation, characterization of the context of practice and interpersonal relationships. The group climate, among peers, was positively mentioned by young athletes’ as important. The search for status and recognition, alongside with the aspiration to professionalism were stated as important in their sport trajectories. Parents are important agents in sport participation. The relationship with the young coach proved to be influential in the motivational climate perceived by young people. The results determine important assets to take into consideration when construing the training structure in youngsters playing in professional clubs. Young athletes’ sport participation needs to take into account the context of practice to promote positive development.

Cambios en las variables de desempeño físico en futbolistas sub-17 durante una pre-temporada / Changes in the variables of footballers’ physical acting sub-17 during a pre-season

El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en verificar los cambios en las características antropométricas y fisiológicas de futbolistas de la categoría sub-17 de un club profesional. Se seleccionaron de forma no-probabilísticaaccidental 26 futbolistas que presentan un promedio de edad de 16,16±0,75 años al inicio de la pre-temporada y de 16,36±0,75 años al final de la pre-temporada. Se evaluaron las variables antropométricas de la estatura (cm), el peso corporal (kg), porcentaje de grasa (%g), masa grasa (kg) y masa muscular (kg) y las variables físicas del Yo-Yo test Intermitent Recovery (m), Yo-Yo test Endurance (VO2máx en ml/kg/min),velocidad de (20m), agilidad (segundos) y dos pruebas de saltos verticales squast jump (cm) y Contramoviment (cm). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la estadística descriptiva de media aritmética y desviación estándar, y para verificar las diferencias significativas se utilizó el test de Student y la prueba de especificidad de Tukey con una (p<0,005). Los resultados muestran que no se encontraron diferencias significativas para el peso corporal total, el peso muscular y para la resistencia especifica del yo-yo test recovery. Sin embargo, los ocho microciclos de entrenamiento si fueron suficientes estadisticamente para modificar el porcentaje de grasa, sumatoria de los pliegues cutaneos y el peso graso, a su vez mejoró la potencia aeróbica, la velocidad, la agilidad, la fuerza explosiva y la fuerza explosiva elástica, respectivamente.

The aim of this study was to verify changes in anthropometric and physiological characteristicsof the 17 years category of players in a accidental 26 players who have an average age of 16.16 ñ 0.75 years at the start of the pre-season and 16.36 ñ 0.75 years at the end of the preseason. We evaluated anthropometric variables height (cm), weight (kg), fat percentage (% g), fat mass (kg) and muscle mass (kg), and physical variables (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (m), Yo-Yo Endurance Test (VO2max in ml / kg / min), speed (20m), Agility (seconds) and two squast jump tests (cm) and Contramoviment (cm). For statistical analysis, arithmetic average descriptive statistics and standard deviation were used, and to verify the significant differences, the Student test and a test with a specificity of Tukey were used (p <0.005). The results showed that no significant differences were found for total body weight, muscle weight and the specific resistance of yo-yo Recovery test. However, the eight training microcycles were statistically sufficient alter the percentage of fat, sum of skinfolds and fat weight, and also to improve aerobic power, speed, agility, explosive strength and elastic explosive strength, respectively.

Evaluación preparticipativa en deportistas jóvenes, ¿cuánto es suficiente? / Preparticipation physical evaluation assessment in young athletes, how much is enough?

La evaluación preparticipativa a pesar de ser un acto médico ampliamente difundido a nivel mundial desde hace muchos años y ser considerado necesario para toda persona que pretenda realizar actividad física programada o algún deporte, en nuestro país no existe un consenso formal al respecto. La discusión no se genera al momento de definir su uso, sino cuando se evalúa la necesidad de solicitar exámenes complementarios para potenciarla como herramienta de screening y aumentar su sensibilidad y especificidad para disminuir el riesgo de patología cardiovascular, especialmente la muerte súbita. Se discute a continuación los puntos de vista de los dos grandes polos de confrontación, que son Estados Unidos, representado por el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte y la Comunidad Europea, representado por sus asociaciones médico-deportivas y por el Colegio Europeo de Cardiología; cada uno presenta sus evidencias y definen distintos requisitos al momento de realizar esta evaluación.

The preparticipation physical evaluation despite being a medical act globally widespread for many years and be considered necessary for anyone who wants to perform physical activities or sports, in our country there is no formal consensus on the matter. The discussion is not generated when defining its realization, but when evaluating the need to request additional tests to promote it, as a screening tool and increase its sensitivity and specificity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially sudden death. It then discusses the position of the two great poles of confrontation, which are the United States, represented by the American College of Sports Medicine and the European Community, represented by its medical and sports associations and the European College of Cardiology, each one presents its evidence and define different requirements when making this assessment.

Fatores motivacionais de jovens atletas de vôlei / Motivation factors of young volleyball athletes / Factores motivacionales de jóvenes atletas de voley

O estudo objetivou identificar o quanto os fatores motivacionais determinam a permanência de jovens atletas no voleibol de alto nível e compará-los quanto ao gênero e categoria. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação do questionário de Escala de Motivos para a Prática Esportiva (EMPE) a 96 jovens atletas de vôlei de quadra (46 meninas e 50 meninos). Os fatores que mais motivaram os atletas para a prática do vôlei foram: aperfeiçoamento técnico, saúde e afiliação. Na comparação quanto ao gênero, com exceção dos fatores saúde e status, as atletas apresentaram maiores índices de motivação do que os atletas. Comparando os fatores motivacionais segundo a categoria, todos os itens analisados, exceto afiliação, motivam da mesma forma os atletas.

This study aimed to identify how the motivational factors determine the permanence of young athletes in volleyball high level and compare these factors by gender and by category. Data collection was performed by applying the questionnaire Escala de Motivos para a Prática Esportiva (EMPE) to 96 young athletes from indoor volleyball (46 girls and 50 boys). The factors that most motivated the athletes to practice volleyball were: Skills Development, Health and Affiliation. Comparing of the motivational factors according to gender, except the factors health and status, the girls had higher motivation than the boys. Comparing motivational factors according to category, all items tested, except Affiliation, motivated the athletes the same way.

El estudo se centra en los factores motivacionales para determinar la persistencia de los jóvenes atletas en el voleibol de alto nivel y compararlas en relación al género y categoría. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante la aplicación del cuestionario de la Escala de Motivos para a Esportiva (EMPE) a 96 jóvenes jugadores de voleibol de salón (46 niñas y 50 niños). Los factores que motivaron a los deportistas para practicar voleibol fueron: el desarrollo técnico, la salud y afiliación. En comparación con el género, con la excepción de los factores y el estado de salud, las ninãs atletas tuvieron una mayor motivación de los niños atletas. Al comparar los factores motivacionales en base a las variables utilizadas en el estudio, a exepción de la adhesión, motivaron a los individuos o jugadores a practicar el Voley de Salón de la misma manera.

Análise postural de jovens velejadores / Postural analysis of young sailors

Objetivo: Analisar a postura de jovens velejadores e relacionar com fatores que podem gerar alterações posturais. Métodos: Foi avaliada a postura de nove velejadores da classe Optimist, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos. Realizou-se um questionamento prévio para conhecimentos gerais sobre tempo e freqüência de prática na Vela, prática de outros esportes, dominância e preparo para os treinos. Então, em trajes de banho, o velejador foi fotografado na posição ortostática em vistas anterior, posterior e laterais, e na posição em flexão anterior em vista anterior e lateral. Na flexão anterior, o atleta era solicitado a realizar a posição de modo confortável, sem exigir alongamento da musculatura ou alcançar objetivos como tocar os membros superiores no chão. A avaliação postural ocorreu por fotogrametria no posturograma FISIOMETER 3.0. Resultados: Foi observado que todos os velejadores apresentaram alterações posturais, como gibosidades dorsais (55%), concavidades de tronco (88%), desnivelamento de pelve (66%), elevação de ombros (66%), desalinhamento de cabeça (77%), anteriorização de cabeça (100%), desalinhamento de joelhos (66%), desalinhamento de pés (77%) e hiperlordose lombar (44%). Conclusão: A incidência de deformidades encontrada é preocupante, visto que as alterações podem gerar incapacidades físicas a curto e longo prazo. Porém, deve-se ressaltar o fator estudantil, que influencia nestas alterações e pode contribuir para lesões osteomusculares. Observou-se a carência de estudos pregressos para confronto dos resultados e há indicação para estudos futuros com maior número amostral podendo tornar mais evidente as alterações características da prática da Vela.

Objective: To analyze the posture of young sailors and to relate with factors that can lead postural patterns. Methods: The study subjects were nine Optimist class sailors, aged between 10 and 15 years. The young sailors were questioned previously about characteristics of your practice, like time and frequency of practice in sailing, practice of other sports, dominance and preparation for the training. Then, wearing bath clothes, the sailors were photographed in orthostatic position and trunk flexion position in frontal and saggital planes. In the trunk flexion, the athlete was asked to hold the position so comfortable, without requiring stretching of muscles or achieve goals as touch in the ground. They carried out postural evaluation through photogrammetry using the FlSlOMETER 3.0 posturogram. Results: We observed that all athletes had postural changes, as dorsal scoliosis (55%), trunk kiphosis (88%), pelvis inclination (66%), shoulders elevation (66%), head misalignment (77%), head anteriorization (100%), knees misalignment (66%), feet misalignment (77%) and lumbar hyperlordosis (44%). Conclusion: The number of deformities found is worrying and could generate physical disabilities in a short or long term. However, should be considered the fact of these athletes be students. This factor may influence these changes and contribute to musculoskeletal injuries. Were observed the absence of anterior studies to discussion and future studies are indicated with a larger sample.

Determinación del somatotipo en jugadores infantiles de voleibol: validez como criterio de selección de jóvenes talentos deportivos / Assessment of somatotype in young voleyball players: validity as criteria to select young sports talent

Las características antropométricas de los deportistas pueden determinar su rendimiento deportivo. Por esa razón se pretende conocer el somatotipo de jugadores infantiles de voleibol para poder así, controlar el entrenamiento y asegurar un adecuado desarrollo de los deportistas. En este estudio se analizaron 154 jugadores/as, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 14 años. Los datos se extrajeron según las técnicas recomendadas por la ISAK (2001). Los resultados mostraron un perfil endomesomorfo tanto en chicos como en chicas, lo que concuerda con el perfil predominante en estas edades. Por otra parte, al comparar el somatotipo de estos jugadores con el de otros estudios observamos una cierta homogeneidad en el caso de los chicos, lo que invalidaría la tendencia actual de usar este parámetro como criterio para la selección de jóvenes talentos deportivos. Sin embargo, si podría ser un elemento a tener en cuenta en el caso de las chicas, ya que su perfil es mucho más heterogéneo.

The anthropometric characteristics of athletes can determine their sporting performance. For this reason, we?ve defined the somatotype of young volleyball players in order to be able to control their sports training and to ensure their appropriate athletic development. In the present investigation 154 male and female volleyball players (aged from 12 to 14 years) were analyzed. Data were collected according to the ISAK protocol. The results show an endomesomorphic profile for male and female volleyball players agreeing with the predominant profi le at these ages. However, after comparing these data with results obtained in other studies, we observed a certain homogeneity in the male somatotype, invalidating the current trend of using this parameter as criteria to select young sports talent. However, somatotype could be a factor to take into account with female athletes, since their profi le is much more heterogeneous.

Low Back pain in Young Athletes: Epidemilogic Study of Risk Factors / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Epidemilologic information about various syndromes in low back pain has been regarded by Vert Mooney as one of the important sources for establishing prognosis and providing a rationale for therapy. Several risk factors about low back pain and injuries were analyzed through a questionnaire filled out by 172 athletes of various kind of sports including students and professional players. The following results were obtained. 1. Types of sports were associated with the incidence of low back injuries and gymnastics were included in high risk groups (p<0.01). 2. Career is also associated with the incidence of low back injuries (p<0.05). 3. Pain pattern, such as anterior element pain or posterior element pain is also associated with the particular type of sport(p<0.001). 4. Over-use has been suspected as a main cause of sports injury in 37.8% of athletes. Neglect of warming-up, psychologic attitudes and chronic accumulation of micro-trauma have been also suspected (p<0.001). 5. Management of pain was expected to be received from physiotherapists by 34.2%, from coaches or fellow sportsmen by 24.6%, from an acupuncturist by 17.5%, from doctors by 9.7%, and from trainers by 14% of athletes. However 66.7% of the professional players wanted to receive management of pain from trainers (p<0.001).