Spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT: In this study, an outbreak of spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) in a herd of dairy cattle in the municipality of Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, was investigated. Three deaths occurred in a batch of 16 Jersey cattle, aged between three and four years, kept in a native field. The clinical signs observed were apathy, decreased production, and anorexia, with death occurring within approximately 48 h after the onset of signs. The three cattle were necropsied, and tissue samples were sent for histopathological examination. Necropsy findings included serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, intestines with congested serosa, and marked mesenteric edema. The mucosa of the abomasum of two of the animals was hemorrhagic with bloody content, and among the ruminal content of a bovine, leaves with morphological characteristics compatible with D. viscosa were observed. The livers of the three animals were enlarged, with accentuation of the lobular pattern. Histologically, centrilobular coagulation necrosis with congestion and hemorrhage was observed in the liver. Vacuolization and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the mid-zonal and periportal regions. The diagnosis of poisoning by D. viscosa leaves was based on epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological alterations. The presence of the plant in the rumen and in the grazing site of the affected cattle was essential for the diagnosis.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, é descrito um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) ocorrido em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros, no município de Capão do Leão, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ocorreram três mortes em um lote de 16 bovinos da raça Jersey com idades entre três e quatro anos, mantidos em campo nativo. Os sinais clínicos observados foram apatia, queda na produção e anorexia, com morte em aproximadamente 48 horas após o início dos sinais. Os três bovinos foram necropsiados, e amostras de tecidos foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia incluíam líquido serossanguinolento na cavidade abdominal, intestinos com serosas congestas e marcado edema de mesentério. A mucosa do abomaso de dois animais apresentava-se hemorrágica com conteúdo sanguinolento e, em meio ao conteúdo ruminal de um bovino foram observadas folhas com caracteres morfológicos compatíveis com D. viscosa. O fígado dos três animais estava aumentado, com acentuação do padrão lobular. Histologicamente no fígado havia necrose de coagulação centrolobular com congestão e hemorragia. Nas regiões médio-zonal e periportal observou-se vacuolização e degeneração dos hepatócitos. O diagnóstico de intoxicação pelas folhas D. viscosa foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, nos achados de necropsia e nas alterações histopatológicas. A presença da planta no rúmen e no local de pastoreio dos bovinos afetados foi fundamental para o diagnóstico.

Spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle in Southern Brazil / Intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) em bovinos no sul do Brasil

In this study, an outbreak of spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) in a herd of dairy cattle in the municipality of Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, was investigated. Three deaths occurred in a batch of 16 Jersey cattle, aged between three and four years, kept in a native field. The clinical signs observed were apathy, decreased production, and anorexia, with death occurring within approximately 48 h after the onset of signs. The three cattle were necropsied, and tissue samples were sent for histopathological examination. Necropsy findings included serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, intestines with congested serosa, and marked mesenteric edema. The mucosa of the abomasum of two of the animals was hemorrhagic with bloody content, and among the ruminal content of a bovine, leaves with morphological characteristics compatible with D. viscosa were observed. The livers of the three animals were enlarged, with accentuation of the lobular pattern. Histologically, centrilobular coagulation necrosis with congestion and hemorrhage was observed in the liver. Vacuolization and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the mid-zonal and periportal regions. The diagnosis of poisoning by D. viscosa leaves was based on epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological alterations. The presence of the plant in the rumen and in the grazing site of the affected cattle was essential for the diagnosis.(AU)

Neste trabalho, é descrito um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) ocorrido em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros, no município de Capão do Leão, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ocorreram três mortes em um lote de 16 bovinos da raça Jersey com idades entre três e quatro anos, mantidos em campo nativo. Os sinais clínicos observados foram apatia, queda na produção e anorexia, com morte em aproximadamente 48 horas após o início dos sinais. Os três bovinos foram necropsiados, e amostras de tecidos foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia incluíam líquido serossanguinolento na cavidade abdominal, intestinos com serosas congestas e marcado edema de mesentério. A mucosa do abomaso de dois animais apresentava-se hemorrágica com conteúdo sanguinolento e, em meio ao conteúdo ruminal de um bovino foram observadas folhas com caracteres morfológicos compatíveis com D. viscosa. O fígado dos três animais estava aumentado, com acentuação do padrão lobular. Histologicamente no fígado havia necrose de coagulação centrolobular com congestão e hemorragia. Nas regiões médio-zonal e periportal observou-se vacuolização e degeneração dos hepatócitos. O diagnóstico de intoxicação pelas folhas D. viscosa foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, nos achados de necropsia e nas alterações histopatológicas. A presença da planta no rúmen e no local de pastoreio dos bovinos afetados foi fundamental para o diagnóstico.(AU)

~1H-NMR-based metabonomics analysis of the acute hepatotoxicity mechanism of Artemisia argyi essential oil / 中国中药杂志

This study based on~1H-NMR urine metabolomics technique combined with biochemical indicators to focus on studying the acute hepatotoxicity mechanism of Artemisia argyi essential oil( AAEO). In order to further explore the acute hepatotoxicity mechanism of AAEO,the researchers collected the urine nuclear magnetic data of rats in different periods of high and low doses of olive oil and AAEO group. Using the principal component analysis( PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis( OPLSDA) to analyze the endogenous small molecule metabolites in rat urine to study the effects of AAEO on the metabolic process of normal rats. The results showed there was a significant difference between the olive oil group and the AAEO group,the PCA scores chart demonstrated that there was no obvious separation tendency in the urine of olive oil group rats 0-6,6-12,12-24 h,and the metabolic components were distributed in aggregation pattern. The urinary metabolic trajectory of the rats in the AAEO group was conspicuously separated at 0-6,6-12,12-24 h. The experiments proved that the analysis of metabolites by~1H-NMR found that AAEO caused metabolic disorders in rats and produced acute hepatotoxicity. After metabolite differential comparison,it was speculated that the mechanism of acute hepatotoxicity may be involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and energy metabolism,while the citrate and oleanolic acid would be the potential biomarkers. This study discussed that the acute hepatotoxicity mechanism of AAEO was used to provide the experimental data for the clinical prescription of Artemisia argyi.

Protective effect of Orychophragmus violaceus seed against acute liver injury induced by Cortex Dictamni in mice / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of Orychophragmus violaceus(OV)seed against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the traditional Chinese Medicine Cortex Dictamni in mice. METHODS Twenty-five mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,Cortex Dictamni group(70 g · kg-1)and OV seed groups(36,54 and 72 g · kg-1). OV Seed groups were orally adminis?tered with the aqueous extract of OV seed for 4 consecutive days while the other groups were ig given water. On the 4th day,Cortex Dictamni group and OV seed groups were ig given the aqueous extract of Cortex Dictamni,and normal control group was ig given water. Twenty-four hours later,all the mice had their blood and liver samples taken after anesthesia. The serum chemical parameters were measured, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT),glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),as well as malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH)and oxidized glutathione(GSSG)levels in the liver. GSH/GSSG ratio was calculated. Histopathologic changes in the liver were observed and the area was calculated after HE staining. RESULTS Compared with normal control group,Cortex Dictamni(70 g · kg-1)increased the serum GOT,GPT and LDH levels by 500, 140 and 40 fold(P<0.01). OV seed reduced serum GOT,GPT and LDH levels increased by Cortex Dictamni(P<0.05,P<0.01),by as much as 62%,75% and 99% for GPT,70%,82% and 98% for GOT,and 55%,75%and 96%for LDH,respectively. The level of MDA and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in Cortex Dictamni group were 1.39 ± 0.58 and(3.53 ± 1.27)μmol · g-1,a 10-fold increase and 40%decline compared with normal control group(P<0.01). OV seed of 72 g·kg-1 lowered the level of MDA by 22%(P<0.05),and OV seed(36,54 and 72 g · kg-1)increased the GSH/GSSG ratio by 47%,42%and 54%(P<0.05). Histopathologic results showed that OV seed alleviated the liver damage induced by Cortex Dictamni from(64.1±8.5)%to(37.5±7.1)%and (20.0±0.8)%(P<0.01). CONCLUSION OV seed can effectively protect mice from the acute hepatotoxicity induced by Cortex Dictamni.

Effect of Nrf2 signal pathway on acute hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rat / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To determine the effect of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) on acute hephrotoxicity induced by CCl4 in male rat.Methods 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group and CCl4 group, 10 rats in each group, another 10 male Wistar rats were transgenic rats microinjection through the carrier, obtained the Nrf2-tk gene integration and specific transgenic rats, as the CCl4 +Nrf2 integration group.The groups was given 1%polysorbate 80 for 4 days,Then the CCl4 and CCl4 +Nrf2 integration group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of CCl47.5 mg· kg-1 and were killed 24 h after CCl4 injection.The serum chemical parameters including asparate aminotransferase ( AST) ,alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) were measured.Also malonaldehyde ( MDA) ,glutathione ( GSH) ,oxidized glutathione ( GSSG) levels in the liver as well as glutathione ( GSH)/oxidized glutathione ( GSSG ) ratios were detected. Histopathologic changes in the liver were examined. Results F1generation TK transgenic rats in liver and testis and other tissues and organs were not detected the transcription of Nrf2-tk, indicating that Nrf2-tk expression in tissues is specific good.Nrf2 significantly reduced serum AST, ALT and LDH levels in a dose-dependent manner.The results of MDA levels and GSH/GSSG ratios in liver and kidney showed that Nrf2 reduced CCl4-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation,and ameliorated glutathione depletion.The histopathologic results showed that Nrf2 restrained liver and kidney damage induced by CCl4 .Conclusion Nrf2 can effectively protect male rat from acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by CCl4 .

Hepatotoxicidad aguda de la decocción de la planta Mimosa púdica en ratas Sprague Dawley / Acute Hepatotoxicity of Mimosa pudica Plant Decoction in Sprague Dawley Rats

Introducción: la enfermedad hepática tóxica es un problema desconcertante debido al amplio número de sustancias capaces de inducir este tipo de reacciones. Datos epidemiológicos y estadísticos demuestran que la Mimosa púdica conocida como moriviví, sensitiva, adormidera es una de las plantas (objeto de abuso) más empleadas como adulterante en los pitillos de marihuana en pacientes drogadictos. Objetivos: evaluar el comportamiento de los parámetros bioquímicos y describir los hallazgos anatopatológicos en el hígado de ratas por efecto de la planta Mimosa púdica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio preclínico de hepatotoxicidad aguda con la planta Mimosa púdica en animales de experimentación. Se seleccionaron 25 ratas Sprague Dawley, cinco por cada grupo (control positivo, control y tres grupos experimentales) de experimentación. Se administró una dosis de 500, 1000 y 2000 miligramos por kilogramo de peso corporal de la decocción de la planta a los grupos experimentales respectivamente; tetracloruro de carbono a dosis de 3 mililitros por kilogramo de peso corporal al control positivo y agua estéril al control. Resultados: aumento de los niveles de transaminasas (TGP y TGO) en los grupos experimentales con respecto al grupo control. Las alteraciones anatomopatológicos observadas fueron: necrosis focal periportal, congestión de venas centrolobulillares y degeneración acidófila del hígado. Conclusiones: el consumo de la decocción de la planta Mimosa púdica afecta el hígado, lo que provoca alteraciones bioquímicas y anatomopatológicas, de probable importancia en pacientes drogadictos, aunque se requieren más estudios.

Introduction: toxic liver disease is a concerning problem due to the large number of substances that cause such reactions. Epidemiological and statistical data show that Mimosa (Moriviví), known as sensitive and opium poppy is one of the most used plants by drug-addict patients, as an adulterant in marihuana cigarettes drug. Objectives: to evaluate the behavior of biochemical parameters and describe pathological findings in the liver of rats as a result of Mimosa pudica plant. Methods: a preclinical study of acute hepatotoxicity with Mimosa pudica plant in experimental animals was performed. Twenty five Sprague Dawley rats, five per group (positive control, group control and three experimental) were selected for the study. A dose of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg administered per kilogram of body weight of the decoction of the plant to the experimental groups respectively; carbon tetrachloride at doses of 3 milliliters per kilogram of body weight to the positive control and sterile water to control. Results: the results showed an increase of levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) in the experimental groups compared to the control group. The pathological changes observed were focal periportal necrosis, congestion and centrilobular veins acidophilic degeneration of the liver. Conclusions: the consumption of the decoction of the plant Mimosa pudica affects the liver, causing biochemical and pathological alteration of likely importance in drug patients, although further studies are required.