ABSTRACT
Objective To construct an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept, so as to provide insights into the control and elimination of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis using the One Health approach. Methods A preliminary evaluation index system was constructed based on literature review, panel discussions and field surveys. Thirty-three experts were selected from 7 provincial disease control and prevention centers in Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province where mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis was endemic, and two rounds of expert consultations were conducted to screen the indicators. The positive coefficient, degree of concentration, degree of coordination, and authority of the experts were calculated, and the normalized weights of each index were calculated with the analytic hierarchy process. Results The response rates of questionnaires during two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00% (33/33), and the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The coefficients of coordination among experts on the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.392, 0.437, 0.258, and 0.364, 0.335, 0.263, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Following screening, the final evaluation index system included 3 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 50 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators “external environment”, “internal support” and “comprehensive control” were 16.98%, 38.73% and 44.29%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “external environment”, the highest weight was seen for natural environment (66.67%), and among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “internal support”, the lowest weight was seen for the scientific research for visceral leishmaniasis control (8.26%), while other indicators had weights of 12.42% to 13.38%. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “comprehensive control”, the weight was 16.67% for each indicator. Conclusions An evaluation index system has been constructed for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept. In addition to assessment of the effect of conventional mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control measures, this index system integrates the importance of top-level design, organizational management, and implementation of control measures, and includes indicators related to multi-sectoral cooperation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages. Methods Rodents were collected from selected study sites in kala-azar endemic areas based on information for localities of kala-azar cases for screening of Leishmania infections using parasitological, serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from March, 2013 to January, 2014. Ketamine (Clorketam Veterinary) was used to anaesthesize the rodents according the prescribed dosage (average 2 mg/kg for intra-venous route). The blood obtained using sterile needle was dropped into sterile filter paper and allowed to air dry before sealing in plastic bags. The tissues from liver, spleen and skin were macerated in Locke's solution before transferring them into NNN medium. Blood and touch smears of liver, spleen, skin and bone marrow were prepared for fixing using methanol and staining by Giemsa stain for microscopy. These tissues were also used for DNA extractions and PCR amplification of Leishmania infection. Results A total of 335 rodents (13 species) were analyzed by sampling internal organs. The infection rate by PCR was 11.1% (6/54) for Arvicanthis nilothicus compared to 17.6% (3/17) and 12.5% (2/16) for Acomys cahirinus and Tarera (G) robustus respectively. Almost all the infections were found from bone marrow samples (8/48 or 16.7%) compared with 1/91 (1.1%) liver, 2/87 (2.2%) spleen and 0/87 (0%) skin. In all study sites with past human VL cases, rodents and proved vectors shared similar habitats. Conclusions Leishmania donovani might circulate among different species of rodents in kala-azar endemic lowlands and valleys of Ethiopia by Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini. Detailed studies to substantiate the preliminary data on the possible role of these rodents are urgently needed.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages.@*METHODS@#Rodents were collected from selected study sites in kala-azar endemic areas based on information for localities of kala-azar cases for screening of Leishmania infections using parasitological, serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from March, 2013 to January, 2014. Ketamine (Clorketam Veterinary) was used to anaesthesize the rodents according the prescribed dosage (average 2 mg/kg for intra-venous route). The blood obtained using sterile needle was dropped into sterile filter paper and allowed to air dry before sealing in plastic bags. The tissues from liver, spleen and skin were macerated in Locke's solution before transferring them into NNN medium. Blood and touch smears of liver, spleen, skin and bone marrow were prepared for fixing using methanol and staining by Giemsa stain for microscopy. These tissues were also used for DNA extractions and PCR amplification of Leishmania infection.@*RESULTS@#A total of 335 rodents (13 species) were analyzed by sampling internal organs. The infection rate by PCR was 11.1% (6/54) for Arvicanthis nilothicus compared to 17.6% (3/17) and 12.5% (2/16) for Acomys cahirinus and Tarera (G) robustus respectively. Almost all the infections were found from bone marrow samples (8/48 or 16.7%) compared with 1/91 (1.1%) liver, 2/87 (2.2%) spleen and 0/87 (0%) skin. In all study sites with past human VL cases, rodents and proved vectors shared similar habitats.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Leishmania donovani might circulate among different species of rodents in kala-azar endemic lowlands and valleys of Ethiopia by Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini. Detailed studies to substantiate the preliminary data on the possible role of these rodents are urgently needed.
ABSTRACT
Un estudio transversal fue desarrollado para evaluar la seroprevalencia de la leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica y la tripanosomiasis americana en 211 caninos mestizos de una zona endémica para los dos protozoarios en el sur del departamento del Tolima. Los anticuerpos séricos anti-Leishmania infantum y anti-Trypanosoma cruzi fueron determinados por medio de las técnicas ELISA y Western Blot, usando los antígenos recombinantes rK39 y TESA, respectivamente. Se realizó xenodiagnóstico a los animales seropositivos a T. cruzi. De acuerdo con los resultados, el 40,28% (85/211) y el 1,42% (3/211) de los caninos presentaron anticuerpos contra L. infantum y T. cruzi, respectivamente. El xenodiagnóstico fue negativo. Los resultados sugieren que los caninos pueden jugar un papel importante como reservorios de L. infantum y fuentes de infección para la población infantil del área de estudio. Sin embargo, los perros podrían tener un papel limitado en la transmisión de T. cruzi. Se hace necesario contar con un algoritmo de pruebas diagnósticas para confirmar el estado real de la infección de los animales y para establecer la presencia de reacciones cruzadas o coinfecciones.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in order to evaluate the seroprevalence of zoonotic visceral Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis in 211 mongrel dogs from an endemic area for the two protozoans in southern Tolima. Serum anti-Leishmania infantum and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were determined by ELISA and Western Blot techniques, using rK39 and TESA recombinant antigens respectively. The Xenodiagnosis was performed on the seropositive to T. cruzi. According to the results, 40.28% (85/211) and 1.42% (3/211) of the dogs tested positive for antibodies against L. infantum and T. cruzi respectively. The Xenodiagnosis was negative. The results suggest that dogs may play an important role as reservoirs of L. infantum and infection sources for children in the study area. However, dogs may play a limited role in the transmission of T. cruzi. It is necessary to have an algorithm for diagnostic tests to confirm the actual status of the animals infection and to establish the presence of cross-reactions or co-infections.
Subject(s)
Antigen-Antibody Complex , Blotting, Western , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , LeishmaniasisABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en comparar la concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos por las técnicas IFI, ELISA y Western Blot en 72 sueros caninos procedentes de siete municipios de la zona endémica de leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica (LVZ) del departamento del Tolima (Colombia). Se utilizó como antígeno la cepa colombiana de Leishmania infantum MHOM/CO/CL044B para IFI, ELISA y WB, y el antígeno rK39 para una prueba de ELISA disponible comercialmente. Se encontró que la concordancia entre las diferentes técnicas comparadas fue menor del 16 por ciento (k<16 por ciento), lo que sugiere que las pruebas no son consistentes y por lo tanto, no son aceptables como método de diagnóstico en el presente estudio. La baja asociación de las pruebas serológicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico de L. infantum sugiere que es necesario desarrollar estudios que permitan establecer un algoritmo de pruebas diagnósticas en el país para confirmar el estado real de la infección en los animales y de esta forma orientar eficientemente los recursos de salud pública destinados para el control de la enfermedad.
The goal of present study was to compare the agreement between the results obtained by ELISA, IFI and WB tests in 72 canine serums from the South of the Tolima Department (a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area). The Colombian Leishmania infantum MHOM/CO/CL044B strain was used as antigen for ELISA, IFI and WB test, and the rK39 antigen for the commercial ELISA test. The agreement among the compared techniques was smaller than 16 percent (k<16 percent), suggesting that the tests are not consistent and therefore not acceptable as a diagnostic tool in this study. The low association between the serological tests used in diagnosing Leishmania infantum suggested the need for further studies aimed at establishing an algorithm for diagnostic tests in Colombia for confirming the real state of the animals´ infection and thereby efficiently orientating public health resources allocated for controlling visceral leishmaniasis.