ABSTRACT
Background: Experience from the Zaire Ebolavirus epidemic in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (20182020) demonstrates that early initiation of essential critical care and administration of Zaire Ebolavirus specific monoclonal antibodies may be associated with improved outcomes among patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). Objectives: This series describes 13 EVD patients and 276 patients with suspected EVD treated during a Zaire Ebolavirus outbreak in Guinea in 2021. Method: Patients with confirmed or suspected EVD were treated in two Ebola treatment centres (ETC) in the region of N'zérékoré. Data were reviewed from all patients with suspected or confirmed EVD hospitalised in these two ETCs during the outbreak (14 February 2021 19 June 2021). Ebola-specific monoclonal antibodies, were available 2 weeks after onset of the outbreak. Results: Nine of the 13 EVD patients (age range: 2270 years) survived. The four EVD patients who died, including one pregnant woman, presented with multi-organ dysfunction and died within 48 h of admission. All eight patients who received Ebola-specific monoclonal antibodies survived. Four of the 13 EVD patients were health workers. Improvement of ETC design facilitated implementation of WHO-recommended 'optimized supportive care for EVD'. In this context, pragmatic clinical training was integrated in routine ETC activities. Initial clinical manifestations of 13 confirmed EVD patients were similar to those of 276 patients with suspected, but subsequently non confirmed EVD. These patients suffered from other acute infections (e.g. malaria in 183 of 276 patients; 66%). Five of the 276 patients with suspected EVD died. One of these five patients had Lassa virus disease and a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) co-infection. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary outbreak response teams can rapidly optimise ETC design. Trained clinical teams can provide WHO-recommended optimised supportive care, including safe administration of Ebola-specific monoclonal antibodies. Pragmatic training in essential critical care can be integrated in routine ETC activities. Contribution: This article describes clinical realities associated with implementation of WHO-recommended standards of 'optimized supportive care' and administration of Ebola virus specific treatments. In this context, the importance of essential design principles of ETCs is underlined, which allow continuous visual contact and verbal interaction of health workers and families with their patients. Elements that may contribute to further quality of care improvements for patients with confirmed or suspected EVD are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola , Ebola Vaccines , Lassa Fever , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Critical Pathways , Critical CareABSTRACT
Resumen Desde el comienzo del brote en diciembre del 2013, y hasta el corte del 20 de septiembre de 2014, de un total de 6,185 casos probables de Ébola, se han registrado un total de 2,909 defunciones. Con una letalidad inferior al 50%, considerablemente menor a la reportada en brotes previos de la enfermedad, se cree que dichas estimaciones están sesgadas debido a la dificultad en la recolección y análisis de la información. El 23 de septiembre, la OMS presentó una revisión a dichas estimaciones, señalando una letalidad del 70%. El brote se registró originalmente en Liberia y Guinea, y posteriormente se han repostado casos en Nigeria, Sierra Leona y Senegal. Todos los casos confirmados por laboratorio han sido positivos al vírus del Ébola. La fuente inicial del brote se localizó en la aldea de Meliandou, prefectura de Guáckádou, Guinea. El caso índice fue un niño de 2 años, el cual falleció el 6 de diciembre de 2013. Su madre, hermana y abuela también fallecieron también por la enfermedad. La gente de la aldea infectada por estas víctimas iniciales transmitió el brote a aldeas aledañas. El brote se esparció inicialmente a Liberia y posteriormente a Sierra Leona. En los tres países continúa la circulación del virus. La llegada de algunos casos a Nigeria y Senegal obligó a dichos países a cerrar sus fronteras, y a poner en cuarentena a ciudadanos de los que se sospechara que estuvieran infectados. Hasta la fecha, ambos países no han presentado casos nuevos, por lo que se consideran en control. Asimismo, se han reportado casos importados de dichos países en Estados Unidos, Francia, Alemania, España, Suiza y el Reino Unido.
Abstract Since the onset of the outbreak im December 2013 and up to the September 20 cut-off, there have been 2,909 deaths in the 6,185 likely cases of Ebola. It is considered that the letality under 50%, considerably lower tan the one reported in previous outbreaks of the disease, is biased due to the dificulty to collect and analyze information. On September 23, WHO showed a review of such estimations, indicating 70% letality. The outbreak was originally reported in Liberia and Guinea. Further cases were reported in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. All the cases confirmed by laboratory have been EBOV positive. The initial source of the outbreak was found in the village called Meliandou in the in Guéckédou Prefecture, Guinea. The index case was a two-year-old boy, who die don December 6, 2013. His mother, sister and grandmother also died because of the disease. The people from this village transmitted the disease to people in nera-by villages. The outbreak initially spread to Liberia and then to Sierra Leone. Virus circulation continues in three countries. The transmision of some cases to Nigeria and Senegal led these countries to close their borders to the three formerly mentioned countries and quarantine suspicious individuals. So far, neither country has presented new cases; hence they are considered under control. Likewise, cases imported from those countries into the United States, France, Germany, spain, Switzerland, and the Uited Kingdom have been reported.