ABSTRACT
Background: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) comprises a wide spectrum of sleep-associated breathing abnormalities; those related to increase upper airway resistance include snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This concept suggests that a person who snores may be exhibiting the first manifestation of SDB and that snoring should not be viewed as normal. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing is common in children. Snoring, mouth breathing, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often prompt parents to seek medical attention. Aim: This study aims to determine the frequency of parent-reported indicators of SDB among children clinically diagnosed with adenotonsilar hypertrophy (ATH) in the Otorhinolaryngology department of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of children aged 12 years and below who were sent to the Ear Nose and Throat clinics of UBTH, Benin-city with symptoms of obstructive adenotonsilar hypertrophy (ATH) between May 2012 and April 2014. All consecutive parent/caregiver who presented their child/ward to the ENT clinic with symptoms of obstructive adenotonsilar hypertrophy (ATH) were interviewed using structured questionnaire/proforma after verbal consent was obtained. Results: A total of 104 children were studied. The children were 73 males and 31 females with a male/ female ratio of 2.4:1. The children were aged 1-12yrs with average age of 4.98 ± 2.68 years. The parents/caregivers were 92 females and 12 males giving a ratio of 7.6:1.The frequency of sleep apnea was reported by 50 children/care givers (48.1%). There was a high prevalence of reporting for patients between the ages of 1 and 4years 62 (59.6%) which was followed by those between 5 and 9 years 34 (32.7%). Symptoms lasted more than 3 years in 43(41.3%), 1-2 years in 31(29.9%) and less than 1 year in 30 (28.8%) of the patients. Symptoms reported were snoring 104 (100%), nasal obstruction 97(93%), nasal discharge 96 (92%), mouth breathing 92 (88%), sleep apnea 50 (48.1%), restless night sleep 72 (69.2%), sore throat 69(66.3%), failure to thrive 2(1.9%). Cervical (jugulo-digastric) lymph node was enlarged in 70 (67.3%). Tonsillar grades were as follows; grade 3 was 59 (56.7%), 4 was 27 (26%) while 1 and 2 accounted for 17 (16.3%). Conclusion: Snoring was the commonest symptom reported in children with SDB. Parents and caregivers should monitor their children closely during sleep as this may reveal early symptoms of adenotonsilar hypertrophy causing SDB.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: Reconocer las complicaciones quirúrgicas en niños con adenoamigdalectomía y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño es de suma importancia, así como valorar la severidad del índice de apnea/hipoapnea con desaturación en sueño movimiento ocular rápido. Se requiere indicar tratamiento médico, no farmacológico, de ventilación no invasiva con presión positiva, previo a la cirugía y disminuir las complicaciones cardiovasculares respiratorias. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, cohorte, longitudinal, descriptivo y prospectivo. La cohorte estuvo constituida por 124 niños menores de 15 años posoperados de adenoamigdalectomía y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Respiratorios del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias de junio de 2000 a agosto de 2001. La estadística inferencial aplicada fue la prueba exacta de Fisher, Chi cuadrada, progresión logística e intervalo de confianza 95%. Resultados: El sexo más afectado fue el masculino con relación 2:1. La edad mínima fue 13 meses y máxima 168 meses, el peso en kilogramos fue 25.0±9.9, la comorbilidad asociada fue la obesidad (26.6%), asma (8.9%) y neurología (3.2%). La gravedad de la apnea en el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño leve fue 62.1%, moderado 21% y grave 16.9%, con promedio de índice de apnea 21.6, desviación estándar 32.7, con mínima 1.3 a máxima 175 por hora. La incidencia de complicaciones transoperatorias fue 12.9%; la más frecuente, la hipertensión arterial sistémica de 6.5%, falla para extubar al enfermo en quirófano, 4.8%, de las respiratorias, estridor, sibilancias y ventilación mecánica asistida, 9.7%, de las cardiovasculares, hipertensión arterial, 4% que requirió uso de vasodilatador sistémico y analgésicos. En el análisis univariado las variables que tuvieron asociación con la presencia de complicaciones, se encontró que la presencia de comorbilidad (p<0.017) falla para poder extubar al enfermo en quirófano, y la presencia de complicaciones transoperatorias (p<0.002) mostraron significancia estadística; la obesidad (p>0.08) mostró tendencia hacia la significancia. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones posoperatorias de adenoamigdalectomía en pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño son del tipo cardiovascular respiratorias en comparación con aquellos niños que no tienen síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y se operan de adenoamigdalectomía. La comorbilidad fue la variable independiente en el preoperatorio que mostró asociación estadística con la presencia de complicaciones posoperatorias, el uso y tiempo ± 30 días de ventilación no invasiva con presión positiva donde ninguno se complicó.
Background: It is very important to recognize in pediatric patients with OSAS and adenotonsilar hypertrophy the severity of the apnea/hypoapnea index and SpO2 desaturation during REM sleep, because, in case of surgical intervention, non-pharmacologic medical treatment with CPAP or Bilevel positive pressure ventilation will be necessary prior to surgery to dismiss perioperative complications. Methods: Observational, cohort, longitudinal, descriptive and prospective study. We included 124 children under 15 years of age in postsurgical period, who were admitted to IRCU between June 2000 and August 2001. We applied Fisher's exact test, Chi square, logistic progression and CI value of 95%. Result: Gender relation was M/F: 2:1, boys being more affected. The youngest patients were 13 months and the oldest 168 months; weight in kilograms was 25±9.9; percentages of associated comorbility were: obesity 26.6%, asthma 8.9% and 3.2% for neurological disorders. OSAS severity percentages were: 62.1% for mild; 21% for moderate and 16.9% for severe. Mean apnea index was 21.6 (SD32.7; min 1.3 max 175/hour). Perioperative complications were: systemic arterial hypertension, 6.5%; weaning failure, 4.8%; strider, wheezing and AMV: 9.7%; in addition, 4% of the patients with SAH needed vasodilatation intravenous therapy and analgesic. Univariate analyses showed strong association of morbidity with obesity (p>0.08), weaning failure in the OR and other trans-operative complications (p<0.002), and comorbility (p<0.017). Conclusions: Postoperative cardiovascular and respiratory complications of adeno-amygdalectomy were common (23%) in these OSAS patients compared to children without OSAS. Comorbility was strongly associated with perioperative complication. Treatment with CPAP or Bilevel positive pressure ventilation before surgical intervention decreased respiratory and cardiovascular complications.