Pesquisa activa a la COVID-19: conocimientos de los estudiantes de las ciencias médicas de Camagüey / Active COVID-19 screening: the knowledge of medical sciences students from Camagüey

Introducción: Una vez diagnosticado el primer caso de COVID-19 en Cuba ya existía diseñado un escenario de capacitación para los estudiantes de todas las carreras de las ciencias médicas que en su formación deben interiorizar las responsabilidades que la medicina implica, y que no solo se limita a la adquisición de conocimientos científicos y académicos. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos de los estudiantes de las ciencias médicas de Camagüey para realizar la pesquisa activa a la COVID-19. Métodos: Se hizo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en septiembre de 2021. El universo de estudio fue de 2573 estudiantes, pertenecientes a todas las carreras de ciencias médicas, que se encontraban en el pesquisaje activo a la COVID-19 en el municipio Camagüey. Por muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia se seleccionó una muestra de 416 estudiantes en ocho áreas de salud de este municipio. Se elaboró y validó una encuesta descriptiva, cualitativa, personal, que contenía preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo representada por el sexo femenino en un 70,7 por ciento y el mayor porcentaje perteneció de la facultad de medicina con el 73 por ciento. El 55 por ciento respondió tener una buena preparación para la realización de la pesquisa activa a la COVID-19 y el 79,8 % reconoció a la televisión como la vía más significativa para la adquisición de los conocimientos. El 93,3 por ciento consideró los métodos clínico y epidemiológico como significativos para desarrollar la actividad. Conclusiones: En la presente investigación predominó el sexo femenino; asimismo, se reconoció a la televisión como la mejor vía para la adquisición de conocimientos y la mayoría de los participantes expresó el valor del método clínico epidemiológico para adquirir conocimientos. Se consideró que se debía dotar a los estudiantes de las herramientas para su autopreparación para explotar aún más el escenario virtual y las plataformas vigentes(AU)

Introduction: When the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in Cuba, a training setting had already been designed for students of all the majors in the field of medical sciences who, as part of their training, should internalize the responsibilities that medicine implies, which is not only limited to the acquisition of scientific and academic knowledge. Objective: To determine the medical sciences students from Camagüey's knowledge for performing active COVID-19 screening. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in September 2021. The study universe was 2573 students, belonging to all the majors in the field of medical sciences who were involved in active COVID-19 screening within the Camagüey Municipality. A sample of 416 students was selected in eight health areas of this municipality, by using nonprobabilistic convenience sampling. A descriptive, qualitative, individual survey containing open and closed questions was elaborated and validated. Results: The sample was represented by the female sex in a 70.7 percent, while the highest percentage belonged to the medical school (73 percent). 55 percent responded that they had a good training for carrying out active COVID-19 screening and 79.8 percent recognized television as the most significant way for knowledge acquisition. 93.3 percent considered that the clinical and epidemiological methods were significant to develop the activity. Conclusions: In the present research, the female sex predominated. Likewise, television was recognized as the best way for knowledge acquisition and most of the participants expressed the value of the clinical-epidemiological method for acquiring knowledge. It was considered that students should be provided with the tools for self-training to exploit the virtual setting and the active platforms even more(AU)

Screening and clinical significance of intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in patients before haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the situation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) colonization in patients undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). 【Methods】 A total of 241 consecutive patients who underwent haplo-HSCT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from June 1, 2021 to June 1, 2022 were enrolled. Anal swab screening was performed within 48 hours of admission and blood cultures were taken when the patient developed fever. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the colonization rate, distribution, risk factors and the correlation between CRE colonization and post-transplant bloodstream infection(BSI). 【Results】 Among 241 patients with haplo-HSCT, there were 90 cases in CRE colonization positive group, with a colonization rate of 37.3% (90/241). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.38-4.22, P<0.05) and history of infection within 30 days before transplantation (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.59-7.17, P<0.05) may be independent risk factors for CRE intestinal colonization. Of the 95 CRE strains, the top five species were carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (38/95, 40.0%), carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (29/95, 30.5%), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae (13/95, 13.6%), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella acidophilus (6/95, 6.3%) and carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis (3/95, 3.1%). The incidence of post-transplant BSI was 12.0% (29/241) in the CRE-colonized group and 3.3% (8/241) in the non-colonized group. In the colonization group, 100% of the pathogens of BSI were identical with those of CRE colonization. 【Conclusion】 Bacterial culture of anal swab during haplo-HSCT is helpful for detection of CRE colonization in intestinal tract, which provides some clinical basis for active monitoring of key flora, prevention and control of infection.

Population-based active screening strategy contributes to the prevention and control of tuberculosis / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Despite the achievements obtained worldwide in the control of tuberculosis in recent years, many countries and regions including China still face challenges such as low diagnosis rate, high missed diagnosis rate, and delayed diagnosis of the disease. The discovery strategy of tuberculosis in China has changed from "active discovery by X-ray examination" to "passive discovery by self-referral due to symptoms", and currently the approach is integrated involving self-referral due to symptoms, active screening, and physical examination. Active screening could help to identify early asymptomatic and untreated cases. With the development of molecular biology and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis technology, there are more options for active screening among the large-scale populations. Although the implementation cost of a population-based active screening strategy is high, it has great value in social benefits, and active screening in special populations can obtain better benefits. Active screening of tuberculosis is an important component of the disease control. It is suggested that active screening strategies should be optimized according to the specific conditions of the regions to ultimately ensure the benefit of the tuberculosis control.

Formación de valores en estudiantes de ciencias médicas mediante la pesquisa activa de la COVID-19 / Values formation in medical sciences students through the active COVID-19 screening

Introducción: Se exponen los resultados de una investigación realizada en estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey que se encontraban realizando pesquisa activa de la COVID-19 en ocho áreas de salud del municipio Camagüey. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la pesquisa activa de la COVID-19 en la formación de valores en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Métodos: Se elaboró y aplicó una encuesta a 416 estudiantes de ciencias médicas seleccionados intencionalmente. Se evaluó la experiencia obtenida en la realización de la pesquisa activa a la COVID-19 y su influencia en el desempeño como futuros profesionales de la salud, los valores humanos fortalecidos en la realización de esta y las principales tendencias que influyeron en su formación. Resultados: En la muestra estudiada tuvieron una mayor representatividad el sexo femenino y la facultad de medicina. El 82 por ciento de los encuestados reconoció la importancia de la pesquisa activa en su desempeño como futuro profesional de la salud. La responsabilidad fue el valor que más se fortaleció; mientras que la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y habilidades constituyó la tendencia a destacar en más del 45 por ciento de los encuestados. Conclusiones: La formación de valores desde la pesquisa activa a la COVID-19 ha representado una experiencia efectiva en el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes de ciencias médicas de Camagüey, ya que ha posibilitado combatir la epidemia; además, les ha permitido desarrollar habilidades, y valores humanos y profesionales de gran importancia para su futuro(AU)

Introduction: The results are presented of a research carried out in students from the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey who were involved in the active COVID-19 screening in eight health areas of Camagüey Municipality. Objective: To determine the influence of active COVID-19 screening on the formation of values in students from the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Methods: A survey was elaborated and applied to 416 intentionally selected students of medical sciences. The experience obtained in the active COVID-19 screening was assessed, as well as its influence in the students' performance as future health professionals, the human values strengthened in the task and the main tendencies that influenced such values formation. Results: In the sample studied, the female sex and the medical school were more representative. 82 percent of the surveyed students recognized the importance of active screening for their performance as future health professionals. Responsibility was the value that was most strengthened, while the acquisition of new knowledge and skills was the tendency to stand out in more than 45 percent of the respondents. Conclusions: Values formation from active COVID-19 screening has represented an effective experience in the comprehensive development of medical sciences students in Camagüey, since it has made it possible to confront the epidemic; in addition, it has allowed them to develop skills, as well as human and professional values of great importance for their future(AU)

Establishment of high-resolution bioassay profiling platform to screen α-glucosidase inhibitors from Malus hupehensis / 药学学报

italic>α-Glucosidase inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of diabetes. This study established a high-resolution bioassay profiling platform for rapidly screening α-glucosidase inhibitors in natural product extracts. Five α-glucosidase inhibitors were identified from Malus hupehensis, namely, 3-hydroxyphloridzin, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, phloridzin, avicularin and quercitrin. The establishment and successful application of this platform provides a powerful tool for the efficient discovery of anti-diabetic active ingredients in complex systems.

Analysis of Active Screening and Risk Factors for Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Elderly Patients of ICU / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate risk factors of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) infection in elderly patients of ICU,and to provide reference for formulation and implementation of MDROs prevention and control measures.METHODS:A total of 146 elderly patients were selected from ICU of our hospital during Dec.2013-Jun.2016.Throat swab,sputum swab and anal swab specimens (1 copy,respectively) were collected to conduct active screening of MRSA and ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Risk factors of MDROs infection,pathogen distribution and drug resistance were analyzed.RESULTS:Among samples of 146 patients,there were 34 MRSA positive samples in throat swab with positive rate of 23.3％;there were 30 MRSA positive samples in sputum swab with positive rate of 20.5％;there were 99 ESBLs-producing bacteria positive samples in anal swab (containing 50 ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli positive samples and 49 ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae positive samples) with positive rate of 67.8％.The positive rate of throat swab MRSA screening was not correlated with patient's gender,age,tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation (P＞0.05),but it was related with hospitalization time in ICU (P＜0.05).The positive rate of sputum swab MRSA screening was not correlated with patient' s gender,tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation;the positive rate of anal swab ESBLs-producing bacteria screening were not related with patient's gender(P＞0.05).But they were related with age and hospitalization time in ICU (P＜0.05).Compared with negative patients,there was no statistical significance in the times of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in throat/sputum swab MRSA screening positive patients (P＞0.05).The times of enema,the times of bladder irrigation,the times of urethral catheterization and the duration of indwelling catheter in anal swab ESBLs-producing bacteria screening positive patients were significantly more or longer than negative patients,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that hospitalization time in ICU was risk factor of positive active screening of throat swab in elderly patients of ICU[OR=1.119,95 ％ CI (1.071,1.385),P=0.021];age was risk factor of positive active screening of sputum swab[OR=1.893,95 ％ CI (1.232,4.042),P=0.032];age and hospitalization time in ICU were risk factors of positive active screening of anal swab [OR were 1.046,1.022,95％CI were (1.005,1.088) (1.006,3.283),P were 0.027,0.031].A total of 163 strains of MDROs were detected,among which there were 64 strains of MRSA,50 strains of ESBLs-producing E.coli and 49 strains of ESBLs-producing K.pneumoniae.They were generally highly resistant to compound preparation containing enzyme inhibitors.CONCLUSIONS:The results of MDROs active screening in elderly patients of ICU are related with age,hospitalization time in ICU,the times of enema,the times of bladder irrigation,the times of urethral catheterization and the duration of indwelling catheter.Age and hospitalization time in ICU were risk factors of MDROs infection.The pathogens are mainly ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae,and drug resistance is severe.For elderly critical patients with MDROs infection,clinical prevention and intervention measures should be taken to prevent and control the prevalence and spread of MDROs in ICU.

Magnitud de la pesquisa activa en diagnóstico de tuberculosis implementada en grupos vulnerables. Matanzas 2009-2013 / Magnitude of the active screening in tuberculosis diagnosis implemented in vulnerable groups. Matanzas 2009-2013

Introducción: la tuberculosis constituye, aún, un importante problema de salud. La Organización Mundial de la Salud está tratando de lograr una disminución radical de la carga de esta enfermedad y reducir a la mitad su prevalencia y mortalidad con su estrategia Alto a la tuberculosis. El Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis iniciado en 1962, recomienda la búsqueda sistemática de los casos de tuberculosis en los grupos vulnerables. Objetivo: informar los resultados diagnósticos de la localización de casos, a través de la pesquisa activa o sistemática en grupos vulnerables, de la provincia de Matanzas, bajo las condiciones de operación del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis de Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: el equipo de salud desde julio/2009 a diciembre/ 2013, realizó una investigación descriptiva y de corte transversal, pesquisa activa para diagnóstico de tuberculosis en grupos vulnerables. Resultados: el volumen de la pesquisa activa en personas de los grupos vulnerables, las tuberculinas y los rayos x de tórax realizados se incrementaron por años. El mayor número de pesquisados correspondió al adulto mayor, seguidos de diabéticos y personas que viven en asentamientos críticos. La prevalencia de infección tuberculosis latente total, fue de un 0.089 % en estos grupos. Los casos que se diagnosticaron (todas las formas) fueron principalmente en alcohólicos, ex reclusos e inmunodeprimidos. Del total de los casos de tuberculosis BAAR+, en los 5 años, el 43,9 % se diagnosticó mediante la pesquisa activa. Conclusiones: la tuberculosis fue mayormente diagnosticada en los grupos vulnerables, mediante la pesquisa activa. Se identificó que es bajo la prevalencia de esta infección latente en estos grupos.

Background: tuberculosis is still an important health problem. The World Health Organization is trying to achieve a radical decrease of this disease load and to reduce its prevalence and mortality to the half with its strategy "Stop tuberculosis". The National Program of Tuberculosis Control, started in 1962, recommends the systematic search of the tuberculosis cases in the vulnerable groups. Aim: to inform the diagnosis results of case localization through the active or systematic screening in vulnerable groups of the province of Matanzas, under the operational conditions of the National Program of Tuberculosis Control of Cuba. Materials and methods: from July 2009 to december 2013, the health team carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive research of the active screening for diagnosing tuberculosis in vulnerable groups. Outcomes: the volume of the active screening in persons from the vulnerable groups, the tuberculin skin tests, and thorax X rays increased per years. The highest number of screened persons corresponded to elder people, followed by diabetic ones and people living in critical places. The prevalence of the total latent tuberculosis infection was 0.089 % in these groups. The diagnosed cases (all of the forms) were mainly among alcohol abusers, ex-prisoners and immunodepressed people. 43.9 % of the total of AFB+ tuberculosis cases in the five years was diagnosed through the active screening. Conclusions: tuberculosis was mainly diagnosed in the vulnerable groups, through the active screening. It was identified that the prevalence of this latent infection is low in these groups.

Colonization and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens in nasal vestibular of health care workers in intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand colonization of pathogens in nasal vestibular of health care workers (HCWs) in intensive care unit (ICU),and provide evidence for strengthening the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)in ICU.Methods On may 2015,colonization status of pathogens in nasal vestibular of uninfected HCWs in ICU were actively screened,bacterial culture,isolation and identification were performed.The surveyed results were analyzed and compared with antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from patients at the same stage.Results A total of 96 HCWs were surveyed,43 pathogenic strains were isolated from different HCWs’na-sal vestibular,isolation rate and carriage rate were both 44.79%.The main pathogenic bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus(n=15,34.88%),followed by Enterobacter aerogenes (n =9,20.93%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K . pneumoniae ,n=7,16.28%).There was a high detection rate of pathogens from nasal vestibular of doctors,HCWs who smoked frequently and those who never exercised (all P 50.00%,resistance rates to cefotaxime and imipenem were 28.57% and 14.29%respectively;resistance rates of 11 strains of K .pneumoniae from patients to furantoin was 100.00% during the same stage,but were sensitive to other commonly used antimicrobial agents.Resistance rate of 4 strains of Esche-richia coli (E.coli)to ampicillin was 75.00%,to gentamicin,tobramycin,levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and com-pound sulfamethoxazole were all 50.00%,6 strains of E.coli isolated from patients during the same period were found to be resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial agents.Conclusion Colonization rate of pathogens is high in nasal vestibular of HCWs in ICU,active screening and monitoring on colonization of pathogens in HCWs’ nasal vestibular is significant for preventing the occurrence and cross transmission of HAI among HCWs and pa-tients.

Implementation of active screening for preventing and controlling the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To implement active screening measures for patients in intensive care unit (ICU),early de-tect patients with multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO)colonization,implement contact isolation measures,pre-vent and control MDRO cross transmission.Methods The nasal and rectal swabs of 240 patients who were admit-ted to ICU from September 2012 to May 2013 were performed bacterial culture,patients with colonization of methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli ,and ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae were conducted contact isolation.Clinically isolated MDROs from ICU patients in September 2011-August 2012 (before active screening)and September 2012-August 2013 (after active screening)were collected and performed antimicrobial resistance analysis.Results Of 240 patients, nasal swabs screening test showed that there were 56(23.33%)patients who were colonized with MRSA,including 22(39.29%)were colonized at the admission to ICU and 34(60.71%)during the ICU stay.Rectal swabs screening test showed that there were 105(43.75%)patients who were colonized with ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae ,72(68.57%)were colonized at the admission to ICU,and 33(31.43%)were colonized dur-ing the period of ICU stay.The incidence density of MDROs before and after implementing active screening were 28.56‰ and 13.71‰ respectively,difference was significant (P < 0.05;RR,2.08 [95%CI ,1.582 - 2.743]). Conclusion MDRO colonization rate is high among ICU inpatients,implementation of comprehensive prevention and control measures against MDROs based on active screening can reduce the spread of MDROs in ICU.

Active screening and risk factors for colonization of multidrug-resistant or-ganisms in a surgical intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate colonization status and risk factors of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU),and provide a basis for active clinical screening of MDROs. Methods From June 1,2013 to August 31,2013,patients who admitted to SICU≥24 hours were performed active screening,the colnization status of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and extended-spectrumβ-lactamase-producing Escherichiacoli/Klebsiellapneumoniae (ESBL-E.coli/Kp)among patients were detected,re-lated risk factors were analyzed. Results When patients who admitted to SICU≤48 hours,the detection rate of MRSA and ESBL-E.coli/Kp was 1 1 .00% and 73 .00% respectively;when admitted to SICU>7 days,the increased detection rate of MRSA and ESBL-E.coli/Kp was 16.67% and 44.44% respectively. Patients stayed in hospital >7 days before admit-ting to SICU (OR95% CI:4.48 [1 .21-16.65 ])was an independent risk factor of carrying MRSA when admitting to SICU,APACHEⅡscore ≥16 (OR95% CI:6.36[1.47-27.54])was an independent risk factor of carrying MRSA 48 hours after admitting to SICU. Conclusion When patients admitted to SICU,the carrying rate of MDROs is high,isola-tion rate rises with prolonged length of SICU stay. Hospitals should carry out MDRO colonization screening proj ect among patients and implement effective isolation control measures to reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infection.

Afecciones visuales y su tratamiento en la población de Pinar del Río, Misión Milagro de 2006 a 2010 / Visual diseases and their treatment in Pinar del Rio’s population. The Miracle Mission from 2006 to 2010

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de afecciones oculares en la población de Pinar del Río y realizar acciones resolutivas terapéuticas con la finalidad de revertir la condición existente.Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo y de intervención desde 2006 hasta 2010, mediante una pesquisa activa casa a casa. El universo fue la población mayo o igual a 5 años de edad de los 14 municipios de la provincia (estimado de 685 961 en el año 2006) y la muestra por los evaluados (605 915). Se implementaron estrategias de resolución de las afecciones encontradas...

Methods: a prospective and interventional study was conducted from 2006 to 2010, based on an active screening of houses. The universe was the population aged = 5 years from the 14 municipalities of the province (685 961 in 2006) and the sample was formed by those evaluated (605 915). Some strategies aimed to cope with these diseases were implemented...

Caracterización del glaucoma crónico simple en un área de salud del Municipio Especial Isla de la Juventud / Characterization of simple chronic glaucoma in a health area from the Isla de la Juventud Special Municipality

Objetivo: identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas del glaucoma crónico simple en personas mayores de 40 años, en el área de salud Dr. Juan Manuel Páez Inchausti, Nueva Gerona, Isla de la Juventud. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el segundo semestre de 2008, en una de las dos áreas de salud que cubren la atención primaria de la población de Nueva Gerona. Se chequeó el 98,8 por ciento de la población mayor de 15 años y, después de aplicados los criterios de selección, fueron considerados 90 pacientes con diagnóstico previo de la enfermedad, de acuerdo con los parámetros estipulados para el seguimiento de esta. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, color de la piel, relación presión intraocular-excavación papilar, alteraciones campimétricas, síntomas y signos, antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad según grado de parentesco y enfermedades sistémicas y oculares asociadas con enfoque de riesgo. El procesamiento de la información se realizó mediante el método porcentual. Resultados: se reportó mayor número de pacientes entre 60 y 69 años (24,4 por ciento), de mujeres (53,3 por ciento) y de piel blanca (38,9 por ciento). Los rangos predominantes de valores de presión intraocular y de excavación papilar fueron entre 16 y 21 mmHg (40,0 por ciento), y entre 0,4 y 0,7 (37,8 por ciento); en la relación entre ambas variables predominaron ambos rangos (16,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las características clínico-epidemiológicas más relevantes del glaucoma crónico simple en los pacientes estudiados no difieren, en general, de lo reportado en la literatura, con excepción del predominio en mujeres de piel blanca, lo que puede deberse a la conformación de la muestra. La información obtenida del presente estudio debe considerarse parte del registro inicial de las características de la enfermedad en Cuba

Objective: To identify the clinical-epidemiological features of simple chronic glaucoma in persons aged over 40 in the "Dr. Juan Manuel Pßez Inchausti" health area, Nueva Gerona, Isla de la Juventud municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the second trimester of 2008 in one the health area covering the primary care of inhabitants of Nueva Gerona. The 98.8 percent of patients aged over 15 was examined and after applications of selection criteria, 90 patients with a diagnosis previous to disease were considered according to the stipulated parameters for its follow-up. Following variables were analyzed: age, sex, skin color, relation intraocular-papillary excavation, campimetry alterations, symptoms and signs, family disease backgrounds according to the relationship degree and systemic and ocular diseases associated with risk approach. The information processing was made by conceptual method. Results: There was more reported patients aged between 60 and 69 (24.4 percent), of women (53.3 percent) and of white race (38.9 percent). The predominant values ranks of intraocular pressure and of papillary excavation were between 16 and 21 mmHg (40.0 percent), between 0.4 and 0.7 (37.8 percent); in relation between both variables the two ranks predominate (16.7 percent). Conclusions: The more relevant clinical-epidemiological features of the simple chronic glaucoma in study patients not differing in general from that reported in literature, except the white race women predominance maybe due to sample conformation. The information obtained from present study must to be considered as part of initial registry of disease features in Cuba

Caracterización epidemiológica y social de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en Cuba / Epidemiological and social characterization of the mentally-retarded people in Cuba

Objetivo Caracterizar desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y social a las personas con discapacidad intelectual en Cuba. Método. El estudio interesó a toda la población cubana y dentro de ella a las personas con discapacidad intelectual como población diana. La pesquisa activa en la comunidad identificó, con el auxilio de los gobiernos locales y de las organizaciones sociales, a las personas registradas y a otras no registradas. Una visita al hogar de la persona con discapacidad permitió aplicar una combinación de entrevistas y exámenes clínicos que facilitaron el proceso de clasificación y registro de estos individuos. Resultados Se estudiaron en todo el territorio nacional 140 489 personas. La tasa de prevalencia de discapacidad intelectual en Cuba en el período estudiado era de 1,25 por cada 100 habitantes. Las provincias con tasas más elevadas fueron Guantánamo y Santiago de Cuba. En el total de las personas estudiadas, la discapacidad intelectual fue más frecuente en el grupo de 15 a 19 años y hubo predominio de la discapacidad ligera. Se detectaron 29 536 personas con incapacidad intelectual no registrados con anterioridad. La orfandad como factor social agravante en las personas con discapacidad intelectual tuvo muy baja frecuencia. Conclusiones El procedimiento de pesquisa activa en la comunidad permitió el registro e inclusión en el estudio de aproximadamente una quinta parte de las personas con discapacidad intelectual no inscritas anteriormente. Los registros rutinarios de estas personas tienden a subestimar la real prevalencia de este problema de salud que es necesario conocer en toda su amplitud para poder atenderlo satisfactoriamente desde el punto de vista médico y social

Objective To characterize the mentally-retarded people in Cuba from the epidemiological and social viewpoints. Methods The study covered the whole Cuban population, particularly those people with mental retardation taken as target population. The active screening carried out in the community allowed identifying the registered and non-registered persons with this condition, with the support of the local governments and social organizations. Home visits allowed using a combination of interviews and clinical tests to facilitate the process of classification and registration of these persons. Results A total of 140 489 people were studied throughout the country. The prevalence rate of mental retardation in Cuba in the studied period was 1,25 per 100 pop. The provinces which exhibited the highest rates were Guantánamo and Santiago de Cuba. The mental retardation was more common in 15-19 years-old group, being slight retardation predominant. The study detected 29 536 people with mental retardation, who had not been previously registered. Being an orphan as an aggravating social factor in mentally-retarded people was very uncommon. Conclusions The active community-wide screening made it possible to identify and include in this study almost 20 percent of mentally-retarded persons no previouosly registered. The routine records of these people tend to underestimate the real prevalence of this health problem, which is required to be known in-depth in order to cope with it in a satisfactory way from the medical and social viewpoints

Caracterización epidemiológica de las personas con discapacidad en Cuba / Epidemiological characterization of disabled persons in Cuba

Introducción La discapacidad es un tema complejo, de enorme repercusión social y económica y del que se tiene estimados inseguros. Objetivos Identificar y caracterizar a cada persona con discapacidad en Cuba. Métodos Investigación epidemiológica descriptiva, de tipo transversal, realizada en el período 2001-2003. El estudio interesó a toda la población cubana y dentro de ella a las personas con discapacidad. La pesquisa activa en la comunidad identificó a las personas registradas y a otras no registradas, con el auxilio de los gobiernos locales y de las organizaciones sociales. Una visita al hogar de la persona con discapacidad permitió aplicar una combinación de entrevistas y exámenes clínicos que facilitaron el proceso de clasificación y registro de estas personas. Se estimó una tasa de cobertura del estudio de 99,9 por ciento del total de personas con discapacidad en el territorio nacional. Resultados Se estudiaron 366 864 personas con discapacidad lo que produjo una tasa de prevalencia de 3,26 por cada 100 habitantes. Guantánamo con 4,13 fue la provincia con la tasa más elevada y Ciudad de La Habana con 2,13, la de más baja tasa. La mayor tasa de discapacidad se encontró en el grupo de 60 y más años y en el sexo masculino. La discapacidad intelectual ocupó el primer lugar en frecuencia, seguida de la discapacidad físico-motora. Conclusiones El número de personas con discapacidad en Cuba identificadas con los métodos empleados casi triplicó al universo inicial de discapacitados registrados, por lo que había una subestimación de la prevalencia real del problema. Las tasas de prevalencia de discapacidad y su distribución según características de las personas y provincias en Cuba siguen patrones similares a las descritas en otras publicaciones

Introduction Disability is a complex topic, with great social and economic impact and inaccurate estimates. Objectives Identify and characterize every disabled person in Cuba. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological research study carried out from 2001 to 2003. The study covered the whole Cuban population, particularly the disabled persons. The community-wide active screening detected registered and non-registered persons with some disability, thanks to the support of local governments and social organizations. Home visits paid to disabled persons allowed combining interviews and clinical exams to facilitate the process of classification and registration of these people. The coverage rate of the study was estimated at 99,9 percent of the total number of disabled persons throughout the country. Results The study analyzed 366 864 people with disabilities, which led to a prevalence rate of 3,26 per 100 inhabitants. Guantanamo province reached 4,13, being the province with the highest rate whereas Ciudad de La Habana exhibited the lowest rate (2,13). The highest rate of disability was found in the 60 and over years-old group and in males. Intellectual disability was prevailing in terms of frequency, followed by physical-motor disability. Conclusions The number of individuals with some disability detected in Cuba was almost three times the initial universe of registered disabled, so the real prevalence of the problem had been underestimated. The disability prevalence rates and their distribution according to the characteristics of individuals and provinces in Cuba have patterns similar to those described in other publications

Intervención capacitante para la pesquisa activa de sintomáticos respiratorios en dos municipios de Ciudad de La Habana / Enabling intervention for active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in two municipalities located in the City of Havana province

OBJETIVO: evaluar la factibilidad y el efecto inmediato de una intervención capacitante, para mejorar la pesquisa activa de sintomáticos respiratorios en grupos de riesgo de padecer tuberculosis y la calidad del llenado de los registros del laboratorio. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de intervención con diseño cuasi experimental en 2 áreas de salud del municipio Boyeros (Policlínicos Salvador Allende y Federico Capdevila). Otras 2 áreas fueron seleccionadas como control en el municipio Diez de Octubre (Policlínicos Turcios Lima y Puente Uceda). Fueron capacitados médicos y enfermeros de familia, para la identificación de los sintomáticos respiratorios dentro de grupos de riesgo en terrenos y les indicaron esputos. Se empleó un nuevo modelo para el registro en el laboratorio. Transcurridos 2 meses se calculó la proporción de sintomáticos respiratorios detectados. Se estimó el riesgo relativo con su intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se calculó el porcentaje según tipo de pesquisa, grupos de riesgo y la cantidad de ítems vacíos, fuera de lugar y llenados incorrectamente en el nuevo modelo. RESULTADOS: después de la intervención, la probabilidad de los médicos y enfermeros de detectar un sintomático respiratorio en el área de salud Allende fue casi 2,5 veces mayor que antes de realizarla (RR= 2,4320) y en el área Capdevila casi 2 veces mayor (RR= 1,8112). Más de 80 por ciento del incremento fue debido a la pesquisa activa, la cual fue realizada en más de 90 por ciento en grupos de riesgo. No se encontraron datos fuera de lugar ni llenados incorrectamente, solo ítems vacíos por debajo de 0,5 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: la intervención capacitante se mostró efectiva en forma inmediata, para incrementar la pesquisa activa de sintomáticos respiratorios en grupos de riesgo y mejorar la calidad del llenado de los registros del laboratorio.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the feasibility and immediate effect of an enabling intervention to improve the active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in groups at risk of suffering tuberculosis and the quality of filling in lab records. METHODS: a quasi-experimental-designed intervention study was conducted in two health areas of Boyeros municipality (Salvador Allende polyclinics and Federico Capdevila polyclinics). Two other areas were selected as controls in Diez de Octubre municipality (Turcios Lima polyclinics and Puente Uceda polyclinics). Family physicians and nurses were then trained to identify patients with respiratory symptoms in the risk groups during home visits, finally sputum tests were indicated. A new model for lab recording was used. After 2 months, the ratio of detected respiratory symptomatic cases was estimated. The relative risk (95 percent CI) was found. The percentage by type of screening, risk group and number of empty, misplaced and wrongly filled in items in the new model was calculated. RESULTS: after the intervention, the capabilities of physicians and nurses for detecting respiratory symptomatic patients in Allende health area was almost 2.5 times higher than before (RR=2,4320) and in Capdevila health area was almost 2 times higher (RR=1,8112). Over 80 percent of this improvement was due to active screening carried out almost completely (90 percent) in risk groups. There were no misplaced or wrongly filled data, just empty items under 0,5 percent. CONCLUSIONS: the enabling intervention proved to be immediate and effective in order to raise the active screening of respiratory symptomatic patients in risk groups and to improve the quality of filling in lab records.

Frecuencia de ametropías en niños / Frequency of ametropias in children

INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las ametropías detectadas en niños estudiados en la consulta de oftalmología del Policlínico Docente Frank País García, en Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido de septiembre del 2009 a febrero del 2010. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por un total de 68 niños que asistieron a dicha consulta y coincidió con la muestra de estudio. A todos los pacientes se les realizó la refracción objetiva y subjetiva. Las variables estudiadas fueron grupos de edad, sexo, diagnóstico en consulta y síntomas presentes en los pacientes. Se calculó la frecuencia de las ametropías y luego se agruparon en hipermetropías, miopías, astigmatismo y anisometropías. RESULTADOS. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que el grupo de edad de 5 a 9 años (69,1 por ciento) fue el más consultado, con predominio del sexo femenino (83,8 por ciento). Las ametropías representaron el 69,5 por ciento de los casos y la más frecuente fue la miopía (51,6 por ciento), específicamente, ligera y moderada (37,2 por ciento). Se encontró astigmatismo en el 19,6 por ciento de los pacientes y el miópico simple fue el predominante (69,1 por ciento). Los principales síntomas referidos fueron cefalea, sensación de prurito y ardor ocular y dolor ocular, para un 27,1 por ciento, 26,4 por ciento y 24,3 por ciento, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES. En general, las ametropías fueron frecuentes en el estudio, de ahí la importancia de su pesquisaje activo en el área de salud desde las etapas tempranas de la vida, para realizar su corrección a tiempo y evitar futuras complicaciones

INTRODUCTION. The objective of present research was to analyze the ametropias detected in children seen in consultation of Ophthalmology of the Frank País Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba province from September, 2009 to February, 2010. METHODS. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Universe included a total of 68 children seen in such consultation coinciding with study sample. In all patient an objective and subjective refraction was carried out. Study variables included age, sex, diagnosis in consultation and symptoms present in patients. Frequency of ametropias was estimated and then they were grouped in hypermetropias, myopias, astigmatism and anisometropias. RESULTS. Among the major results found the more studied was the 5-9 years age group (69,1 percent) with predominance of female sex (83,85). Ametropias accounted for the 69,5 percent of cases and the more frequent one was the myopia (51,6 percent), specifically the slight and the moderate ones (37,2 percent). There was astigmatism in the 19,6 percent of patients and the simple myope patient was predominant (69,1 percent). The major symptoms referred were headache, a sensation of pruritus and ocular burning for a 27,1 percent, 26,4 percent and 24,3 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. In general, ametropias were frequent during the study, thus the significance of its active screening in the health area from the early stages of life to achieve its correction in time and to avoid future complications