Ações participativas em saneamento rural: bases conceituais e diretrizes metodológicas / Participative actions in rural sanitation: conceptual bases and methodological guidelines

Resumo A participação social é um componente fundamental na promoção do saneamento rural. Entretanto, diferentes desafios conceituais e metodológicos sobre a utilização de metodologias participativas (MP) ainda despontam na literatura em relação a quem são os principais atores sociais envolvidos e como tais mecanismos de intervenção têm contribuído em ações de saneamento rural. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva caracterizar a utilização das MP empregadas em soluções de saneamento rural por diferentes atores sociais, em nível estadual. Para tal, foram investigadas as experiências de saneamento rural no estado de Goiás realizadas com financiamento do poder público, entre 2007 e 2019, por intermédio de entrevista semiestruturada e aplicação de questionário a lideranças e/ou técnicos de entidades governamentais e da sociedade civil. Em síntese, as experiências investigadas apresentaram que ambas as categorias de atores sociais têm utilizado MP em suas abordagens, classificando-as por etapas e tipologias, em consonância com Geilfus. No estudo, concluiu-se que o emprego de MP contribuiu para o processo de sensibilização às questões socioambientais locais, bem como motivou uma reflexão crítica em relação à própria participação, estimulando, assim, maior intervenção e interação dos participantes com a agenda de discussão proposta.

Abstract Social participation is a fundamental component in the promotion of rural sanitation. However, different conceptual and methodological challenges on the use of Participatory Methodologies (PM) still emerge in the literature regarding who are the main social actors involved and how intervention mechanisms have contributed to rural sanitation actions. Thus, this research aims to characterize the use of PM employed in rural sanitation solutions by different social actors, at the state level. For this purpose, the experiences of rural sanitation in the state of Goiás carried ou with funding from the government, between 2007 and 2019, were investigated with semi-structured interviews and questionnaire application to leaders and/or technicians of government and civil society entities. In summary, the experiences investigated showed that both categories of social actors have used PM in their approaches, categorizing them by stages and typologies, in line with Geilfus. The study concluded that the use of PM contributed to the process of raising awareness about local socio-environmental issues and motivating a critical reflection regarding one's own participation, thus stimulating greater intervention and interaction of participants with the proposed discussion agenda.

Dialéctica del estallido social en Colombia 2021: ecosistema de la contienda política-económica inherente al capitalismo-imperialismo. Contribución al análisis de la coyuntura generada por la movilización popular entre abril y julio de 2021 en Colombia (Segunda parte: actores 1) / Dialectics of the Social Outburst in Colombia in 2021: Ecosystem of the Political-Economic Contest Inherent to Capitalism-Imperialism. Contribution to the Analysis of the Conjuncture Generated by the Popular Mobilization between April and July 2021 in Colombia (Second part: actors 1)

Resumen El texto que se presenta a continuación es la segunda entrega del análisis de la coyuntura estallido social 2021. Recuérdese que el primero se centró en los detonantes del estallido. El segundo artículo abordará algunos de los actores-sujetos más destacados de las movilizaciones: Comité Nacional de Paro, estudiantado universitario, profesorado universitario, campesinado, comunidades indígenas, organizaciones afrodescendientes, primeras líneas y gobierno. Se trata de diseccionar este conjunto de actores desplegando el método dialéctico materialista en perspectiva del análisis de coyuntura político-económico. Previo a la disección, se elabora una breve disertación acerca de la noción actor en perspectiva sociológica, con el ánimo de mostrar que, desde esta disciplina científica, la acción del sujeto está imbricada a la estructura. Este principio aplica para los actores del estallido social y, por tanto, se entiende que aun cuando diseccionados, lo estructural les atraviesa y subsume. En la reconstrucción analítica de cada actor predomina una lectura crítica que reconoce las proezas y fuerzas de sus luchas y, al tiempo, pondera sus limitantes y delimitaciones políticas y teóricas.

Abstract installment of the analysis of the conjuncture social explosion 2021. It should be recalled that the first focused on the triggers of the outbreak. The second article will address some of the most prominent actors-subjects of the mobilizations: National Strike Committee, university student body, university faculty, peasantry, indigenous communities, Afro-descendant organizations, front lines and government. The aim is to dissect this group of actors, by deploying the dialectical materialist method in the perspective of the analysis of the political-economic situation. Prior to the dissection, a brief dissertation is elaborated on the notion of actor in sociological perspective, with the aim of showing that, from this scientific discipline, the action of the subject is intertwined with the structure. This principle applies to the actors of the social outburst and, therefore, it is understood that, even when dissected, the structural traverses and subsumes them. In the analytical reconstruction of each actor, a critical reading predominates, which recognizes the prowess and strengths of their struggles and, at the same time, weighs their political and theoretical limitations and delimitations.

Medical Ethics Challenges and Countermeasures under Different Internet Hospitals Operation Modes / 中国医学伦理学

Internet hospitals played a huge role in meeting patients’ medical needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a new service model, it also brings new challenges to medical ethics. This paper analyzed the three key elements of behavior: actors, behavior process and action result, and found that apart from ethical challenges such as medical security, data security and privacy protection, different types of Internet hospitals show diversity due to different actors involved. The first type of Internet hospital represented the conflict of interest of doctors brought by the integration of offline and online working modes. The second type showed the challenge of fairness in medical treatment brought by the demand of personalized service provided by medical staff in public medical institutions. The third type manifested the medical security challenges brought by doctors with varying technical levels in an open platform environment. Combined with the current ethical governance of science and technology and the digital transformation of society, this paper put forward some countermeasures and suggestion, such as further clarifying the boundaries of rights and responsibilities of relevant subjects of Internet platform, formulating the code of conduct requirements for medical staff in Internet hospitals, and supervising doctors’ medical practice in Internet hospitals.

Perfil de quem participa de atividades em grupo no Brasil: uma análise com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional em Saúde 2013 / Profile of those who participate in group activities in Brazil: an analysis based on data from the National Health Survey (NHS), 2013

Resumo O artigo busca caracterizar as pessoas que frequentam diferentes espaços de participação no Brasil. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de estatística descritiva, a partir de dados de um inquérito maior, a Pesquisa Nacional em Saúde (PNS), que contou com 64.348 respondentes. Os dados foram analisados conforme a frequência de participação dividida em quatro blocos de atividades participativas: sexo, escolaridade, renda e estado civil dos participantes. Os resultados mostraram que a maior frequência de participação foi em eventos e cultos religiosos (69,7%), seguidos pelas atividades artísticas e esportivas em grupo (26,2%), depois por reuniões de associações de moradores ou funcionários, movimentos comunitários, centros acadêmicos ou similares (16,1%) e, por último, em trabalho voluntário não remunerado (12,1%). Observou-se que as mulheres tiveram participação mais intensa em cultos e atividades religiosas (76,4%), enquanto os homens participaram mais de atividades artísticas e culturais (33,5%). Quanto a faixa de renda e escolaridade, o estudo mostrou que quanto mais elevadas eram essas duas categorias, maior foi a frequência de participação. Evidencia-se, do ponto de vista político e democrático, que a participação no Brasil é escassa e marcada pelo elitismo.

Abstract This article seeks to characterize people who attend different spaces of participation in Brazil. For this, a study of descriptive statistics was carried out, using data from a larger survey, the National Health Survey (NHS), which had 64,348 respondents. The data were analyzed according to the frequency of participation divided into four blocks of participatory activities: sex, education, income and marital status of the participants. The results showed that the highest frequency of participation was in religious events and cults (69.7%), followed by artistic and sports activities in groups (26.2%), then by meetings of associations of residents or employees, community movements, academic or similar centers (16.1%) and, finally, in unpaid voluntary work (12.1%). It was observed that women had a more intense participation in cults and religious activities (76.4%), while men participated more in artistic and cultural activities (33.5%). As for income and education, the study showed that the higher these two categories were, the higher the frequency of participation. It is evident, from a political and democratic point of view, that participation in Brazil is scarce and marked by elitism.

A review of the framework and strategy for disability and rehabilitation services in South Africa

Background: Rehabilitation is imperative for the successful integration of persons with disabilities into their social environments. The Framework and strategy for disability and rehabilitation services (FSDR) in South Africa, 2015-2020.was developed to strengthen access to rehabilitation services and ensure the inclusion of persons with disabilities in all aspects of community life. Despite the FSDR being commissioned, access to rehabilitation is a challenge for persons with disabilities and further compounded in rural communities. Objective: The study aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators that influenced the process of development, implementation and monitoring of the FSDR. Method: This qualitative study employed a single case study design. Data was collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews utilising the Walt & Gilson policy analysis framework that outlines the context, content, actors and process of policy development and implementation. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve key informants (N=12) who were selected purposively for the study. Data obtained from the in-depth interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: We found many factors that influenced the implementation of the framework. Actor dynamics, insufficient resources, the rushed process, poor record-keeping, inappropriate leadership, negative attitudes of staff members and the insufficient monitoring impeded the successful implementation of the framework. While positive attitude, mentorship and support amongst the task team facilitated the implementation process, albeit with challenges. Conclusion: There is a need to address implementation gaps so that the FSDR is responsive to the current rehabilitation needs of persons with disabilities in South Africa. Contribution: This study may inform future disability policy, and can be used as a tool to advocate for the rights for persons with disabilities

Efectos depresivos del aislamiento preventivo obligatorio asociados a la pandemia del Covid-19 en docentes y estudiantes de una universidad pública en Colombia / Depressive effects of compulsory preventive isolation associated with the Covid-19 pandemic on teachers and students of a public university in Colombia / Efeitos depressivos do isolamento preventivo obrigatório associado à pandemia de Covid-19 nos professores e estudantes de uma universidade pública na Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los efectos depresivos causados por el aislamiento preventivo por la pandemia del Covid-19 en estudiantes y docentes universitarios. Método: Enfoque cuantitativo a nivel descriptivo-correlacional. Se aplicó el inventario de depresión de Beck a una muestra de 100 docentes y 394 estudiantes de una universidad pública en Colombia. Resultados: En cuanto a los niveles de afectación no hay diferencias significativas entre docentes y estudiantes, sin embargo, sí hay diferencias respecto al género, con mayor incidencia en los hombres; así mismo se identificó que las personas entre 16 y 35 años se ubican en los niveles de depresión moderada y grave. Para el estado civil se determinó con mayor presencia en la depresión mínima, contrario a las personas viudas que se concentran en el nivel de depresión grave. Conclusión: Para las personas encuestadas se presentó algún nivel de afectación, lo que se convierte en un antecedente de los posibles efectos del aislamiento preventivo obligatorio. Los resultados del estudio son relevantes para la generación de programas de intervención en bienestar universitario que mitiguen el efecto de esta situación de anormalidad social. Dado que la muestra no es probabilística no se pueden hacer inferencias, sin embargo, los resultados reflejan la existencia de afectaciones en un grupo considerable de personas que no pueden ser deslegitimadas.

Abstract Objective: To determine the depressive effects caused by preventive isolation by the Covid-19 pandemic on university students and teachers. Methods: Quantitative approach at the descriptive-correlational level. Beck's depression inventory was applied to a sample of 100 teachers and 394 students of a public university in Colombia. Results: There were no significant differences between teachers and students in terms of the levels of affectation, but there were differences with respect to gender, with a greater incidence in men; likewise, it was identified that people between 16 and 35 years old are located in the levels of moderate and severe depression. Marital status was determined to be more prevalent in minimal depression, as opposed to widows who are concentrated in severe depression Conclusion: For the people surveyed, there was some level of affectation, which becomes a background of the possible effects of compulsory preventive isolation. The results of the study are relevant for the generation of intervention programs in university welfare that mitigate the effect of this situation of social abnormality. Since the sample is not probabilistic, no inferences can be made, however, the results reflect the existence of affectations in a considerable group of people that cannot be delegitimized.

Resumo Objectivo: Determinar os efeitos depressivos causados pelo isolamento preventivo pela pandemia de Covid-19 em estudantes universitários e professores. Métodos: Abordagem quantitativa a nível descritivo-correlacional. O inventário de depressão de Beck foi aplicado a uma amostra de 100 professores e 394 estudantes de uma universidade pública na Colômbia. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre professores e estudantes em termos dos níveis de afecção, mas houve diferenças no que diz respeito ao género, com maior incidência nos homens; do mesmo modo, foi identificado que as pessoas entre os 16 e 35 anos de idade estão localizadas nos níveis de depressão moderada e grave. O estado civil foi determinado como sendo mais prevalecente em depressão mínima, ao contrário das viúvas que se concentram em depressão severa. Conclusão: Para as pessoas inquiridas, houve algum nível de afetação, que se torna um pano de fundo dos possíveis efeitos do isolamento preventivo obrigatório. Os resultados do estudo são relevantes para a geração de programas de intervenção no bem-estar universitário que atenuem o efeito desta situação de anormalidade social. Uma vez que a amostra não é probabilística, não se podem fazer inferências, no entanto, os resultados reflectem a existência de afecções num grupo considerável de pessoas que não podem ser deslegitimadas.

Construção da agenda de inclusão financeira à luz da Teoria Ator-Rede / Construcción de la agenda de inclusión financiera a la luz de la teoría actor-red / Construction of the financial inclusion agenda in light of the actor-network theory

Resumo Este artigo procurou compreender a atuação dos atores no processo de construção social da agenda de inclusão financeira no Brasil, utilizando a Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR) como lente teórica, visto que a formação da agenda pode ser compreendida como um contínuo processo de associações que envolve diferentes mediadores. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das instituições envolvidas no processo de construção da agenda em tela, bem como de fontes documentais. A dinâmica do processo de construção da agenda de inclusão financeira foi analisada considerando os quatro momentos da translação (problematização, atração de interesses, recrutamento e mobilização) apresentados na literatura pertinente. Verificou-se que a agenda de inclusão financeira no Brasil é fruto de um processo incremental, que contou com a atuação de uma ampla gama de atores (do governo, do mercado, fomentadores e estudiosos e internacionais) e que foi influenciada por alguns elementos não humanos, destacando-se o Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) como ator focal do processo.

Resumen Este artículo se propuso comprender el papel de los actores en el proceso de construcción social de la agenda de inclusión financiera en Brasil, utilizando la teoría del actor-red (TAR) como lente teórica, ya que la formación de la agenda puede entenderse como un proceso continuo de asociaciones que involucra a diferentes mediadores. Los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con representantes de las instituciones involucradas en el proceso de construcción de la agenda en cuestión, así como de fuentes documentales. Se analizó la dinámica del proceso de construcción de la agenda de inclusión financiera considerando los cuatro momentos de la traducción (problematización, participación, enrolamiento y movilización) presentados en la literatura relevante. Se comprobó que la agenda de inclusión financiera en Brasil es el resultado de un proceso incremental, al que asistieron una amplia gama de actores (gobierno, mercado, desarrolladores y académicos, así como internacionales) y que fue influenciada por algunos elementos no humanos, entre los que se destaca el Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) como el actor central del proceso.

Abstract This article adopts the perspective of the actor-network theory to understand the role of the actors in the process of social construction of the financial inclusion agenda, considering that agenda-setting can be seen as a continuous process of associations that involves different mediators. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with representatives of the institutions involved in the process of agenda-setting examined, as well as from documentary sources. The dynamics of the process of developing the financial inclusion agenda were analyzed considering the four moments (problematization, interessement, enrolment, and mobilization) presented in the relevant literature. The research found out that the financial inclusion agenda in Brazil is the result of an incremental process, which was attended by a wide range of actors (government, market, developers and scholars, and also international actors) and it was influenced by some non-human elements, among which the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) stands out as the focal actor of the process.

Intervención fonoaudiológica en artistas: hacia una mirada completa de intervención vocal / Voice Therapy Intervention on artists: towards a complete look at vocal intervention

Hoy en día el conocimiento avanza a pasos agigantados. Cada vez hay más fonoau-diólogos en diversas áreas de la profesión. Llama la atención de muchos el área ar-tística, pues es un área poco explorada y amplia. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar sobre la intervención vocal en artistas (cantantes, actores y otros). Su im-plementación debe comprender una mirada completa de la persona: voz, fisiología, fisiopatología, emociones, rol, aspectos médicos, farmacológicos y características in-dividuales. Esto promueve la adherencia de un profesional de la voz a su área de conocimiento y genera un espacio de sanidad, exploración y libertad artística en términos actuales, incluso en medio de una pandemia

Nowadays the knowledge is advancing by leaps and bounds. The number of Speech Pathologists in different areas of the profession has increased. The artistic area calls the attention of many, because it is a hardly explored and wide area. This article aims to reflect on vocal intervention on artists (singers, actors and others). Its imple-mentation should include a thorough overview of the person: voice, physiology, phy-siopathology, emotions, role, medical and pharmacological aspects and individual characteristics. This promotes the adhesion of a voice professional to their area of its own knowledge, thus allowing a space for healing, exploration and artistic freedom in current terms, even in the midst of a pandemic

Algunas reflexiones sobre dilemas éticos del cuidado en un entorno de pandemia / Algumas reflexões sobre dilemas do cuidado ético em um ambiente pandémico / Some reflections on ethical care dilemmas in a pandemic environment

Resumen En este texto se propone un esquema para analizar dilemas éticos en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid 19, los cuales se presentan ante un conflicto moral al que se enfrenta una persona (por criterios normativos en tensión) o, cuando varias personas o instancias normativas tienen distintas estrategias ante un evento específico y, además, cada quien asume que su postura es la más aceptable. La ética no decide cuál es la referencia moral correcta, sino que analiza los supuestos de distintas normatividades y acompaña a tomar conciencia de los mismos. El texto no propone soluciones, sino que presenta un esquema de análisis ético, que considera como insumo clave la identificación de actores relacionados con el contexto de la pandemia y la forma en que son tomados en cuenta. Se recupera la categoría de cuidado, como recomendación central para lidiar con la pandemia y como supuesto de todo análisis ético.

Resumo Este texto propõe um esquema para analisar dilemas éticos, no contexto da pandemia Covid 19, que se apresentam diante de um conflito moral enfrentado por uma pessoa (por critérios normativos em tensão) ou quando várias pessoas ou órgãos políticos têm estratégias diferentes diante de um evento específico e, além disso, cada um assume que sua posição é a mais aceitável. A ética não decide qual é a referência moral correta, mas analisa os pressupostos de diferentes normatividades e auxilia a a tomar conhecimento deles. O texto não propõe soluções, mas apresenta um esquema de análise ética, que considera como insumo fundamental a identificação de atores relacionados ao contexto da pandemia e como são levados em conta. A categoria de cuidado é recuperada como recomendação central para lidar com a pandemia e como pressuposto de toda a análise ética.

Abstract This text proposes a scheme to analyze ethical dilemmas in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, which present the sembling of a moral conflict faced by a person (by tensed normative criteria) or when several people or policy-bodies have different strategies in the face of a specific event and, in addition, each one assumes that their position is the most acceptable one. Ethics does not decide what the correct moral reference is, it analyses different normativity assumptions and helps to become aware of them. The text does not propose solutions, but presents an ethical analysis scheme that considers as a key input the identification of actors related to the context of the pandemic and how they are taken into account. The category of care is restored as a central recommendation to deal with the pandemic and as an assumption of all the ethical analysis.

Localizando a criticidade na política: a contínua luta por justiça social na agenda da educação física escolar / Locating criticality in policy: the ongoing struggle for a social justice agenda in school physical education / Ubicando la criticidad en la política: la continua lucha por justícia social en la agenda de la educación física escolar

Há um sentimento de promessa não realizada quando se analisa o progresso do projeto crítico da Educação Física desde a virada da segunda década do século XXI. Estudos de qualidade continuam a emergir em torno da pedagogia crítica da Educação Física, evidenciando o prolongado comprometimento com sua promessa de fornecer aos aprendizes recursos pessoais e intelectuais que são necessários na orientação de produtivos futuros sadios num mundo cada mais complexo. Neste artigo nós discutimos destacados exemplos de investigações contemporâneas que demonstram as contínuas lutas em contextos práticos e revisita barreiras que continuam a restringir as aspirações dos estudos críticos. Focando na Educação Física como uma prática cultural e curricular nas escolas australianas, nós damos primazia aos modos pelos quais políticas diretivas podem ser melhor mobilizadas para capacitar a agenda crítica

There is a sense of unfulfilled promise as one reflects on the progress of the critical project in Physical Education (PE) at the turn of the second decade of the 21st century. Quality scholarship continues to emerge around critical pedagogy in PE, evidencing sustained commitment to its promise to provide learners with personal and intellectual resources needed in navigating productive healthy futures in an increasingly complex world. In this paper we discuss select examples of contemporary research to demonstrate ongoing struggles in practice-based contexts and revisit barriers that continue to restrict the translational aspirations of critical scholars. Focusing on PE as a cultural and curriculum practice in Australian schools, we give primacy to the ways in which policy directives might be better mobilised to enable the critical agenda

Hay un sentimiento de promesa no cumplida cuando se analiza el progreso del proyecto crítico de la Educación Física desde el giro de la segunda década del siglo XXI. Estudios de calidad continúan a emerger en torno a la pedagogía crítica de la Educación Física, evidenciando el prolongado compromiso con su promesa de ofrecer a los aprendices recursos personales e intelectuales que son necesarios en la orientación de productivos futuros saludables en un mundo cada vez más complejo. En ese artículo discutimos destacados ejemplos de investigaciones contemporáneas que demuestran las continuas luchas en contextos prácticos y revisita barreras que continúan restringiendo las aspiraciones de los discursos críticos. Con foco en la Educación Física como una práctica cultural y curricular en las escuelas australianas, priorizamos los modos por los cuales políticas directivas pueden ser mejor movilizadas para capacitar la agenda crítica

Desastre ambiental, atores sociais, políticas públicas e espaços passíveis de participação / Environmental disaster, social actors, public policies and participating spaces / Desastres ambientales, actores sociales, políticas públicas y espacios participantes / Catastrophe environnementale, acteurs sociaux, politiques publiques et espaces participants

O objeto da investigação é o rompimento da barragem da Samarco, que carregou rejeitos pelo Rio Doce até a foz em Regência/Espírito Santo e, por consequência, trouxe à luz um cenário de articulações e obras em torno da água em seus múltiplos usos. Representantes do governo federal e dos estados afetados articularam-se para tratar de ações para reparar danos do desastre mediante a confecção do TTAC e um arranjo institucional, quando surge a Fundação Renova. Para isso, como metodologia, se utiliza dos relatórios mensais da Fundação Renova e de notícias do site institucional da Prefeitura de Colatina, inclusive observando possibilidades e desafios na experiência de participação social. Os resultados da abordagem do desastre percorrem os âmbitos econômico, político, socioambiental e cultural. As decisões tomadas em torno da água resultam num arranjo institucional, na interação de interesses, na organização de relações de poder e de atores sociais na escolha e uso de certos instrumentos de tensionamento.

The object of the investigation is the rupture of the Samarco dam, which carried tailings along the Doce River to the mouth in Regência / Espírito Santo and, consequently, brought to light a scenario of articulations and works around the water in its multiple uses. Representatives of the federal government and affected states came together to address actions to repair disaster damage through the making of the TTAC and an institutional arrangement, when the Renova Foundation appears. For this, as a methodology, it uses the monthly reports of the Renova Foundation and news from the institutional website of Colatina City Hall, including observing possibilities and challenges in the experience of social participation. The results of the disaster approach span economic, political, socio-environmental and cultural spheres. Decisions made around water result in institutional arrangement, interaction of interests, organization of power relations and social actors in the choice and use of certain tensioning instruments.

El objeto de la investigación es la ruptura de la presa Samarco, que llevó los relaves a lo largo del río Doce hasta la desembocadura en Regência / Espírito Santo y, en consecuencia, sacó a la luz un escenario de articulaciones y obras alrededor del agua en sus múltiples usos. Representantes del gobierno federal y los estados afectados se unieron para abordar acciones para reparar daños por desastre mediante la creación del TTAC y un acuerdo institucional, cuando aparece la Fundación Renova. Para esto, como metodología, utiliza los informes mensuales de la Fundación Renova y las noticias del sitio web institucional del Ayuntamiento de Colatina, incluida la observación de las posibilidades y desafíos en la experiencia de participación social. Los resultados del enfoque de desastre abarcan las esferas económicas, política, socioambiental y cultural. Las decisiones tomadas en torno al agua resultan en arreglos institucionales, interacción de intereses, organización de relaciones de poder y actores sociales en la elección y uso de ciertos instrumentos tensores.

L'objet de l'enquête est la rupture du barrage de Samarco, qui a entraîné des résidus le long de la rivière Doce jusqu'à l'embouchure de Regência / Espírito Santo et, par conséquent, a mis en évidence un scénario d'articulations et de travaux autour de l'eau aux multiples utilisations. Des représentants du gouvernement fédéral et des États touchés se sont réunis pour examiner les mesures à prendre pour réparer les dégâts causés par une catastrophe grâce à la création du TTAC et à un arrangement institutionnel, lors de la fondation de la Fondation Renova. Pour ce faire, il utilise comme méthodologie les rapports mensuels de la Fondation Renova et les nouvelles du site Web institutionnel de la mairie de Colatina, notamment en observant les possibilités et les difficultés de l'expérience de la participation sociale. Les résultats de cette approche englobent les sphères économique, politique, socio-environnementale et culturelle. Les décisions prises autour de l'eau résultent en un arrangement institutionnel, une interaction des intérêts, une organisation des relations de pouvoir et des acteurs sociaux dans le choix et l'utilisation de certains instruments de tension.

Familias educadoras e instrumentos de paz: familia y escuela: un reto pendiente / Educating families and instruments of peace. Family and school: a pending challenge

La educación en valores para la paz una semilla que es urgente cosechar entre la familia y la escuela. El nuevo Acuerdo de Paz constituye una nueva Agenda nacional donde todos somos corresponsables: un nuevo Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera. Ser constructor de la paz estable y duradera significa apuntar a una educación de presente y de futuro. La guerra en la que nos destruimos la hacemos los unos contra los otros, la paz en la que nos reconstruimos la hacemos los unos con los otros. Al derecho fundamental a la educación se corresponde otro derecho igualmente fundamental: "la paz ha venido siendo calificada universalmente como un derecho humano superior, y requisito necesario para el ejercicio de todos los demás derechos y deberes de las personas y del ciudadano" (Acuerdo Final, 2016, p. 2). Todos los seres humanos tenemos derecho a ser educados para la paz. Muchas veces las guerras y los conflictos armados no consiguen alcanzar una o dos generaciones; la paz debe alcanzar todas las generaciones; las presentes y las futuras, para romper la recirculación de la violencia. Todos tenemos "derecho a una vida libre de violencia". Para ello Familia y Escuela deben trabajar en simbiosis como los primeros maestros y constructores de paz.

Education in values for peace a seed that is urgent to harvest between the family and the school. The new Peace Agreement constitutes a new national Schedule where we are all co-responsible: a new Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace. To be a stable and lasting peacebuilder means to aim at an education of the present and the future. The war in which we destroy ourselves is done against each other, the peace in which we rebuild is done with one another. The fundamental right to education corresponds to another equally fundamental right: "Peace has been universally qualified as a superior human right, and a necessary requirement for the exercise of all other rights and duties of individuals and citizens" (Final Agreement, 2016, p. 2). All human beings have the right to be educated for peace. Many times wars and armed conflicts fail to reach one or two generations; peace must reach all generations; present and future, to break the recirculation of violence. We all have "the right to a life free of violence." For this Family and School must work in symbiosis as the first teachers and builders of peace.

Mental Health of Actors (male and female) in the Film Industry – A study of its Causes, Effects and Recommendations.

Many actors face anxiety and depression, but do not speak about it. They are ashamed of their emotions,of projecting a poor self-image, and end up doing greater harm to themselves. However, perspectives onmental health are changing and successful actors are publically discussing their anxiety issues anddepression. This article explores the same further.The stigma around mental health is slowly and steadily loosening from the shackles. Celebrities speakingabout and starting the conversation around mental health can bring a positive reinforcement to bring downstigma around mental health.

Situación epidemiológica de las leishmaniosis y percepción de actores claves en el departamento de alto Paraná, Paraguay / Epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis and perception of key actors in the department of alto Paraná, Paraguay

Las leishmaniosis cutánea y mucocutánea son endémicas en el departamento de Alto Paraná. En los últimos años ha disminuido el número de casos y se han diagnosticado los primeros pacientes y perros positivos con leishmaniosis visceral. Con el objetivo de describir la situación actual de las leishmaniosis en este departamento e identificar la percepción de actores políticos, agentes del sistema de salud e informantes claves de la comunidad en relación a diferentes formas de la enfermedad, se realizó una revisión documental sobre el control, diagnóstico y tratamiento, además de un estudio exploratorio observacional, descriptivo y cualitativo con los entrevistados. En zonas urbanas conocían la enfermedad en todas sus formas, no así en zonas rurales, donde los funcionarios jóvenes de salud, no identificaron signos ni síntomas debido a la alta rotación, mientras que la capacitación en las veterinarias a nivel rural es limitada. El SENEPA trabaja en coordinación con las municipalidades y las Unidades de Salud Familiar. El diagnóstico está centralizado en los Centros de Salud y en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, donde se reciben los medicamentos por parte del Programa para el tratamiento. Las Unidades de Salud Familiar no poseen laboratorios y no disponen de fichas ni de insumos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento. La principal dificultad para el tratamiento es su discontinuidad y las dificultades económicas de la población para trasladarse a la ciudad, lo que dificulta el acceso a exámenes de laboratorio u otros estudios diagnósticos que sólo ahí se brindan.

Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniases are endemic in the department of AltoParaná. In recent years, the number of cases has decreased and the first patients andpositive dogs with visceral leishmaniasis have been diagnosed. In order to describe thecurrent situation of leishmaniasis in this department and to identify the perception ofpolitical actors, agents of the health system and key community informants in relation todifferent forms of the disease, a documentary review about the control, diagnosis and treatment was performed. An exploratory, observational, descriptive and qualitative studywith the interviewees was also carried out. In urban areas they knew the disease in all itsforms, but not in rural areas, where young health officials did not identify signs orsymptoms due to their high turnover while training in veterinary medicine at the rural levelis limited. SENEPA works in coordination with the municipalities and the Family Health Units. The diagnosis is centralized in the Health Centers and in the Regional Hospital of Ciudad delEste, where medicines are received from the Treatment Program. The Family Health Unitsdo not have laboratories and do not have supplies for diagnosis and treatment. The maincomplication for treatment is the discontinuity and the economic problems of the populationto move to the city, making difficult the access to laboratory tests or other diagnosticstudies that are only available there.

Dinámica del conocimiento etnobotánico en poblaciones urbanas y rurales de Córdoba (Argentina) / Dynamics of ethnobotanical knowledge in urban and rural populations of Córdoba (Argentina)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar en forma comparativa el conocimiento etnobotánico médico especializado de poblaciones urbanas y rurales de Córdoba. Se colectaron e identificaron las especies medicinales, y mediante un análisis cuali-cuantitativo se señalaron singularidades, continuidades y divergencias en relación con las prácticas etnomédicas y especies utilizadas en tres contextos: Sierras Grandes, Sierras Chicas y Area Urbana. Se trabajó con las metodologías de trabajo etnobotánico, y a la vez se analizaron datos numéricos en forma comparativa por medio del índice de similitud y métodos multivariados. Se observó mayor similitud entre el Área Urbana y de Sierras Grandes tanto en su etnomedicina, como en la composición de especies (Índice Similitud S=0.65, 159 especies coincidentes sobre un total de 436), y una mayor diferenciación respecto de Sierras Chicas. El Análisis de Correspondencia permitió definir agrupamientos de especies y áreas de la salud en función del perfil de los diferentes actores y áreas. Los resultados dan cuenta del influjo del fenómeno de la neorruralidad y de los procesos de 'rurbanización' (asociados a la emigración de la ciudad al campo), así como de la influencia de las medicinas alternativas en el conocimiento tradicional.

This work aims at analyzing, comparatively, specialized medical ethnobotanical knowledge of urban and rural populations of Córdoba. Hence, medicinal species were documented; through a qualitative and quantitative analysis, certain peculiarities, continuities and divergences were identified in relation to ethnomedical practices and species used in three contexts: Sierras Grandes, Sierras Chicas and Urban Area. We adopted ethnobotanical methodologies and compared numerical data by similarity index and multivariate methods. Greater similarity was found between the Urban Area and that of Sierras Grandes in terms of both ethnomedicine and species composition (Similarity Index S=0.65, 159 out of 436 species matched). A larger difference was found in relation to the area of Sierras Chicas. Correspondence Analysis allowed determining groups of species and health areas according to the profile of the different actors and areas. Results show the influence of the "neorurality" phenomenon and processes of 'rurbanization' (associated with migration from the city to the countryside) and the influence of alternative medicine on traditional knowledge.

Quick termination and implications of medical service price reform policy in Chongqing city:A case study of health policy with perspective of policy actors / 中国卫生政策研究

Local policy innovation is a distinct feature in the arena of public administration in China. Previous researches concerned with local policy innovation experience and policy introduction, but they pay little attention to the failure of policy innovations and their termination. This paper uses the theory and concept of public policy process to analyze the reasons for the quick termination process and its mechanism taking healthcare policy as a case study in Chongqing city. It concludes that relative policy strategy is closed in decision-making. The strategy of some special policy target groups as well as the mutual agitation between public and media agenda are the main reasons for the rap-id end of policy innovation. This study is helpful to understand the factors and logic mechanism of the quick termina-tion of local policy innovation as a special type of public policy change which is termed as short-lived and make more scientific healthcare policy decision making and reform in China.

Organizational Analysis on Inefficient Contract-Community Health Service Policy Implementation / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To analyze the causes and countermeasures for the inefficiency of implementing the contract community health service policy.Methods:Based on the authority and regulation of organization,it innovatively used the French organization theory,build an analysis framework of organizational actors adapting to the general organization.On the above basis combined with the characteristics of contract health service,it constructed a new organizational structure of contract health service and analyzed the low efficiency of policy implementation from the three relations among the actors,the power and the rule.Results and Conclusion:It needed to focus on authority and rule to rationally division the authorities of actors,optimize the organizational structure,adjust the benefit relationship of actors;play the regulation role,implement the incentive and constraint mechanism to improve the execution efficiency of contract health service policy.

David Matza: perspectiva criminológica de la deriva a la delincuencia juvenil / David Matza: criminological perspective of minors drifting towards juvenile delinquency / David Matza: perspectiva criminológica da deriva à delinquência juveni

El fenómeno de la delincuencia juvenil es un tema que aún en la actualidad sigue generando polémica; las líneas de investigación enfocan su esfuerzo en la búsqueda de las razones por las cuales un menor entra en el mundo delincuencial. Sin embargo, omiten la existencia de autores que dedicaron sus estudios a dar respuesta a tal cuestión. Un autor clave en el estudio del fenómeno delincuencial es el sociólogo estadounidense David Matza, pionero en las teorías de carácter social que pretenden dar respuestas a las incógnitas planteadas dentro de la temática juvenil; el presente artículo se enfocará en el análisis y reflexión de los principales postulados de su teoría de las subculturas delincuenciales, por medio de una perspectiva basada en la interacción, lo cual nos mostrará que es una subcultura a la par de la cultura convencional, con miembros que no distan de aquellos jóvenes que son considerados normales por la mayoría de la sociedad. Así se explica por qué algunos jóvenes se aproximan al quebrantamiento de la ley.

The phenomenon of juvenile delinquency has continued to be an ongoingly controversial issue; current research lines are focusing their efforts in search of the reasons why a minor ends up entering the delinquent world. Nevertheless, they fail to acknowledge the presence of authors having devoted their studies in trying to provide an answer to that question. A leading scholar in the study of this phenomenon is sociologist David Matza from the United States, a pioneer in theories of social nature attempting to give a solution to all the unknowns posed within the context of juvenile topics. This article is focused on analysis and reflection about the major premises of his theory dealing with delinquent subcultures from a perspective based on interaction. This will show us, therefore, that this is a subculture in keeping with the conventional culture, with members not far from those young people considered normal by a majority of society. This is the explanation concerning why some of them are quite close to breaking the law.

O fenômeno da delinquência juvenil é um assunto que ainda no tempo atual continua a gerar polémica; as linhas da investigação focalizam seu esforço na busca das razões para que um menor entre no mundo delinquencial. Não obstante, omitem a existência dos autores que dedicaram seus estudos à resposta da questão. Um autor chave no estudo do fenômeno delinquencial é o sociólogo americano David Matza, pioneiro nas teorias do caráter social que tentam dar a respostas às incógnitas expostas dentro da temática juvenil; esse artigo focara-se na análise e na reflexão dos postulados principais de sua teoria das subculturas delinquenciais, por meio de uma perspectiva baseada na interação, que nos mostrará que é uma subcultura no mesmo nível da cultura convencional, com membros que não distam daqueles jovens que são considerados normais pela maioria da sociedade. Assim explica-se porquê alguns jovens aproximam-se a infringir a lei

Intervención para el empoderamiento de actores sociales para promover salud sexual en preescolares / Intervention for empowering social players to promote sexual health in preschoolers

Introducción: la promoción de salud sexual ha sido objeto de atención teórica por parte de la salud pública. La teoría del empoderamiento ha devenido importante referente para ello, gracias a su capacidad para desmitificar atavismos subyacentes en los procesos cotidianos de producción y reproducción de significados en sexualidad. Objetivo: empoderar actores sociales vinculados a la educación de niños preescolares, para responder de eficazmente a las manifestaciones de su sexualidad. Métodos: diseño de investigación-acción participativa en el municipio Artemisa en el año 2014. Participaron 39 actores, seleccionados por muestreo intencional. Se utilizaron el cuestionario, la observación, la entrevista grupal, el grupo focal y la dramatización. Se evaluaron las tres dimensiones del empoderamiento, antes, después y a los seis meses de concluida la intervención. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la información. Resultados: la intervención consiguió un adecuado empoderamiento en 26 actores sociales (81,2 por ciento); 5 actores (15,6 por ciento) clasificaron como medianamente empoderados y un actor no resultó empoderado. Los 32 actores que concluyeron la intervención expresaron satisfacción con la misma. A los seis meses de concluida la intervención, 20 actores mantuvieron el empoderamiento adecuado y ocho medianamente adecuado. Conclusiones: la intervención desarrollada exhibió eficacia para el empoderamiento de los actores sociales involucrados, en tanto propició sustanciales modificaciones en las tres dimensiones del empoderamiento. La intervención logró efectos mantenidos los seis meses de su aplicación(AU)

ntroduction: Sexual health promotion has received great theoretical attention by public health. Empowerment theory has been an important referent for that, in terms of its capacity to elicit taboos under the day by day processes of production and reproduction of meaning in sexuality. Objective: Study shows an intervention in Artemisa municipality in 2014, to empower social actors related to preschool children education, in terms to give proper answers to their sexuality manifestations. Method: A participative action-research was design. 39 social actors were chosen by intentional sampling. As techniques were used questionnaire, observation, group interview, focal group and dramatization. The three dimensions of empowerment were evaluated before, after and six months later of the intervention. Qualitative analysis of information was made. Results: The intervention leads to appropriate empowerment of 26 social actors (81,2 percent). Five actors (15,6 percent), classified as middle empowered and one actor was not empowered. All the actors that finished the intervention expressed satisfaction with it. Six months later 20 actors keep adequate empowerment and eight, middle empowerment. Conclusions: The intervention shows efficacy to empower involved social actors, because achieves substantives changes on the three dimensions of empowerment, which keep six months later

O envelhecimento, a velhice e o significado de ser avô(ó) na perspectiva de atores profissionais idosos / Aging, old age and the meaning of being grandparents from the perspective of elderly professional actors

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou investigar a percepção de atores profissionais idosos sobre o envelhecimento, a velhice e o significado de ser avô(ó). Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e transversal. Aplicou-se entrevista aberta com roteiro semiestruturado, sendo os dados analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A maioria dos atores idosos apresentou discurso revelando um envelhecimento desfavorável e a negação desse processo na vida pessoal. Todavia, no meio artístico, os entrevistados apresentaram uma imagem favorável do idoso e da juventude, destacando influência favorável da profissão ao próprio envelhecimento e à velhice. A maioria indicou uma percepção favorável sobre o significado de ser avô(ó) na vida familiar e uma postura neutra em relação à interpretação desse papel no campo profissional. Conclui-se que a profissão de ator influenciou as reflexões acerca dos diversos aspectos do envelhecimento e que a arte e as habilidades desse ofício favoreceram aos atores idosos a tendência de negar a própria velhice e de ter uma visão desfavorável sobre o envelhecimento.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the perception of elderly professional actors regarding aging, old age and the meaning of being a grandfather or grandmother. An exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed. An open interview with a semi-structured script was used, and the data was analyzed with the Bardin technique. The discourse of the elderly actors revealed an unfavorable view of aging and the denial of this process in their personal lives. From an artistic perspective, however, the respondents had a favorable image of old age and youthfulness, highlighting the favorable influence of the profession on their own aging and old age. Most showed a favorable perception of the meaning of being a grandmother or grandfather in family life, and had a neutral stance on the interpretation of this role in the professional field. It can be concluded that the profession of acting influenced discussions on the various aspects of aging and that the skills of the actor's craft encouraged elderly actors to tend to deny their old age and to have an unfavorable view of aging.