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ObjectiveTo establish an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry（UHPLC-QqQ-MS） for determination of the active ingredients in Erdongtang， and to predict the targets and pathways of anti-insulin resistance action of this formula. MethodThe analysis was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（A）-acetonitrile（B） for gradient elution（0-3 min， 90%-87%A； 3-6 min， 87%-86%A； 6-9 min， 86%-83%A； 9-11 min， 83%-75%A； 11-18 min， 75%-70%A； 18-19 min， 70%-52%A； 19-22 min， 52%A； 22-25 min， 52%-5%A； 25-27 min， 5%-90%A； 27-30 min， 90%A）. The contents of active ingredients in Erdongtang was detected by electrospray ionization（ESI） and multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode under positive and negative ion modes. On this basis， network pharmacology was applied to predict the targets and pathways of Erdongtang exerting anti-insulin resistance effect. ResultThe 20 active ingredients in Erdongtang showed good linear relationships within a certain mass concentration range， and the precision， stability， repeatability and recovery rate were good. The results of determination showed that the ingredients with high content in 15 batches of samples were baicalein（1 259.39-1 635.78 mg·L-1）， baicalin（1 078.37-1 411.52 mg·L-1）， the ingredients with medium content were mangiferin（148.59-217.04 mg·L-1）， timosaponin BⅡ（245.10-604.89 mg·L-1）， quercetin-3-O-glucuronide（89.30-423.26 mg·L-1）， rutin（46.91-1 553.61 mg·L-1）， glycyrrhizic acid（55.97-391.47 mg·L-1）， neomangiferin（37.45-127.03 mg·L-1）， nuciferine（0.89-63.48 mg·L-1）， hyperoside（6.96-136.78 mg·L-1）， liquiritin（30.89-122.78 mg·L-1）， liquiritigenin（26.64-110.67 mg·L-1）， protodioscin（58.57-284.26 mg·L-1）， the ingredients with low content were wogonin（7.16-20.74 mg·L-1）， pseudoprotodioscin（5.49-22.96 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Rb1（7.31-23.87 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Rg1（10.78-28.33 mg·L-1）， ginsenoside Re（7.78-24.76 mg·L-1）， ophiopogonin D（2.08-4.29 mg·L-1）， methylophiopogonanone A（0.74-1.67 mg·L-1）. The results of network pharmacology indicated that the mechanism of anti-insulin resistance exerted by Erdongtang might be related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway. ConclusionThe established UHPLC-QqQ-MS has the advantages of simple sample processing， strong exclusivity and high sensitivity， and can simultaneously determine the contents of the main ingredients from seven herbs in Erdongtang， which can lay the foundation for the development of Erdongtang compound preparations. The results of the network pharmacology can provide a reference for the mechanism study of Erdongtang in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Osteoarthritis （OA） is a common degenerative joint disease with a rising incidence rate year by year. Treatment often relies on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs）， which can lead to gastrointestinal damage with long-term use and the recurrence of symptoms. Chinese medicine has a long history of preventing and treating OA， with widespread application and fewer side effects. It offers unique advantages such as a broad treatment scope， multiple targets， and pathways. The effective components of Chinese medicine can reduce the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， relieve oxidative stress （OS） damage， and increase the antioxidant capacity of the body by interfering with the expression of biomarkers of OS response such as malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）. Through the modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）， nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）， c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， and osteoprotegerin （OPG）， they downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， thereby effectively relieving local joint inflammation， protecting chondrocytes and bone tissue， inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis， and further alleviating the progression of OA. Currently， there are still certain limitations in the medical research status and development trends of OA， necessitating the continued advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper reviewed the literature on the regulation of OS response by effective components of Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of OA， providing new directions and ideas for future research.
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BACKGROUND:With the proven ability of traditional Chinese medicine such as icariin and berberine to promote bone regeneration by regulating various mechanisms and targets,researchers have combined active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine with bone tissue engineering and found that they have unique advantages in treating bone defects. OBJECTIVE:Starting from the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines that promote bone formation,to screen cases of their effective combination with different drug-carrying scaffold materials,and summarize the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines that have the potential to be applied to bone tissue engineering. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature published from 2000 to 2023,using the keywords of"bone tissue engineering,bone tissue-engineered scaffold materials,bone defect,bone repair,bone regeneration,traditional Chinese medicine"in Chinese and English.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,87 papers were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There are various kinds of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine to promote bone regeneration,mainly including flavonoids,non-flavonoid polyphenols,alkaloids,glycosides.These active ingredients have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects,promote osteoblasts,inhibit osteoclasts and promote early angiogenesis.The combination of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine with bone tissue engineering is effective in anti-inflammation,accelerating collagen and bone formation,and promoting the expression of osteogenic genes,which provides a theoretical basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine in bone tissue regeneration,and at the same time provides a new idea for the repair of bone defects.
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Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a degenerative joint disease with a high incidence,which has seriously affected the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people.Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal for activating blood and removing stasis,has been proved to have a certain preventive effect on KOA in basic research and clinical application.Studies have found that the active ingredients of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma have a variety of anti-KOA effects,such as regulation of inflammatory factors,anti-oxidative stress,inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis,regulation of cartilage matrix degradation,and promotion of chondrocyte autophagy.It can reduce joint pain and inflammatory edema,delay articular cartilage degeneration,and maintain cartilage matrix homeostasis.This paper reviews the effect and mechanism of the effective components from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma on the prevention and treatment of KOA,and analyzes the shortcomings of its related research.Our aim is to provide reference for the clinical treatment of KOA.
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Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases caused by degeneration and dysfunction of the cells and tissues of the central nervous system， mainly including Alzheimer's disease （AD）， Parkinson's disease （PD）， and epilepsy. A common clinical manifestation of these diseases is cognitive decline. Neurodegenerative diseases are more common in the elderly. As population aging is aggravating， neurodegenerative diseases have aroused increasing concern since they seriously affect human health and quality of life. The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex， mainly related to mitochondrial dysfunction， apoptosis， neurotoxin， neurotransmitter abnormalities， oxidative stress， and inflammation. Although western drugs on the market can attenuate the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases， they may induce severe adverse reactions and are thus not conducive to long-term use by the patients. The Chinese herbal medicine Angelicae Sinensis Radix was first recorded in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica （Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing）. It has the functions of activating blood， tonifying blood， modulating the immune system， regulating menstruation， and relieving pain. This paper summarizes the research progress in the effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and the prescriptions containing this medicine on neurodegenerative diseases in recent 10 years， aiming to provide a reference for the future application and research of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Fibrosis， a tumor-like lesion between benign tissue and malignant tumor， mostly occurs in the liver， kidney， heart， lung， bone marrow and other organs and tissues. It can affect almost every organ and eventually induce multiple organ failure and cancers， seriously endangering human life. It will be of great importance to prevent cancer if the disease can be opportunely blocked in the fibrotic stage. The pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not completely clear. It is of great clinical significance to study the occurrence， development， and mechanism of fibrosis as well as to screen new therapeutic targets. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 （EZH2） is mainly located in the nucleus and involved in the formation of the polycomb repressive complex 2. EZH2 is a methyltransferase which makes the lysine on position 27 of histone H3 （H3K27me3） undergo trimethyl modification induces gene silencing through classical or nonclassical actions， so as to inhibit or activate transcription. EZH2 plays a critical role in cell growth， proliferation， differentiation， and apoptosis， which is regulated by different targets and signaling pathways. EZH2 regulates the transformation of myofibroblasts and participates in the fibrosis of multiple organs. Recent studies have shown that EZH2 plays a role in fibrosis-related pathophysiological processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition， oxidative stress， and inflammation. EZH2 as the target of fibrosis， EZH2 inhibitors， and EZH2-related traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） formula and active compounds have gradually become hot research directions. EZH2 may be a powerful target for organ fibrosis. Exploring the structure， function， and distribution of EZH2， the role of EZH2 in fibrosis， the EZH2 inhibitors， and TCM formulas and active components targeting EZH2 has great meanings. This paper reviews the research progress in EZH2 and fibrosis， providing new ideas for the diagnosis， treatment， and drug development of fibrosis.
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ObjectiveTo study the correlation between the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus in different main production areas and soil factors， so as to provide a theoretical basis for implementing ecological regulation of soil， improving the quality of Aurantii Fructus， and revealing the origin of genuine medicinal materials. MethodThe content of naringin， neohesperidin， total flavonoids， volatile oil， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， total potassium， and 17 soil factor-related indicators in 25 batches of Aurantii Fructus from different production areas were determined. The main soil factors affecting the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and grey correlation analysis. ResultThe pH value of the soil is between 4.83 and 8.21， and the soil is weakly acidic and neutral in general. Soil fertility exceeds the average. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the soil factors most related to the four active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， available copper， available zinc， exchangeable magnesium， available sulfur， available phosphorus， and available molybdenum. Principal component analysis shows that total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， organic matter， available phosphorus， and available zinc are the main characteristic factors in soil. Grey correlation analysis shows that the main soil factors affecting the active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， total nitrogen， available zinc， available copper， exchangeable magnesium， and pH. ConclusionIn the cultivation of Aurantii Fructus， the medicinal material quality of Aurantii Fructus could be improved by adjusting the level of beneficial factors in the soil and improving the soil texture.
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Ferroptosis， a new form of programmed cell death different from apoptosis， necrosis， and autophagy， is closely associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Iron-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species is the main inducement of ferroptosis， the mechanism of which is related to intracellular lipid metabolism， iron metabolism， and antioxidant defense pathways. Multiple signaling axes and regulators jointly regulate the occurrence and disruption of ferroptosis. Studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis regulates the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. Inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells can control the growth， metastasis， and multi-drug resistance of tumors. Therefore， the effect and mechanism of ferroptosis on tumor cells have become a hot topic in anti-cancer research. As the research advances， a variety of ferroptosis inducers has been used in the clinical chemotherapy for cancers and demonstrate significant efficacy. Accordingly， the development of ferroptosis-inducing anticancer drugs has become a new research direction for tumor treatment. Some active ingredients such as lycorine， oleanolic acid， dihydroartemisinin， pseudolaric acid B， and ophiopogonin B of Chinese medicines can induce ferroptosis in tumor cells via lipid metabolism， iron metabolism， system Xc-， and GPX4/GSH to regulate the development of tumors， demonstrating a promising prospect in clinical treatment. Based on the theory of the mechanism of ferroptosis， this paper reviews the research progress in ferroptosis induced by active ingredients of Chinese medicines in tumor cells and describes the metabolic regulatory network of ferroptosis from signaling pathways and regulatory factors， providing new strategies for applying active ingredients of Chinese medicines in the treatment of tumors.
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According to the World Health Organization's world report on hearing, nearly 2.5 billion people worldwide will suffer from hearing loss by 2050, which may contribute to a severe impact on individual life quality and national economies. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs commonly as a result of noise exposure, aging, and ototoxic drugs, and is pathologically characterized by the impairment of mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear, which is mainly triggered by reactive oxygen species accumulation, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Though recent advances have been made in understanding the ability of cochlear repair and regeneration, there are still no effective therapeutic drugs for SNHL. Chinese herbal medicine which is widely distributed and easily accessible in China has demonstrated a unique curative effect against SNHL with higher safety and lower cost compared with Western medicine. Herein we present trends in research for Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of SNHL, and elucidate their molecular mechanisms of action, to pave the way for further research and development of novel effective drugs in this field.
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Herbal medicines are presently widely used in developed and developing countries for health care due to their affordability, accessibility and availability. Objective: The microbial quality of selected herbal remedies sold in open markets in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria was studied. Methods: The samples were bulked according to type and then serially diluted. The spread plate technique was used in inoculating the samples on the appropriate culture medium and then incubated. Standard laboratory protocols for microbiological studies and biochemical tests were employed for the identification of the microorganisms present in the samples. Results: The presence of bacterial species namely Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus spp was recorded. They were all gram positive and bacterial counts ranged from 1.0 x 106 to 7.8 x 107cfu/ml. Fungal isolates included Mucor, Saccharomyces and Penicillium spp. and fungal counts ranged from 3.0x103 to 1.3x108 cfu/ml respectively. Conclusion: The presence of these microorganisms in herbal remedies do not only make them hazardous, but might also change the physical, chemical and natural properties of the herbal remedies by altering the contents of active ingredients or converting them to toxic products. The production and consumption of herbal remedies should be properly supervised and monitored to ensure that only good quality products get to the consumers.
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Diabetic nephropathy （DN） has become one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease，and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently，it is believed to be closely related to kidney injury mediated by various factors such as autophagy disorder under the condition of high glucose，oxidative stress and inflammation. Mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway is crucial for protein synthesis and autophagy regulation，which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of DN. In recent years，the research on the prevention and treatment of DN with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has made important progress. Plenty of evidence has shown that the active ingredients of TCM can enhance autophagy，improve oxidative stress and inflammation，inhibit cell apoptosis and abnormal proliferation by regulating mTOR signaling pathway，so as to relieve pathological changes in the kidney such as podocyte injury，glomerular basement membrane thickening，mesangial tissue abnormalities and renal tubule dysfunction，thereby reducing proteinuria and improving renal function. All of the above are of great significance for delaying the progression of DN. This article systematically summarizes the research progress of saponins，flavonoids，polyphenols，alkaloids， terpenoids and other active ingredients of TCM intervening in DN through mTOR signaling pathway，in order to provide some reference for further basic research and the development of new drugs.
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Cerebral hemorrhage accounts for about 10%-15% of all strokes， and its pathogenesis is complex. Currently， the main clinical treatment is mainly medical symptomatic treatment， including the use of antihypertensive drugs， hypoglycemic drugs， and hemostatic drugs， and surgical treatment is required in some cases， but there is still a lack of effective treatment. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine and proprietary Chinese medicine have been widely accepted for their stable efficacy， high safety， and low cost. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage. This paper summarizes the relevant literature on the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and finds that its active ingredients are mainly anthraquinones， such as emodin， Rhei Radix et Rhizoma acid， and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma phenol. The herbal formulas are Da Chengqitang， Shengdi Dahuangtang， Liangxue Tongyufang， and Naoxueshu oral liquid. The effects involve protecting the blood-brain barrier， promoting hematoma absorption， reducing inflammation levels， decreasing lactic acid accumulation at the bleeding site， and increasing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors. The pathways involved include aquaporin 4 （AQP4）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2）， Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB）， nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and Wnt3a/β-linked protein pathway. This paper summarizes the progress of clinical studies and animal experiments on the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with active ingredients of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and herbal compounds containing Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， so as to provide a reference for the treatment protocol of cerebral hemorrhage.
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To explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to biosynthesis of active ingredients in wolfberry fruits of different varieties of Lycium barbarum L. and reveal the molecular mechanism of the differences of active ingredients, we utilized Illumina NovaSeq 6000 high-throughput sequencing technology to conduct transcriptome sequencing on the fruits of 'Ningqi No.1' and 'Ningqi No.7' during the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage. Subsequently, we compared the profiles of related gene expression in the fruits of the two varieties at different development stages. The results showed that a total of 811 818 178 clean reads were obtained, resulting in 121.76 Gb of valid data. There were 2 827, 2 552 and 2 311 DEGs obtained during the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage of 'Ningqi No. 1' and 'Ningqi No. 7', respectively, among which 2 153, 2 050 and 1 825 genes were annotated in six databases, including gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (KOG). In GO database, 1 307, 865 and 624 DEGs of green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage were found to be enriched in biological processes, cell components and molecular functions, respectively. In the KEGG database, the DEGs at three developmental stages were mainly concentrated in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant-pathogen interaction. In KOG database, 1 775, 1 751 and 1 541 DEGs were annotated at three developmental stages, respectively. Searching the annotated genes against the PubMed database revealed 18, 26 and 24 DEGs related to the synthesis of active ingredients were mined at the green fruit stage, color turning stage and maturity stage, respectively. These genes are involved in carotenoid, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, vitamin metabolic pathways, etc. Seven DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR, which showed consistent results with transcriptome sequencing. This study provides preliminary evidences for the differences in the content of active ingredients in different Lycium barbarum L. varieties from the transcriptional level. These evidences may facilitate further exploring the key genes for active ingredients biosynthesis in Lycium barbarum L. and analyzing their expression regulation mechanism.
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Flavonoids/metabolism , Fruit/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Lycium/metabolism , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
The active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)are the foundation for the efficiency of TCM and the key to the formation of Dao-di herbs. It is of great significance to study the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of these active ingredients for analyzing the formation mechanism of Daodi herbs and providing components for the production of active ingredients in TCM by synthetic biology. With the advancements in omics technology, molecular biology, synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, etc., the analysis of biosynthetic pathways for active ingredients in TCM is rapidly progressing. New methods and technologies have promoted the analysis of the synthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM and have also made this area a hot topic in molecular pharmacognosy. Many researchers have made significant progress in analyzing the biosynthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM such as Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Tripterygium wilfordii. This paper systematically reviewed current research me-thods for analyzing the biosynthetic functional genes of active ingredients in TCM, elaborated the mining of gene elements based on multiomics technology and the verification of gene functions in plants in vitro and in vivo with candidate genes as objects. Additionally, the paper summarized new technologies and methods that have emerged in recent years, such as high-throughput screening, molecular probes, genome-wide association studies, cell-free systems, and computer simulation screening to provide a comprehensive reference for the analysis of the biosynthetic pathways of active ingredients in TCM.
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Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Artificial Intelligence , Biosynthetic Pathways , Computer Simulation , Genome-Wide Association StudyABSTRACT
Heterologous biomimetic synthesis of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a new mode of resource acquisition and has shown great potential in the protection and development of TCM resources. According to synthetic biology and by constructing biomimetic microbial cells and imitating the synthesis of active ingredients in medicinal plants and animals, the key enzymes obtained from medicinal plants and animals are scientifically designed and systematically reconstructed and optimized to realize the heterologous synthesis of the active ingredients in microorganisms. This method ensures an efficient and green acquisition of target products, and also achieves large-scale industrial production, which is conducive to the production of scarce TCM resources. Additiona-lly, the method playes a role in agricultural industrialization, and provides a new option for promoting the green and sustainable deve-lopment of TCM resources. This review systematically summarized the important progress in the heterologous biomimetic synthesis of TCM active ingredients from three research areas: biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and other active ingredients, key points and difficulties in heterologous biomimetic synthesis, and biomimetic cells with complex TCM ingredients. This study facilitated the application of new generation of biotechnology and theory to the development of TCM.
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Animals , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Biomimetics , Plants, Medicinal , AlkaloidsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the effect of a microbial compound fertilizer on the growth， quality， and soil properties of Andrographis paniculata and provide a basis for its application in the cultivation and production of A. paniculata. MethodThrough five treatment tests in pots， the control group （CK， no fertilization）， the treatment A group （chemical fertilization）， the treatment B group （microbial fertilization at 2.5 g·kg-1 soil）， the treatment C group （microbial fertilization at 7.5 g·kg-1 soil）， and the treatment D group （microbial fertilization at 12.5 g·kg-1 soil） were established. The effects of a compound microbial fertilizer on the agronomic properties， the content of active ingredients， the number of rhizosphere soil bacteria， Actinomycetes， and fungi， and soil physicochemical properties of A. paniculata were studied. ResultAs compared with the CK group and the treatment A group， the plant height， leaf number， leaf area， and above-ground and below-ground fresh weight of A. paniculata were significantly increased after microbial fertilization， with differences in different growth periods. The effect of the compound microbial fertilizer on the content of andrographolide， dehydrated andrographolide， neandrographolide， and 14-deoxyandrographolide differed. The content of andrographolide significantly increased by 26.13% and 13.23% in the treatment C group， respectively， as compared with the CK group and the treatment A group （P<0.05）. The content of neandrographolide increased with the increasing amount of microbial fertilizer， and the content in the treatment D group increased by 9.06% and 50.33%， respectively， as compared with the CK group and the treatment A group （P<0.05）， which was the most obvious. The content of 14-deoxyandrographolide in the treatment B group significantly increased by 42.04% and 1.74%， respectively， as compared with the treatment A group and the CK group （P<0.05）. The content of dehydrated andrographolide content in the treatment B group increased most significantly， significantly increasing by 11.73% and 27.74%， respectively， as compared with the CK group and the treatment A group （P<0.05）. The soil pH of the treatment B， C， and D groups was higher than that of the CK group and the treatment A group. The content of total nitrogen and effective phosphorus increased most significantly in the treatment B group， and the content of fast-acting potassium increased most significantly in the treatment D group. The application of the compound microbial fertilizer increased the number of rhizosphere soil bacteria and Actinomycetes， which was significantly higher than that in the CK group and the treatment A group （P<0.05）， and increased with the increase of applied amount. The number of fungi decreased with the increase of the compound microbial fertilizer application， which was significantly different from that in the CK group （P<0.05）. The fungi/bacteria of all treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the CK group （P<0.05） and increased with the increase of microbial fertilizer application. ConclusionThe application of the compound microbial fertilizer transforms the plant-soil-microbial system in a benign direction， which is beneficial to the growth of A. paniculata and the accumulation of active ingredients.
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In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer(UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of the active ingredients in Periploca forrestii compound on spleen metabolism in rats with collagen-induced arthritis(CIA), and its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism was analyzed by network pharmacology. After the model of CIA was successfully established, the spleen tissues of rats were taken 28 days after administration. UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS chromatograms were collected and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), and MetPA. The results showed that as compared with the blank control group, 22 biomarkers in the spleen tissues such as inosine, citicoline, hypoxanthine, and taurine in the model group increased, while 9 biomarkers such as CDP-ethanolamine and phosphorylcholine decreased. As compared with the model group, 21 biomarkers such as inosine, citicoline, CDP-ethanolamine, and phosphorylcholine were reregulated by the active ingredients in P. forrestii. Seventeen metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, including purine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Network pharmacology analysis found that purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism played important roles in the pathological process of rheumatoid arthritis. This study suggests that active ingredients in P. forrestii compound can delay the occurrence and development of inflammatory reaction by improving the spleen metabolic disorder of rats with CIA. The P. forrestii compound has multi-target and multi-pathway anti-inflammatory mechanism. This study is expected to provide a new explanation for the mechanism of active ingredients in P. forrestii compound against rheumatoid arthritis.
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Rats , Animals , Periploca , Cysteine , Cytidine Diphosphate Choline , Network Pharmacology , Phosphorylcholine , Metabolomics , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Biomarkers , Glycerophospholipids , Methionine , Purines , Chromatography, High Pressure LiquidABSTRACT
Cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases have become the major disease endangering people's physical and mental health because of its high morbidity and mortality.Danggui Buxue Decoction,a noteworthy classical prescription,is composed of astragali radix and angelicae sinensis radix at a ratio of 5∶1.It is a prescription for tonifying both vital energy and blood and has the effect of dredging collaterals.Its main active components,such as polysaccharides,saponins,flavonoids and volatile oils,have good effects on antioxidation,inflammation regulation,immune regulation and promotion of blood circulation.Danggui Buxue Decoction can improve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and heart failure,relieve the symptoms of diabetic cardiomyopathy,inhibit pulmonary fibrosis,protect lung injury and fight against lung cancer and other cardiopulmonary diseases.Preclinical studies have showed that this prescription can inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress,regulate autophagy and enhance immune function through multi-target pathways.Reviewing the main effective components,pharmacological action and mechanism,and clinical application of Danggui Buxue Decoction are helpful to provide comprehensive information for the clinical application of Danggui Buxue Decoction in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.
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Objective To analyze the chemical constituents in the water extract of Bupleuri Radix and investigate the active ingredients of Bupleuri Radix for the treatment of depression.Methods The chemical constituents in the water extract of Bupleuri Radix were identified by Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS).CORT-induced poorly differentiated PC12 depression cell model was launched,and PC12 cells were pretreated with monomeric compounds from Bupleuri Radix for 24 h.The cell viability and LDH release rate were measured by CCK-8 assy kit and LDH assay kit,respectively.Results A total of 53 compounds were identified in the water extract of Bupleuri Radix,mainly including type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ and type Ⅲsaikosaponins.Among them,saikosaponin A,saikosaponin B2,saikosaponin C,saikosaponin E,saikosaponin F and 6″-acetyl saikosaponin A contributed the most to the metabolite profile of Bupleuri Radix,and could improve the viability of CORT-induced PC12 cells(P<0.05,P<0.01).Furthermore,saikosaponin A,saikosaponin B2,saikosaponin C,saikosaponin E and saikosaponin F could decrease the LDH release rate of CORT-induced PC12 cells(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion The major anti-depression active ingredients in Bupleuri Radix may be Saikosaponin A,saikosaponin B2,saikosaponin C,saikosaponin E and saikosaponin F,which lays a foundation for the research of the quality control and pharmacodynamic material basis of Bupleuri Radix.
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Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a chronic recurrent inflammatory bowel disease which primarily affects the colonic mucosa. The UC patients mainly present diarrhea， abdominal pain， tenesmus， and mucous bloody stools， and even malnutrition and systemic symptoms in severe cases， with rising incidence， which has a significant impact on the health and quality of life of patients. The pathogenesis of UC is not clear， and the Western medical therapies include sulfasalazine， glucocorticoids， and immunosuppressants， which， however， have side effects and unsatisfactory effects. Chinese medicine with high safety， mild adverse reactions， and a multi-component， multi-target， and multi-pathway treatment manner has garnering increasing attention. Therefore， finding the Chinese medicine to treat UC has become a hot spot. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is one of the commonly used Chinese herbal medicines， with the effects of tonifying spleen and reinforcing qi， clearing heat and detoxifying， dispelling phlegm and relieving cough， relieving pain， and harmonizing medicines. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma mainly contains glycyrrhizic acid， glycyrrhetinic acid， diammonium glycyrrhizinate and other active ingredients. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma has anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， antimicrobial， and immunomodulatory activities. According to statistics， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is among the top three Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of UC. The recent years have witnessed progress in the treatment of UC with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and the related prescriptions. The present study summarized the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory， immunomodulatory， intestinal flora-regulating， cell apoptosis-inducing， and oxidative stress-reducing effects of the key chemical constituents （glycyrrhetinic acid， diammonium glycyrrhizinate， polysaccharide， glycyrrhetinic acid， and isoglycyrrhizin） and compound prescriptions of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The findings provide a solid foundation for further development and clinical application of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.