Prevalência do tabagismo na adolescência: uma revisão integrativa de literatura / Prevalence of smoking in adolescence: an integrative literature review

O uso do tabaco é a principal causa evitável de morte em todo o mundo, além de ser referenciada como uma das principais causas de doenças evitáveis. Aproximada- mente 80% dos fumantes no mundo vivem em países de baixa e/ou média renda, onde o ônus das doenças relacionadas ao tabaco tem grande impacto. Contudo, mesmo com esses dados, há aumento constante na prevalência do tabagismo durante a adolescência. Obje- tivo: objetivo analisar dados nacionais retirados da literatura científica sobre a prevalência do tabagismo na adolescência entre os anos 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revi- são integrativa da literatura. Resultados e discussão: Para a seleção, 15 artigos científicos foram inclusos na revisão. As análises em nível de grupo mostraram um aumento signi- ficativo no tabagismo da adolescência até a idade adulta e um declínio não significativo após os 20 anos. O status de tabagismo adolescente e adulto jovem foi um poderoso pre- ditor de tabagismo adulto. Além disso, houve mais prevalência entre os indivíduos menos escolarizados e aqueles com pais e colegas fumantes. Considerações finais: A prevalência do uso do tabaco na adolescência é alta no Brasil, sendo ainda um problema de saúde pública relevante, com consequências negativas para a saúde física e mental dos jovens. Portanto, é necessário estabelecer um sistema eficiente e mecanismos de vigilância temá- tica para monitorar as tendências de uso do tabaco e seus derivados, a fim de diminuir esses índices.

Tobacco use is the main preventable cause of death worldwide, in addition to being referred to as one of the main causes of preventable diseases. Approximately 80% of the world's smokers live in low- and/or middle-income countries, where the bur- den of tobacco-related disease has a high impact. However, even with these data, there is a constant increase in the prevalence of smoking during adolescence. Objective: to ana- lyze national data taken from the scientific literature on the prevalence of smoking in adolescence between the years 2018 to 2021. Methods: This is an integrative literature review. Results and discussion: For the selection, 15 scientific articles were included in the review. Group-level analyzes showed a significant increase in smoking from adoles- cence to adulthood and a non-significant decline after age 20. Adolescent and young adult smoking status was a powerful predictor of adult smoking. In addition, there was more prevalence among less educated individuals and those with parents and peers who smoked. Final considerations: The prevalence of tobacco use in adolescence is high in Brazil, and it is still a relevant public health problem, with negative consequences for the physical and mental health of young people. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an efficient system and thematic surveillance mechanisms to monitor trends in the use of tobacco and its derivatives, in order to reduce these rates.

El consumo de tabaco es la principal causa evitable de muerte en todo el mundo, además de estar considerado como una de las principales causas de enfermedades prevenibles. Aproximadamente el 80% de los fumadores del mundo viven en países de renta baja y/o media, donde la carga de enfermedades relacionadas con el tabaco tiene un gran impacto. Sin embargo, incluso con estos datos, se observa un aumento constante de la prevalencia del tabaquismo durante la adolescencia. Objetivo: analizar datos nacionales extraídos de la literatura científica sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo en la adolescencia entre los años 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora. Resultados y discusión: Para la selección se incluyeron 15 artículos científicos en la revisión. Los análisis a nivel de grupo mostraron un aumento significativo del tabaquismo desde la adolescencia hasta la edad adulta y un descenso no significativo después de los 20 años. El hábito de fumar en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes fue un potente factor predictivo del hábito de fumar en la edad adulta. Además, se observó una mayor prevalencia entre las personas con menor nivel educativo y entre las que tenían padres y compañeros fumadores. Consideraciones finales: La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en la adolescencia es alta en Brasil, y sigue siendo un problema relevante de salud pública, con consecuencias negativas para la salud física y mental de los jóvenes. Por lo tanto, es necesario establecer un sistema eficiente y mecanismos de vigilancia temática para monitorear las tendencias en el uso del tabaco y sus derivados, con el fin de reducir estas tasas.

Association of adolescent smoking history and onset age of diabetes with diabetic retinopathy / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

A total of 820 patients who visited Endocrinology department in our hospital were enrolled in the study from June 2016 to May 2018. These patients were divided into diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) and non-diabetic retinopathy ( NDR) groups according to the occurrence of DR. Factors such as gender, age, course of diabetes, smoking/drinking history, family history of diabetes, and onset age of diabetes were compared between the two groups, and logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of DR. The results showed that there were 387 smoker( 47. 2％) and 433 non-smoker ( 52. 8％) in 820 tyge 2 diabetic patients, and 339 ( 41. 3％) patients were diagnosed with DR. There were no statistical differences in gender, age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, drinking history, and HbA1C between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes (OR=2.653,P<0.001), hypertension(OR=1.371,P=0.041),onset age of diabetes<40years(OR=1.526,P=0.028) , and adolescent smoking history( OR=2.178,P<0.001) were independent risk factors for DR.

The changes of EEG signals during resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe the changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal during the resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction.Methods Spectral analysis during the resting state was used to observe and analyze the EEG signals between adolescents with smoking addiction (n=21) and nosmoking control group (n=21) by using Brain Vision Analyzer software.Results Compared with the nosmoking control group,adolescents with smoking addiction showed increased alpha band signals in 3 brain regions (including left-anterior,right-anterior and midline-anterior regions,P＜0.05),and decreased delta band signals in 3 brain regions (including right-posterior,midline-anterior and midline-posterior regions,P＜0.05).Moreover,the signals in these brain regions were positively correlated with pack-years (alpha band:left-anterior(r=0.648,P=0.003),right-anterior (r=0.629,P=0.004),midline-anterior (r=0.456,P=0.043);delta band:right-posterior (r=0.602,P =0.005),midline-anterior (r =0.533,P=0.019),midline-posterior (r=0.692,P=0.001))in adolescents with smoking addiction.Conclusion The changes of EEG signals during the resting state in adolescents with smoking addiction may be associated with cumulative effects of smoking.

Prevalence, Smoking Habit and Factors Related to Smoking and Nicotine Addiction among Lower Secondary School Male Students in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia

Many studies on adolescent smoking have been conducted in Malaysia, but very limited information is available on smoking amongst lower secondary school male students (Forms 1 and 2). We present data from a baseline study in Kota Tinggi District, Johor on the psychosocial factors, stages of smoking acquisition and susceptibility to smoking initiation and their relationship to adolescent smoking. The study is the first wave of a 3-year longitudinal study which was conducted from March 2007 to May 2009, aimed to describe the prevalence of smoking among students in the lower secondary classes. A three stage stratified sampling was performed to obtain a sample. The Bogus Pipeline Method was employed to confirm smoking status. Prevalence of smoking was 35.5%. Smoking prevalence among students of schools located in the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) settlement areas (42.9%) was two-fold higher than in the rural and town schools combined (20.29%). Using the Fagerstrom scale, 90% of current smokers had lower addiction to nicotine. Smoking was associated with peer smoking [OR, 4.19 (95% CI, 2.57-6.82)], having a brother smoking [2.17 (1.31-3.61)], parental smoking [1.73 (1.17-2.80)] and locality where respondents attend school [1.94(1.11-3.39)]. The study indicates that, the prevalence of smoking was high in all areas especially FELDA settlement areas. Measures such as teaching of skills to resist social pressure to smoke, establishment of peer support groups and involvement of parents in anti-smoking programs are recommended to curb the high prevalence of smoking among lower secondary school students in Kota Tinggi.

Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Blantyre City; Malawi

Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as ischaemic heart disease; stroke; chronic obstructive airways disease and several cancers. There is little data about the prevalence and determinants of smoking among adolescents in southern Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Blantyre City; Malawi. Cross-sectional data were obtained from school-going adolescents in Blantyre in 2001 using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey data collection instrument. Data were analysed to determine prevalence of current and ever cigarette smoking; and predictors of smoking. The prevalence of urrent smoking and ever smoking were 3.0and 15.6; respectively. Predictors of current tobacco smoking included male gender; having friends or parents who smoked; having been exposed to advertisements about tobacco brands on television and having seen a lot of advertisements in newspapers and magazines. School programmes that included being taught about smoking in class and a class discussion on the dangers of tobacco were not associated with reduced current smoking. Intervention programmesaiming to curb tobacco smoking among adolescents should focus on dealing also with parental smoking; peer influence and pay special attention toward male gender. School-based programmes to prevent smoking should be evaluated as some may have little impact in influencing current smoking status

The Association between Adolescent Smoking and Family Function

BACKGROUND: Recently, adolescent smoking has become one of the most serious problems in our society. In this study, we surveyed smoking status, family function by Korean family function assessment tool, history of abuse, and others to know the factors associated with smoking for high school students. METHODS: In May 2001, a total of 1,033 students from 2 male and 2 female general high schools located in Seoul were assessed with self-completing questionnaire. Among the total, there were 502 male and 533 female students. RESULTS: The percentage of male smokers was 27.7% and that of female smokers was 14.5%. The percentage of smokers was significantly higher in students with a history of physical abuse, psychological abuse or negligence (only in males) than in students without them. The family function score of the smokers was 127.3+/-20.3 and that of the non-smokers was 140.3+/-21.0 in males. The family function score of the smokers was 121.5+/-17.45 and that of the non-smokers was 140.9+/-22.1 in females. The family function score of the smokers was significantly lower than that of the non-smokers in males and females. In 6 factors (supportiveness, alienation, closeness, roles, sociality, authority (only in males)) each family function score of the smokers was significantly lower than that of the non-smokers in males and females. CONCLUSION: Adolescent smoking was associated with family function and history of abuse (physical, psychological and negligence (only in males)).

A Study on the Smoking Related Social Influence, Refusal Skill and Nonsmoking Related Self-efficacy among Adolescents / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the smoking related social influence, refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy among adolescents. METHOD: The subject for this study consisted of 3,000 students of middle and high school located in Chonbuk province. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire from Aguest 19 to September 14, 2002. RESULT: The smoking rate was 3.3% in middle school students and 13.6% in high school students. The subject have had 61.1% of family members, 42.7% of same sex friends, 39.4% of object sex friend, 64.9% of peer group and 85.9% of teachers were being smoke. The smoking related social influence and smoking status showed significant relationship; current smokers' smoking related social influence level was much higher than former and never smoker. Friends', teachers' and family members' influences were important to adolescents' smoking. Adolescents had social influence made by many smokers. 27.7% of subject were suggested to smoke by near people, 40.4% of which them were smoked or tried to smoke. The mean refusal skill score of subject was 39.13 points per hundred. Adolescents have showed very low level of refusal skill to smoke. Current smokers' refusal skill level was significantly lower than former and never smoker. The mean average nonsmoking related self-efficacy score of current smoker was 44.46 percents per hundred, it showed that current smoker had very low level of self-efficacy to ceasing smoke. CONCLUSION: For the purpose of adolescents smoking prevention and ceasing, the educational program must designed to reduce smoking related social influence, to promote the refusal skill and nonsmoking related self-efficacy.

Smoking Status and Dietary Habits of Middle School Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Adolescent smoking has been a great concern with respect to it's causing more serious health problems than adult smoking. The smoking status and habits of middle school students were studied using anonymous questionnaires, and their dietary habits were compared. Ninety-two of 4l4 students (22.2%) had experienced smoking, and 62.0% of them began in primary school, mostly out of curiosity. The most plausible reasons for smoking were 'boredom' and/or 'stress reduction'. Dietary habits were generally inadequate in the smoking group. Compared with the non-smoking group, the smoking group paid less attention to a balanced diet, more skipped breakfasts, more had irregular meal times and fewer snacked. There was no significant difference between the smoking and non-smoking groups in food intake frequency, except of sweet foods and caffeinated foods, which were more frequent consumed by the smoking group. These results suggest that more attention needs to be paid to nutrition and health education programs in elementary schools and also that proper support programs for smoking by themselves.

The Effects of Smoking on Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Male Adolescents / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Smoking can increase oxidative stress and thereby change the antioxidant defense system in the body. To investigate the relationship between male adolescent smoking and antioxidant status, we surveyed the eating habits and dietary intake of 82 smokers and 44 nonsmokers recruited from a male technical high school. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxide values were determined in both the plasma and the erythrocytes. Although the frequency of food intake was not significantly different, most nutrient intake was unexpectedly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. In comparison with the Korean RDA, especially the average intake of Ca, Fe and vitamin B2 didn't reach 75% of the Korean RDA in either smokers or nonsmokers. An analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity showed that plasma catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), erythrocyte catalase and GSH-px activities showed no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers. However, the erythrocyte SOD activity of smokers (1.57 unit/mgHb) was significantly lower than that of nonsmokers (2.00 unit/mgHb). In addition, the plasma ceruloplasmin concentration of smokers (28.68 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (26.30 mg/dl), whereas the specific ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity of smokers (0.31 unit/mg) was lower than that of nonsmokers (0.35 unit/mg). The plasma and erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of smokers (2.57 micromol/L, 0.32 micromol/gHb) were also significantly higher than those of nonsmokers (2.25 micromol/L, 0.27 micromol/gHb). The overall data indicate that adolescent smoking might decrease the antioxidant capacity of the body, in part, by lowering the erythrocyte SOD activity and the specific ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity.

The Changing Pattern of Cigarette Smoking of Students in Junior and Senior High Schools in Korea: 1988-1997 / 한국역학회지

In order to examine the actual condition of smoking, the change of knowledge and the attitude on smoking of the students attending junior and senior high schools in Korea, the survey was performed six times ranging from 1988 to 1997. The first two years, the survey was performed only for male students. Since 1991, both male and female students were surveyed. The students in junior and senior high school were selected by a random sampling method and surveyed by mail. In this survey, the number of classes of Junior and senior high schools in Korea was a sampling unit, and the classes were selected in proportion to the number of classes of each city and each county. The total number of respondents was 3,437 in 1988, 3,055 in 1989, 6,087 in 1991(2,923 of male, 3,164 of female), 7,067 in 1993(3,162 of male, 3,905 of female), 5,412 in 1995(2,598 of male, 2,814 of female), 4,754 in 1997(2,281 of male, 2,473 of female). The results obtained from the data analysis are as follows; 1.The ratio of smokers among male junior high school students has increased from 1.8% in 1988 to 3.9% in 1997. The ratio of smokers among female junior high school students has increased from 1.2% in 1991 to 3.9% in 1997. The ratio of smokers among male senior high school students has increased from 23.9% in 1988 to 35.3% in 1997. The ratio of smokers among male senior high school students has increased from 23.9% in 1988 to 35.3% 1997. And the ratio of smokers among female senior high school students has increased from 3.0% in 1991 to 8.7% in 1997. Especially the ratio of smokers among female junior high school students is same as that of male in 1997. 2. With respect to areas, the number of current smokers and the experienced ones was higher in the county than in the city in 1988. But in 1997, the number of current smokers and the experienced one is higher in the city than in the county. 3. In respect of whether or not there is a smoker among the member of a family, the odds ratio of smoking among the male senior high school students was 1.70 in 1988 and 1.94 in 1997. the odds ratio of smoking among female senior high school students was 1.43 in 1991 and 1.98 in 1997. This result showed that the effect of family smoking on adolescent smoking has not decreased.

Smoking, Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Korean Adolescents

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to figure out the prevalence of smoking, alcohol and other drug abuse and the relationships among them. METHODS: In July 1996, a total of 4,438 school adolescents randomly sampled from 6 schools(2 middle schools, 2 general high schools, 2 vocational high schools) in Seoul were assessed with a self-completing questionnaire pertaining to smoking, alcohol and other drug (sedatives, stimulants, inhalants) use. RESULTS: The current smoking rate of the study subjects in the study was 17.1%(male : 27.5%, female : 8.3%) and the current alcohol drinking rate was 29.4%(male: 34.0%, female : 25.4%). The experience rate of sedatives and stimulants was 4.0%(male : 4.7%, female 4.4%) and 12.1%(male : 7.0%, female : 16.6%), respectively. The experience rate of glue, butane gas and other volatile solvents was 1.3%(male : 2.5%, female : 0.4%), 0.8%(male : 2.0%, female : 0.2%) and 1.0%(male : 1.4%, female 0.6%), respectively. Current alcohol drinking as we71 as smoking was increased with age, higher in males than females, higher in vocational high school students than general high school students. The experience rate of stimulants was higher in females than males but the experience rate of inhalants(glue, butane gas, organic solvents) was higher in males than females. The younger the age of the study subject, the earlier the starting age of smoking and alcohol drinking. Smoking, alcohol and other drug use status was highly associated with one another. CONCLUSIONS: The most commonly used drugs by the study subjects were alcohol, cigarettes, stimulants, sedatives and inhalants in this order. Higher experience rate was seen in vocational high school students than general high school students.

The effects of the adolescent smoking cessation program

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread recognition of the hazardous health effects of smoking, adolescent smoking continues to increase, emerging as a public health problem. However few studies have focused on smoking cessation programs for adolescent smokers. The purpose of this study was to measure the short-term effects of the adolescent smoking cessation program performed by the Seoul School Health Center. METHODS: Four hundred and twenty adolescent smokers referred from their schools from March to December of 1996 were assessed before and immediately after the program with a self-questionnaire. The data acquired from these 420 students was analyzed. RESULTS: Males were found to have a higher rate of daily smoking as compared with females. Middle school students had a earlier starting age than those of high school students. About 70% of the students had tried to stop smoking and about 1/3 had a high level of self-efficacy in stop smoking. More than 80% of the students were current alcohol drinkers and 10% ever had experience with other drugs. Many showed poor academic performance and low degree of satisfaction with their schools. More than 50% had experienced punishment at school Middle and high economic status were more common than low status, 73.3% had smokers in their families and 43.3% showed severe dysfunction in family APGA-R. Smoking cessation rate immediately after the program was 37.4%, highest in female high school students and lowest in male high school students Factors shown to be significantly associated with smoking cessation in males were school age, FTQ scores, presence of peer smokers, smoking and alcohol status, self-efficacy in stop smoking and degree of satisfaction with their schools. School age, presence of peer smakers, smoking and other drug use status, self-efficacy in stop smoking, academic performance, degree of satisfaction with their schools, experienoe of runaway from home, economic status and presence of smokers in their families were significant factors in females. Stepwise logistic regression showed that current alcohol users were less likely to succeed in smoking cessation and those with a higher level of self-efficacy in stop smoking were more likely to succeed in males. In females, high school students with higher economic status were more likely to succeed while those with smokers in their families or experience of runaway from home were less likely to succeed. CONCLUSIONS: To promote smoking cessation, specified and risk-based approaches are considered to encourage the motivation of adolescent smokers. For more effectiveness, programs will need to comprehensively include the school, the family, peers, alcohol and other drug issues as well as smoking problem itself.

The Importance of Parental Attitudes and Behavior upon Adolescent Smoking Behavior / 성인간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationships between parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with adolescent's smoking behavior. Data were collected from Nov 20, 1997 to Feb 30, 1998 from 295 male high school students located in the Kyung Gi Do Province. Specific questions for adolescents concerning their parent's attitudes about their smoking, parental smoking behavior and the youth smoking behavior were included. Data were analyzed using a SPSS/PC program for the descriptive and chi-square statistics. Results indicated that parental attitudes are significantly associated with adolescents' smoking, both in behavior and amount smoked. Whereas parental behavior showed difference in means of adolescent's smoking behavior and smoking amount. In conclusion, parental attitudes toward adolescent smoking have a significantly greater effect on both the behavior and on the amount smoked than does parental antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.