Morfometría y biotipo de futbolistas varones categorías sub 15 y sub 16 pertenecientes a una escuela deportiva / Morphometry and biotype of male soccer players categories under 15 and under 16 from a sports school

RESUMEN: En las categorías deportivas juveniles, los parámetros morfológicos y biotipológicos son difíciles de determinar ya que es complejo separar los cambios propios de la formación deportiva, de los asociados al crecimiento y la maduración. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer características antropométricas y perfiles somatotípicos de adolescentes varones futbolistas chilenos de una escuela deportiva. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 23 jóvenes categoría sub 15 y 30 jóvenes sub 16. Se registraron el peso (kg), estatura (cm), seis pliegues cutáneos, dos diámetros y cinco perímetros. El índice de masa muscular (IMC) se calculó según fórmula de Quetelet. El fraccionamiento de la masa corporal se estimó según la masa grasa (MG), masa muscular (MM), masa residual (MR) y masa ósea (MO). Se describió el somatotipo utilizando el método de Heath & Carter. Los datos fueron analizados en estadístico para tendencia central, porcentajes y significancia según prueba t(p<0,05). Los resultados no muestran diferencias significativas en los patrones antropométricos y biotipológicos entre las dos categorías. Los promedios observados fueron: peso: 60,2 ± 7,6 (kg); Talla: 169,1 ± 5,3 (cm); IMC: 21,2 ± 2,0; % MG: 24,3 ± 2,7; %MM: 45,2 ± 2,9. Somatotipo para jóvenes sub 15 fue de: 2,4 ± 0,7/ 4,5 ± 0,8 / 3,0 ± 1,1 y para sub 16 de: 2,3 ± 1,0/ 4,3 ± 0,8 / 3,0 ± 0,9. Estos resultados son similares a los observados en otras escuelas deportivas de Chile y el mundo. Se concluye que altos porcentajes de masa musculary los componentes meso-ectomórficos, serían características morfológicas en este tipo de deportistas. Se sugiere considerar estos factores, además de considerar los factores sociales y psicológicos, la maduración corporal, centrando el quehacer de los adolescentes más en favorecer un estilo de vida sana y activa que en lo competitivo.

SUMMARY: In youth sports categories, morphological and biotypological parameters are difficult to determine since it is complex to separate the changes inherent to sports training from those associated with growth and maturation. The objective of this research was to establish anthropometric characteristics and somatotypic profiles of adolescent Chilean male soccer players from a sports training school. The sample consisted of 23 young people under 15 and 30 young people under 16. Weight (kg), height (cm), six skin folds, two diameters and five perimeters were recorded. The muscle mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the Quetelet formula. The fractionation of body mass was estimated according to fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), residual mass (RM), and bone mass (BM). The somatotype was described using the Heath & Carter method. The data were analyzed statistically for central tendency, percentages and significance according to the t test (p <0.05). The results show anthropometric and biotypological patterns without significant differences between the two categories. The averages observed werefor: weight: 60.2 ± 7.6 (kg); Size: 169.1 ± 5.3 (cm); BMI: 21.2 ± 2.0; % FM: 24.3 ± 2.7; % MM: 45.2 ± 2.9; % RM:12,0 ± 0.7; % BM: 12,9 ± 1,0. Somatotype for youth 15 years was: 2.4 ± 0.7 / 4.5 ± 0.8 / 3.0 ± 1.1 and for 16 years it was: 2.3 ± 1.0 / 4.3 ± 0, 8 / 3.0 ± 0.9. These results are similar to those observed in other sports schools in Chile and the world. It is concluded that high percentages of muscle mass and meso- ectomorphic components would be morphological characteristics in this type of athlete. It is suggested to consider these factors, in addition to considering social and psychological factors, body maturation, focusing the work of adolescents more on promoting a healthy and active lifestyle than on the competitive aspect.

Características antropométricas de futbolistas chilenos juveniles sub 14, sub 15 y sub 16 / Anthropometric characteristics of Chilean youth soccer player sub 14, sub 15 and sub 16

El fútbol es el deporte más practicado a nivel mundial. Esta popularidad se debe a que prácticamente cualquier persona lo puede jugar de manera amateur, pero a medida que se va profesionalizando se requiere la valoración de un perfil antropométrico que favorezca un rol determinado dentro del campo de juego. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las características antropométricas de futbolistas chilenos juveniles sub 14, sub 15 y sub 16 de acuerdo con la posición de juego y la categoría. Se evaluaron a 180 futbolistas juveniles de sexo masculino con edades entre los 13 y 16 años, pertenecientes a las divisiones inferiores de los clubes: Audax Italiano, Cobresal y Magallanes de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los datos se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con p < .05. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso, talla, sumatoria de 6 pliegues, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales entre jugadores de distintas posiciones de juego. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en el peso, talla, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, músculo, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales menos en la radial-estiloidea entre jugadores de distintas categorías. Los resultados muestran la importancia de dividir a los futbolistas juveniles en un mayor número de roles posicionales al momento de definir las características antropométricas ideales según su ubicación en el terreno de juego. Las diferencias encontradas en la composición corporal entre categorías sugieren prestar atención al desarrollo madurativo al momento de promover a algún jugador a una división mayor.

Soccer is the most practiced sport in the world. This popularity is since practically anyone can play it amateurishly, but as it becomes professionalized it requires the valuation of ananthropometric profile that favors a certain role within the playing field. The objective of the study was to compare the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean youth soccer players sub 14, sub 15 and sub 16 according to the game position and category. The number of individuals evaluated in this study was 180 male youth players in the sub 14 categories (n = 60), sub 15 (n = 58) and sub 16 (n = 62), belonging to the lower divisions of the soccer clubs: Audax Italiano (n = 62), Cobresal (n = 57) and Magallanes (n =61) from the Metropolitan Region. The sample was chosen for convenience and consists of the total of players belonging to these three categories and these three soccer teams. These players had an average training of 4 days a week with a duration of each practice session of 120 minutes, plus a match on weekends with a duration of 90 minutes. There were significant differences in all of them between different game positions. We can emphasize that the central defenses presented the greatest statistical differences in all the lengths corresponding to the lower limbs: iliospinal height (97.6 ± 3.6), trochanteric height (92.1 ± 3.3), trochanteric-tibial lateral length (45.2 ± 1.7), lateral tibial height (46.3 ± 1.8) and medial-malleolar medial tibial length (38.7 ± 2.0), whereas the archers had them in the lengths of the train superior: acromio-radial (33.0 ± 1.6), radial-styloid (27.8 ± 1.7) and styloid-dactyly medium (20.2 ± 1.0). It was also found that there are significant differences in weight among players of different categories, with those of sub 16 having the highest weight (65.7 ± 7.4) and those of sub 14 the lowest (58.7 ± 8.1). At the same time, it is shown how there are statistical differences in the size between the sub 14 division who obtained the lowest measurement on average and the other 2 series confronted, but not so between sub 15 and sub 16, the latter being those who had the highest stature on average. It is also shown as the percentage of fat mass, ranging between 24.2 % of the sub 15 division in its lower limit, and 25.2% of the sub 14 in its upper limit being all considered as "acceptable" and without statistical significance between any categories. Statistical differences were found between the sub 14 category and the sub 16 category in all body lengths except in the radial-styloid. It is also shown that there are significant differences between the sub 14 and sub 15 in the lengths: acromio-radial and trochanteric-lateral tibial and in the heights: ilio-spinal, trochanteric and lateral tibial. This is directly related to the lower average stature they present in the sub-division 14. In turn, no statistical significance was found at any length between sub-15 and sub-16 players. Likewise, statistical differences were found in the weight, height, and weight of: skin, fat, bone mass, muscle, residual mass and in all body lengths less than radial-styloid among players of different categories. The results show the importance of dividing the young players in a greater number of positional roles when defining the ideal anthropometric characteristics according to their location in the field of play. The differences found in the body composition between categories suggest paying attention to the development of maturity when promoting a player to a larger division.

The game variants in Europe. Trends and perspectives during youth competitive stages

AIMS: The aim of this study was to verify how European countries manage the type of game variants and their frequency during different age groups of youth competition. METHODS: Data were collected from the official rules of youth football championships. To identify countries homogenous groups according to their game variants, Two Step Cluster Analysis procedure was used while a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the game variants distribution in each Cluster. In order to correlate the game variants with age groups, a Chi-Square independence test and a Spearman ordinal correlation coefficient were used. The results showed there were five clusters with significant differences in their game variants distribution (X2 kw (4) = 22.149; p<0.001; n = 30) and a significant correlation between age group and game variant (χ2(63) = 477.724; p<0.001; n = 30). Specifically, the most used game variants in each age group were the five-a-side (F5) in Under-8; the nine-a-side (F9) in Under-12; the seven-a-side (F7) in Under-9 and Under10; and the eleven-a-side (F11) in and above Under-13. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to understand the different country perspectives about the competitive game variants of youth football within the European space and its relation with diverse learning philosophies and pathways.(AU)

Biochemical profile of Serbian youth national soccer teams / Perfil bioquímico de equipos juveniles de fútbol serbios

The aim of the present study was to determine biochemical profile of youth national soccer teams and to compare the values of nine biochemical parameters between three Serbian youth national teams (under 14, 15 and 16 years old), as well as between soccer players and non-athletes. Eighty young soccer players and thirty non-athletes participated in the study. Nine biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), iron) were measured. In order to determine the significance of differences between the groups on a multivariate level a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was administered, and to test the differences between the groups on an univariate level a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. Statistically significant differences were found between groups (soccer players up to 14, 15 and 16 years of age) on a multivariate level of the applied biochemical variables (MANOVA, p= 0.00). ANOVA also revealed significant differences in Creatinine (p= 0.00), Total bilirubin (p= 0.00) and ALT (SGPT) (p= 0.02). Statistically significant differences in the applied variables were found between soccer players and non-athletes on a multivariate level (MANOVA p= 0.00). ANOVA also revealed significant differences in Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Creatinine, Total bilirubin, ALT (SGPT) and Iron (p= 0.00) between soccer players and non-athletes, but there were no statistically significant differences in other variables (AST (SGOT) and Urea). It was concluded that there is significant difference in almost all variables (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, etc.), except AST (SGOT) and Urea between soccer players and non-athletes. From a practical point of view, the clinician has to take into account not only age, but also training status of individuals when evaluating their blood tests.

El objetivo fue determinar el perfil bioquímico de los equipos juveniles de fútbol nacional y comparar los valores de nueve parámetros bioquímicos entre tres equipos nacionales serbios (menores de 14, 15 y 16 años de edad), así como entre los jugadores de fútbol y no atletas. Ochenta jóvenes jugadores de fútbol y treinta no atletas participaron en el estudio. Se midieron nueve parámetros bioquímicos (glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, urea, creatinina, bilirrubina total, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), hierro). Con el fin de determinar la significación de las diferencias entre los grupos en un nivel multivariado se administró un análisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), y para poner a prueba las diferencias entre los grupos en un nivel univariado se aplicó un análisis univariado de la varianza (ANOVA). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (jugadores de fútbol hasta 14, 15 y 16 años de edad) en un nivel multivariado de las variables bioquímicas (MANOVA, p= 0,00). ANOVA también reveló diferencias significativas en creatina (p= 0,00), la bilirrubina total (p= 0,00) y ALT (SGPT) (p= 0,02). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables aplicadas entre los jugadores de fútbol y no atletas a nivel multivariado (MANOVA p= 0,00). ANOVA también reveló diferencias significativas en glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, creatinina, bilirrubina total, ALT (SGPT) y hierro (p= 0,00) entre los jugadores de fútbol y no atletas. Sin embargo no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en otras variables (AST (SGOT) y urea). Se concluyó que a excepción de la AST (SGOT) y urea no existe diferencia significativa en casi todas las variables (glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, etc.) entre los jugadores de fútbol y no atletas. Desde un punto de vista práctico, el médico debe tener en cuenta no solamente la edad, sino también la formación de estado de los individuos en la evaluación de sus análisis de sangre.