Prognostic awareness and prognostic information preferences among advanced cancer patients in Kenya

Background: Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Kenya. Yet, little is known about prognostic awareness and preferences for prognostic information. Aim: To assess the prevalence of prognostic awareness and preference for prognostic information among advanced cancer patients in Kenya. Setting: Outpatient medical oncology and palliative care clinics and inpatient medical and surgical wards of Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) in Eldoret, Kenya. Methods: The authors surveyed 207 adults with advanced solid cancers. The survey comprised validated measures developed for a multi-site study of end-of-life care in advanced cancer patients. Outcome variables included prognostic awareness and preference for prognostic information. Results: More than one-third of participants (36%) were unaware of their prognosis and most (67%) preferred not to receive prognostic information. Increased age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.07) and education level (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.08, 1.30) were associated with a higher likelihood of preference to receive prognostic information, while increased symptom burden (OR= 0.94, CI: 0.90, 0.99) and higher perceived household income levels (lower-middle vs low: OR= 0.19; CI: 0.09, 0.44; and upper middle- or high vs low: OR= 0.22, CI: 0.09, 0.56) were associated with lower odds of preferring prognostic information. Conclusion: Results reveal low levels of prognostic awareness and little interest in receiving prognostic information among advanced cancer patients in Kenya. Contribution: Given the important role of prognostic awareness in providing patient-centred care, efforts to educate patients in Kenya on the value of this information should be a priority, especially among younger patients.

Factors associated with knowledge of diagnosis, prognosis & distress in cancer patients receiving palliative care – A retrospective cohort analysis

Background & objectives: Demographic attributes of cancer patients are associated with the awareness of diagnosis, the prognosis of cancer and their associated psychological distress. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge of diagnosis, prognosis and psychological distress among patients reporting to the pain and palliative care department in a tertiary cancer hospital, south India. Methods: Data of all patients visiting the palliative care outpatient department of a tertiary cancer centre in south India between January and June 2018 were included in the study (n=754). A structured pro forma was used to collect information on the sociodemographic details and clinical aspects and a distress thermometer was used to assess the level of distress. Information, thus collected, were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Around 16.2 per cent of the patients were unaware of their diagnosis while two third (68%) were unaware of the prognosis. More than half of the patients reported significant distress (54.1%). Gender, education, not working and being diagnosed with head-and-neck cancers were associated with knowledge of diagnosis, while educational level predicted the knowledge of prognosis. Younger age group, head-and-neck cancer, haematology cancer, state of being unaware of diagnosis and prognosis were found to be associated with distress. Interpretation & conclusions: Higher educational levels and better socio-economic status increase the likelihood of patients being aware of their diagnosis and prognosis. Being unaware of the prognosis remains associated with the higher level of distress

New embracing approach for better advanced cancer patient comprehensive care / Nuevo enfoque para mejorar el cuidado integral del paciente con cáncer avanzado

Abstract Introduction: Cancer patients have multiple and complex needs. Argentina has a medium-high cancer in cidence. Only 14% of patients with palliative care needs have access to specialized services. This study aimed to develop and implement an integrated cancer care model in three hospitals and at home based care level. Methods: The NECPAL2 was a prospective longitudi nal observational study. We report a two-year health care intervention and its implementation process. The NECPAL tool was used as a screening instrument. Adult cancer patients were recruited and assessed. NECPAL+ patients are those with a positive surprise question - Would you be surprised if this patient dies in the next year? (no)- and, at least one indicator of advanced disease. Patients were reassessed periodically with validated scales. Feedback was given for clinical case management. The project was developed in three consecutive stages and six phases. Data were collected for statistical analysis with a prognosis and palliative approach. Results: 2104 cancer patients screened. 681 were NECPAL+. 21% of them presented more than six pa rameters of severity or progression. The mean general survival was 8 months. 61.9% died within the follow-up period. Survival predictors were identified. Over 65% of patients were referred to palliative care; 10% received home-care. Areas for improvement were recognized. An implementation document was created. Discussion: This study showed that a predictive model is feasible, improving chances for timely referral and needs approach. It provided the basis for further implementation research and should encourage policy makers for embracing palliative model development for better cancer patient care.

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes con cáncer tienen necesi dades múltiples y complejas que se deben atender opor tunamente en los distintos niveles del sistema sanitario. Argentina tiene una incidencia de cáncer media-alta pero solo el 14% de los pacientes acceden a cuidados paliativos. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar e implementar un modelo multicéntrico de atención integral del paciente con cáncer avanzado. Métodos: El NECPAL2 fue un estudio observacional longitudinal prospectivo de dos años. Se evaluaron pacientes adultos con cáncer avanzado. Se utilizó la herramienta NECPAL como instrumento de cribado. Los pacientes NECPAL+ son aquellos con la pregunta sorpre sa positiva -¿Le sorprendería que este paciente muriera en el próximo año? (no)- y, al menos, un indicador de enfermedad avanzada. Los pacientes fueron reevaluados periódicamente con escalas validadas para la gestión clínica de casos. El proyecto se desarrolló en tres etapas consecutivas y seis fases. Se analizaron los resultados con un enfoque pronóstico y paliativo. Resultados: Se identificaron 2104 pacientes oncológicos, 681 eran NECPAL+. El 21% presentaba más de seis paráme tros de gravedad o progresión. Más del 60% de los pacientes NECPAL+ tenían una evaluación inicial multidimensional completa y documentada. La supervivencia media general fue de 8 meses. El 61.9% falleció durante el periodo de seguimiento. Se identificaron predictores de supervivencia. Más del 65% fueron derivados a cuidados paliativos; el 10% recibió atención domiciliaria. Se reconocieron áreas de mejora. Se creó un documento de recomendaciones. Discusión: Este estudio demostró que un modelo predictivo multicéntrico y en varios niveles es factible y mejora las posibilidades de derivación oportuna para atención paliativa. A pesar de las limitaciones este es tudio puede inspirar políticas para mejorar la atención integral de pacientes con cáncer avanzado.

Therapeutic Effect of Reibaisan (WTMCGEP) in Patients with Advanced Cancer / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Here we report 3 cases of advanced cancer using multidisciplinary treatment including reibaisan (WTMCGEP, a dry extract of Wisteria floribunda, Trapa natans, Myristica fragrans, Coix semen, Ganoderma lucidum, Elfvingia applanata, Punica granatum). Case 1 : 87-year-old man, suffering from stage IV esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with aortic and bronchial invasion, was referred to our clinic for palliative care. He had radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Only one course of chemotherapy was performed due to its intolerable side effects. The treatment with reibaisan started 11 months after the diagnosis. ESCC disappeared after 17 months of reibaisan treatment, and no relapse was observed for 66 months after the diagnosis. Case 2 : 79-year-old man, suffering from stage III ESCC, was initially scheduled for surgery after preoperative chemotherapy. Only one course of preoperative chemotherapy was performed because of its intolerable side effects. Therefore, radiotherapy combined with reibaisan followed. ESCC disappeared 6 months later, and no relapse was observed for 33 months after the diagnosis. Case 3 : 73-year-old woman, suffering from stage IV pancreatic cancer with systemic metastasis (brain, lung, and peritoneum). She initially showed Trousseau syndrome and was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin for multiple cerebral infarctions. One-month palliative chemotherapy and reibaisan resulted in a rapid reduction of ascites and improvement of neurological symptoms. Her progression-free survival period was 7 months. She lived 13 months thereafter. This suggests that reibaisan, which contains crude drugs that have been shown to have antitumor effects, may be another promising treatment for advanced cancers.

Factors Associated with Difficulties Faced by Ward Nurses When Providing Support to Families of Patients with Advanced Cancer in Surrogate Decision-making

This study aimed to describe the types of support that ward nurses provide to families of patients with advanced cancer in surrogate decision-making and the factors associated with the difficulties these nurses experienced . An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 285 nurses practicing in the cancer wards of four facilities. In total, 230 (80.7%) nurses provided support in surrogate decision-making, such as attending discussions. Additionally, 41 (17.8%) of the respondents often experienced difficulties performing this task. Results of a binary logistic regression analysis showed that the factors associated with the nurses’ recognition of difficulties were frequency of surrogate decision-making support requirements (OR=2.41, P=0.009) and incomprehension of the relationships between patients and their families (OR=2.41, P=0.009). To promote nurses’ support in surrogate decision-making, we suggest routinely collecting information on the relationships between patients and their families.

Calidad de vida en pacientes con cáncer avanzado según lugar de atención en un hospital de referencia / Quality Of Life In Patients With Advanced Cancer According To Place Of Care In A Referral Hospital

Se compara la calidad de vida percibida por pacientes con cáncer avanzado de un hospital terciario según atención en domicilio versus hospitalaria. Estudio observacional, transversal, incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años con cáncer con metástasis múltiple. Se aplicó encuesta de calidad de vida EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL a los pacientes con adecuado nivel cognitivo (cuestionario de Pfeiffer). Se utilizó Chi cuadrado y Mann-Whitney, p<0,05, y SPSS 24.0. 83 pacientes grupo hospitalario y 69 domiciliario. Mediana de edad 66 años y 76 respectivamente (p<0,01); predominó el sexo femenino (p=0,60). Presentó deterioro cognitivo moderado o severo, 25% grupo hospitalario y 58% domiciliario (p<0,01). La mediana del puntaje de calidad de vida fue 49,5 grupo hospitalario y 48 domiciliario (p=0,60), el aspecto funcional físico tuvo menor puntuación en grupo hospitalario (p<0,01). La calidad de vida percibida es aceptable, el grupo domiciliario tienen mayor edad y deterioro cognitivo.

The quality of life perceived by patients with advanced cancer from a tertiary hospital is compared according to home care versus hospital care. Observational, cross-sectional study, included patients older than 18 years with cancer with multiple metastases. EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL quality of life survey was applied to patients with adequate cognitive level (Pfeiffer questionnaire). Chi square and Mann-Whitney, p <0.05, and SPSS 24.0 were used. 83 patients in the hospital group and 69 at home. Median age 66 and 76 years respectively (p <0.01); the female sex predominated (p = 0.60). They presented moderate or severe cognitive impairment, 25% hospital group and 58% home (p <0.01). The median quality of life score was 49.5 in the hospital group and 48 in the home group (p = 0.60), the physical functional aspect had a lower score in the hospital group (p <0.01). The perceived quality of life is acceptable, the home group is older and has cognitive impairment.

A Survey of Experience and Perception of Bereaved Families about Polypharmacy and Oral Medication of Patients with Advanced Cancer

Aims: This study aimed at investigating the status of polypharmacy and the experience and perception of bereaved family members of patients with advanced cancer regarding the burden of oral medication. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to 303 bereaved family members of patients with advanced cancer, and 102 valid responses were analyzed (response rate, 33.7%). Results: The number of patients in the polypharmacy group (patients taking six or more tablets at a time) was 65 and that in the non-polypharmacy group (patients taking less than six tablets at a time) was 37. The percentage of bereaved family members who felt that the oral administration burden of patients was significantly higher in the polypharmacy group (43.1% vs. 10.8%, p<0.01). The results of the analysis indicated that the bereaved families wanted to reduce the number of tablets taken at a time for alleviating the burden of polypharmacy. The bereaved families of patients in the polypharmacy group were greatly concerned that the number of oral medications was too large. They also expressed the need for medical staff from whom they could seek explanation and counseling regarding the oral medication of patients. Conclusion: It is suggested that medical staff need to be fully aware of the concerns of patients’ families regarding drugs besides checking the compliance status.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal avanzado / Outcomes of Surgical Treatment in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer

RESUMEN Introducción: El cáncer avanzado es aquel que crece fuera del órgano en el cual se originó. La resección quirúrgica es el método más eficaz para lograr la curación de cáncer colorrectal en 50 por ciento de los casos. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento multidisciplinar, realizado a pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal avanzado. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, ambispectivo y de corte transversal en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2018. La muestra fue de 219 casos. Resultados: El 34,2 por ciento de los pacientes tenían entre 70 y 79 años. Hubo predominio de localización en colon ascendente (37,4 por ciento), en 57,1 por ciento fue moderadamente diferenciado y en 34,2 por ciento en estadio IIIA. El 7,8 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo recaída con metástasis, de ellos, 70,5 por ciento en hígado. En 72,6 por ciento la vía de acceso fue laparoscópica. En 50,7 por ciento se realizó hemicolectomía derecha. Las complicaciones se observaron en 25 pacientes (35,2 por ciento). El 91,3 por ciento de los casos recibió terapia adyuvante. En 27,4 por ciento hubo recurrencia. En el análisis del tiempo libre de enfermedad y de la supervivencia se obtuvieron buenos resultados. Conclusiones: El tratamiento combinado, secuencial y multidisciplinario en enfermedad maligna colorrectal avanzada ha demostrado beneficios clínicos y mayor supervivencia. Con una morbilidad y mortalidad relacionada con el proceder quirúrgico aceptable independientemente la vía de acceso empleada(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: advanced cancer is cancer that has grown outside the organ in which it originated. Surgical resection is the most effective method to achieve colorectal cancer cure in 50 % of cases. Objectives: the objective was to evaluate the results of the multidisciplinary treatment, carried out on patients diagnosed with advanced colorectal cancer. Method: it is an observational, descriptive, ambispective and cross-sectional study at the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Surgical Clinical Hospital between January 2013 and December 2018. The sample was 219 cases. Results: 34.2 percent of the patients were between 70 and 79 years old. 56.2 percent were women. There was a predominance of localization in the ascending colon (37.4 percent), in 57.1 percent it was moderately differentiated and in 34.2 percent in stage IIIA. 7.8 percent of the patients had a metastatic relapse, 70.5 percent of them in the liver. In 72.6 percent, the access route was laparoscopic. Right hemicolectomy was performed in 50.7 percent. Complications were observed in 25 patients (35.2 percent). 91.3 percent of the cases received adjuvant therapy. In 27.4 percent there was recurrence. Good results were obtained in the analysis of disease-free time and survival. Conclusion: we conclude that combined, sequential, and multidisciplinary treatment in advanced colorectal malignancy has demonstrated clinical benefits and increased survival. With an acceptable morbidity and mortality related to the surgical procedure regardless of the access route used. Multivisceral and / or en bloc resections and maximum resection manage to increase the free interval of disease progression and alleviate symptoms(AU)

Development of the Early Nutritional Intervention for Elderly Patients with Advanced Cancer: Details of Nutritional Intervention in the Multimodal NEXTAC-ONE Program

Objective: The aim of this study is to elaborate on the nutritional intervention in a multimodal intervention (the NEXTAC-ONE program) for the elderly with advanced cancer and to evaluate its tolerability Methods: We prospectively recruited patients aged ≥70 years scheduled to receive first-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic or non-small-cell lung cancer. Three nutritional intervention were planned in 8-week study period. The nutritional counseling consists of standard nutritional advice, evaluation and support for nutrition impact symptom, and evaluation and support for eating-related distress and food environment problems. We also provide the oral nutritional supplements rich in Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA). Results: 29 patients (96%) of a total of 30 study registrants participated in all three nutrition interventions. Median proportion of days in which patients recorded a nutritional diary was 90%. Median consumption of supplements was 99 %. There was no adverse event associated with nutritional intervention. Conclusions: Our nutritional intervention program showed an excellent compliance in the elderly with advanced cancer patients, and our data indicated a potential protective effect on nutritional deterioration.

Clinical observation of filiform fire needling on moderate and severe pain in advanced cancer / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the clinical effect of filiform fire needling on moderate and severe pain in advanced cancer.@*METHODS@#A total of 66 patients with moderate and severe pain in advanced cancer were randomly divided into an observation group (34 cases, 4 cases dropped off) and a control group (32 cases, 2 cases dropped off). The two groups were treated with oral analgesics continuously for 4 weeks. The moderate pain patients was given bucinnazine hydrochloride tablets (starting at 30 mg, once every 6 hours, increasing by 30%-50% until the titration volume was reached), and the severe pain patients were given oxycodone hydrochloride sustained-release tablets (starting at 20 mg every 12 hours and increasing by 25%-50% until the titration volume was reached). The observation group was cooperated with filiform fire needling at point, Zusanli (ST 36), Liangqiu (ST 34), Qihai (CV 6), Guanyuan(CV 4), Quchi (LI 11) and Waiguan (TE 5) once every other day for 4 weeks. The changes of numerical rating scales (NRS) scores were observed in both groups before and after treatment, and the amount of analgesics and the incidence of adverse reactions were recorded. The clinical effects in the two groups were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The effective rate was 90.0% (27/30) in the observation group, which was higher than 66.7% (20/30) in the control group (<0.05). After treatment, the NRS scores of both groups were lower than those before treatment (<0.05), and the reducing degree in the observation group was larger than that in the control group (<0.05). The average dosage of bunarizine hydrochloride tablets and oxycodone hydrochloride sustained release tablets to titration volume in the observation group was less than that in the control group (<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was 23.3% (28/120) in the observation group, which was lower than 44.2% (53/120) in the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Filiform fire needling can alleviate pain symptoms of patients with moderate and severe pain in advanced cancer, reduce the amount of analgesics, and decrease the incidence of adverse reactions.

Quality of Life of Patients with Advanced Cancer in Palliative Therapy and in Palliative Care / Calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer avanzado en tratamiento paliativo y cuidado paliativo / Qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer avançado na terapêutica paliativa e no cuidado paliativo

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer in palliative therapy and in palliative care. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, and analytic study conducted in a teaching hospital in Paraná, Brazil, from January to June 2018, with 126 patients: 107 in palliative therapy; 19 in exclusive palliative care. The questionnaires for data collection were: Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care 14, and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System. The Spearman non-parametric coefficient test was used for the analysis. Results: The overall quality of life in palliative therapy and in palliative care was, respectively, 71.54/59.65; when correlating the total score of quality of life of the Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care 14 (p = 0.001), and the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (p = 0.001), significant difference of better quality of life was observed in the palliative therapy. Conclusion: Patients in palliative therapy have good overall quality of life, while the palliative care group reports regular quality of life. The symptoms were milder in the palliative therapy and more intense and with greater significance in palliative care; hence, knowing the compromise of quality of life will help professionals in planning interventions with transdisciplinary approach for patients and for their families.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer avanzado en tratamiento paliativo y cuidado paliativo. Material y método: estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal y analítico, desarrollado en un hospital de enseñanza en el departamento de Paraná, Brasil, de enero a junio de 2018, con 126 pacientes, siendo 107 en tratamiento paliativo y 19 en cuidado paliativo exclusivo. Los cuestionarios para recolectar datos fueron: Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative, Functional Assessment of Chronic Ilness Therapy-Palliative Care 14 y Edmonton Symptom Assessment System. La prueba de coeficiente no paramétrico de Spearman se utilizó para el análisis. Resultados: la calidad de vida global en el tratamiento paliativo y el cuidado paliativo fue respectivamente 71,54/59,65; cuando fueron correlacionados la puntuación total de calidad de vida del Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative con el Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care 14 (p = 0,001) y la Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (p = 0,001), se encontró diferencia significativa de mejor calidad de vida en el tratamiento paliativo. Conclusión: los pacientes en tratamiento paliativo poseen calidad de vida global buena, mientras que el grupo cuidado paliativo, regular. Los síntomas fueron más suaves en el tratamiento paliativo y más intensos y con más significancia en el cuidado paliativo; por lo tanto, conocer el comprometimiento de la calidad de vida auxiliará a los profesionales a que planeen intervenciones con enfoque transdisciplinario para el paciente y su familia.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer avançado em terapêutica paliativa e em cuidado paliativo. Material e método: estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal e analítico, desenvolvido num hospital de ensino no Paraná, Brasil, de janeiro a junho de 2018, com 126 pacientes, sendo 107 em terapêutica paliativa e 19 no cuidado paliativo exclusivo. Os questionários para a coleta de dados foram: Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative, Functional Assessment of Chronic Ilness Therapy-Palliative Care 14 e Edmonton Symptom Assessment System. O teste de coeficiente não paramétrico de Spearman foi utilizado para a análise. Resultados: a qualidade de vida global na terapêutica paliativa e no cuidado paliativo foi respectivamente 71,54/59,65; quando correlacionados o escore total de qualidade de vida do Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 15-Palliative com o Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative Care 14 (p = 0,001) e a Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (p = 0,001), observou-se diferença significativa de melhor qualidade de vida na terapêutica paliativa. Conclusão: os pacientes em terapia paliativa possuem qualidade de vida global boa, enquanto o grupo cuidado paliativo, regular. Os sintomas foram mais leves na terapia paliativa e mais intensos e com maior significância no cuidado paliativo; portanto, conhecer o comprometimento da qualidade de vida auxiliará os profissionais no planejamento de intervenções com enfoque transdisciplinar para o paciente e para sua família.

The desire to hasten death in advanced cancer patients at a Mexican palliative care service / Deseos de adelantar la muerte en pacientes con cáncer avanzado en un servicio de cuidados paliativos en México

Abstract Introduction The desire to hasten death (DHD) might be present in patients with advanced cancer. Multiple distressing physical and psychosocial symptoms may be related to it. There is limited literature about the characteristics of these patients in México. Objective To describe the prevalence and factors associated with DHD in advanced cancer patients evaluated by a palliative care psychiatrist. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study, including all patients referred to psychiatric assessment at the Servicio de Cuidados Paliativos of the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City, from January to December 2016. DHD was defined as the presence of death ideas, suicidal ideation, and/or request for euthanasia or medically assisted suicide. Patients with delirium, dementia, psychosis, or uncontrolled physical symptoms were excluded. Results Sixty-four patients were included in the study. Most of them were women (59%); the mean age was 49 years old (SD = 16). Of them, 64% met criteria for a major depressive disorder, 64% for generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder, and 11% for substance use disorders. 44% expressed DHD. In a multivariate regression analysis predicting DHD, only one factor emerged: clinical depression (OR = 13.5, p = .002, 95% CI [02.562, 71.726]). Discussion and conclusion The desire to hasten death is a frequent issue for the patients evaluated at the psychiatric palliative care clinic. Depression and other distressing psychiatric pathologies were associated with DHD. Interdisciplinary interventions are needed to treat DHD. More research is warranted in order to understand the factors associated with the expression of DHD.

Resumen Introducción El deseo de acelerar la muerte (DHD, por sus siglas en inglés) es frecuente en pacientes con cáncer avanzado. Múltiples estresores físicos y psicosociales se asocian a la presencia de este fenómeno. En México es limitada la información sobre estos pacientes. Objetivo Describir la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la presencia del DHD en pacientes con cáncer avanzado evaluados por el psiquiatra de cuidados paliativos. Método Realizamos un estudio transversal, incluimos a todos los pacientes referidos a evaluación psiquiátrica en el Servicio de Cuidados Paliativos del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en la Ciudad de México, de enero a diciembre de 2016. El DHD se definió como la presencia de ideas de muerte, ideación suicida y/o solicitud de eutanasia o suicidio médicamente asistido. Se excluyeron los pacientes con delirium, demencia, psicosis o algún síntoma físico descontrolado. Resultados Sesenta y cuatro pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio; 59% fueron mujeres; la edad media era de 49 años (DE = 16). El 64% cumplieron criterios para un trastorno depresivo mayor, el 64% para el trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y/o trastorno de pánico y el 11% para los trastornos por uso de sustancias; 44% expresaron DHD. En un análisis de regresión multivariable, el factor depresión mayor (OR = 13.5; p = .002, IC 95% [02.562, 71.726]) fue el único significativo. Discusión y conclusión El DHD es frecuente en los pacientes valorados por psiquiatría de cuidados paliativos. La depresión mayor se asoció con DHD. Se necesitan intervenciones interdisciplinarias para tratar el DHD. Se requiere más investigación para comprender los factores asociados con la expresión de DHD.

Prognostic factors in cancer patients with palliative needs identified by the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© TOOL

The early identification of patients with palliative needs has shown benefits in terms of quality of life and treatment goals. No prospective methods have been applied in Argentina to identify palliative needs in cancer patients. The NECPAL tool combines the physician's own insight with objective indicators of disease progression and indicators of chronic advanced conditions. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors of mortality in hospitalized and ambulatory patients with cancer and palliative needs according to the NECPAL tool in a University Hospital in Buenos Aires city. Study variables were obtained by interviews with 10 physicians in charge of 317 patients with cancer over a 2-year follow-up period. A total of 183 patients with palliative needs were labelled as NECPAL+. Of these, 137 died after a median 4-month follow-up period. The death rate was 11% patients/month. The mortality was higher in inpatients during the first month (p < 0.003). In the multivariate model, the best predictors of mortality combining relevant indicators were: inpatients (HR 1.87; 95% CI 1.24-2.84; p = 0.003), initial diagnosis other than breast cancer (HR 2.04; 95% CI 1.23-3.40; p = 0.006), metastatic disease (HR 1.67; 95% CI 1.15-2.42; p = 0.007), functional deterioration (HR 1.95; 95% CI 1.28-2.97; p = 0.002), and malnutrition (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.04-2.23; p = 0.02 9). The major breakthrough was the systematic prospective identification of palliative needs in cancer patients for the first time in Argentina. The NECPAL tool can improve the prediction of mortality in hospital settings.

La identificación temprana de pacientes con necesidades paliativas ha demostrado beneficios en términos de calidad de vida y objetivos de tratamiento. En Argentina no han sido aplicados métodos prospectivos para identificar necesidades paliativas en pacientes con cáncer. El NECPAL CCOMS-ICO © combina la percepción del médico con indicadores objetivos de progresión de enfermedades crónicas avanzadas y es útil para determinar la prevalencia de pacientes con necesidades paliativas en la población general. El objetivo fue identificar factores pronósticos de mortalidad en pacientes internados y ambulatorios con cáncer y necesidades paliativas según NECPAL en un Hospital Universitario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Las variables se obtuvieron mediante entrevistas a 10 médicos a cargo de 317 pacientes con cáncer y necesidades paliativas durante dos años de seguimiento. Los predictores de mortalidad en el modelo multivariado fueron: hospitalización (HR 1.87; IC 95% 1.24-2.84; p = 0.003), diagnóstico distinto de cáncer de mama (HR 2.04; IC 95% 1.23-3.40; p = 0.006), enfermedad metastá sica (HR 1.67; IC 95% 1.15-2.42; p = 0.007), deterioro funcional (HR 1.95; IC 95% 1.28-2.97; p = 0.002) y nutricional (HR 1.53; IC 95% 1.04-2.23; p = 0.029). De los 183 pacientes con necesidades paliativas identificados como NECPAL+, 137 murieron en un período medio de 4 meses. La tasa de mortalidad fue 11% por mes. La mortalidad fue mayor (p < 0.003) en el primer mes de hospitalización. El mayor logro fue la identificación sistemática y prospectiva, por primera vez en Argentina, de necesidades paliativas en pacientes con cáncer. La herramienta NECPAL puede mejorar la predicción de la mortalidad en entornos hospitalarios.

Características de la alimentación del paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos / Characteristics of the diet of oncological patients in palliative care

Introducción y objetivo: es escaso lo que se conoce acerca de las características de la alimentación del paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos. En el presente estudio se realizó un análisis detallado para describir las características alimentarias del paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se incluyeron 50 pacientes que asistieron al consultorio externo del servicio de oncología del Hospital Juan A. Fernández. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de encuestas dirigidas semiestructuradas. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: número de comidas diarias, presencia de apetito, sentimiento de presión y dificultades a la hora de comer, máxima consistencia tolerada, temperatura mejor aceptada, sabor de preferencia, preferencias alimentarias actuales, incorporación y eliminación de alimentos, realización de dieta específica, propiedades especiales atribuidas a alimentos, consumo de suplementos nutricionales orales, persona encargada de la preparación de los alimentos, compañía, asistencia, lugar y posición al comer. Resultados: el 26% (IC 95% 15,08-40,61) refirió no tener apetito a la hora de comer y un 38% (IC 95% 24,99-52,83) se sentía presionado por parte de familiares/amigos para alimentarse. El 80% (IC 95% 65,85-89,49) presentaba dificultades al comer. Un 60% (IC 95% 45,20-73,26) eliminó alimentos a partir del diagnóstico y un 28% (IC 95% 16,66-42,71) incorporó nuevos. Porcentajes similares preferían sabores dulces y salados, 30% (IC 95% 18,28-44,78) y 32% (IC 95% 19,92-46,83), respectivamente. La consistencia mejor aceptada fue la blanda (16% IC 95% 7,16-40,95). El consumo de suplementos nutricionales orales se observó en el 32% (IC 95% 19,92-46,83). Un 78% (IC 95% 63,66-88,00) indicó comer en el comedor/cocina y el 82% (IC 95% 68,07-90,95) sentado en una silla. Conclusiones: la alimentación del paciente oncológico en cuidados paliativos debe ser individualizada para realizar recomendaciones nutricionales adecuadas(AU).

Introduction and objective: there is little known about the characteristics of the diet of the oncological patient in palliative care. In this study, a detailed analysis to describe the alimentary characteristics of the oncological patient in palliative care was carried out. Materials and method: descriptive, observational and transversal study. Fifty patients who attended the outpatient clinic of the oncology service of the Juan A. Fernández Hospital were included. Data obtained from semi-structured directed surveys. The following parameters were analyzed: number of daily meals, presence of appetite, feeling of pressure and difficulties at the time of eating, maximum tolerated consistency, best accepted temperature, preferred taste, current food preferences, incorporation and elimination of food, realization of specific diet, special properties attributed to food, consumption of oral nutritional supplements, person in charge of preparing food, company, assistance, place and position when eating. Results: 26% (95% CI 15,08-40,61) reported no appetite at mealtimes and 38% (95% CI 24.99-52.83) felt pressured to eat by family/friends. 80% (95% CI 65.85-89.49) presented difficulties when eating. 60% (95% CI 45.2- 73.26) eliminated food as of diagnosis and 28% (CI 95% 16.66-42.71) incorporated new ones. Similar percentages preferred sweet and salty flavors, 30% (95% CI 18.28-44.78) and 32% (95% CI 19.92-46.83), respectively. The best accepted consistency was the soft one (16% CI 95% 7.16-40.95). The consumption of oral nutritional supplements was observed in 32% (95% CI 19,92-46,83). 78% (95% CI 63.66-88.00) indicated eating in the dining room/kitchen and 82% (95% CI 68.07-90.95) sitting on a chair. Conclusions: the diet of the oncologic patient in palliative care must be individualized to make adequate nutritional recommendations(AU).

Influencia de la gastroparesia en el logro de la meta calórica y proteica en pacientes neurocríticos / Influence of gastroparesis on achieving the caloric and protein goal in neurocritical patients

La lesión cerebral induce a la aparición de complicaciones gastrointestinales, especialmente gastroparesia, la cual es considerada uno de los pilares de la intolerancia digestiva alta. Se mide por el aumento en el residuo gástrico, reflujo gastroesofágico, vómitos, distención abdominal y/o diarrea. Como consecuencia, la nutrición enteral (NE) se inicia de manera tardía o ineficientemente, impidiendo lograr la meta calórico-proteica, aumentando el riesgo de neumonía aspirativa, prolongándose la estadía hospitalaria e incrementando la mortalidad. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar y describir el rol de la gastroparesia en el alcance de la meta calórica-proteica en el paciente neurocrítico. Se consultaron bases de datos electrónica: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane, desde el 2007 a 2017. Se incluyeron 8 estudios, cuatro ensayos controlados y aleatorizados (ECA), dos observacionales y dos revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. En tres ECA cuando la NE es postpilórica se logra un mayor aporte calórico y proteico. Dos estudios no encontraron diferencias en las calorías recibidas entre los pacientes alimentados a estómago o yeyuno. Dos revisiones y metaanálisis confirman menor riesgo de neumonía aspirativa pero no presentan diferencias en el porcentaje de adecuación a la NE por ambas vías. La mortalidad, días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y hospitalaria no fue diferente cuando la NE fue a estómago o intestino. En conclusión, la persistencia del retraso del vaciamiento gástrico favorece al déficit energético y proteico, debido a la intolerancia a la NE lo que dificulta la progresión. A la fecha, pocos estudios recomiendan la vía postpilórica para mejorar la eficiencia nutricional. Futuros estudios deberán valorar las implicancias de alcanzar la meta calórica-proteica en los resultados clínicos de acuerdo a la vía de la NE, en esta población de pacientes(AU).

The brain injury induces the appearance of gastrointestinal complications, especially gastroparesis, which is considered one of the pillars of high digestive intolerance. It is measured by the increase in gastric residue, gastroesophageal reflux, vomiting, abdominal distension and / or diarrhea. As a consequence, enteral nutrition (EN) begins late or inefficiently, preventing the caloric-protein goal from being achieved, increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia, prolonging the hospital stay and increasing mortality. A literature review was carried out with the objective of updating and describing the role of gastroparesis in the scope of the caloric-protein goal in the neurocritical patient. Electronic databases were consulted: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane, from 2007 to 2017. 8 studies were included, four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two observational studies and two systematic reviews and meta-analyzes. In three RCTs when the EN is post-pyloric, a greater caloric and protein intake is achieved. Two studies found no difference in the calories received between patients fed via stomach or jejunum. Two reviews and meta-analyzes confirm a lower risk of aspiration pneumonia, but there are no differences in the percentage of adaptation to the EN by both routes. Mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay were not different when the EN was via stomach or intestine. In conclusion, the persistence of delayed gastric emptying favors protein and energy deficit, due to intolerance to EN, which hinders progression. To date, few studies recommend the postpyloric route to improve nutritional efficiency. Future studies should evaluate the implications of reaching the caloric-protein goal in clinical results according to the EN route, in this patient population(AU).

Relationship between Cancer Pain Self-management and Pain in Outpatients with Advanced Cancer Taking Opioid Analgesics

Purpose: To clarify the relationship between cancer pain self-management and pain in outpatients with advanced cancer taking opioid analgesics. Methods: 56 patients were surveyed using a questionnaire, which included items on cancer pain self-management deductively extracted from previous studies and items from the Japanese version of the Brief Pain Inventory. Results: Among patients self-managing their cancer pain, scores for “facilitation of around-the-clock opioid analgesics compliance” were significantly lower than scores for “interference with life”. Scores for “enduring end-of-dose failure pain” were significantly higher than scores for “severe pain”, “average pain”, and “interference with life”. Scores for “use of rescue doses when pain occurs” were significantly higher than scores for “sleep”. Scores for “methods to relieve pain other than analgesics” were significantly higher than scores for “mood”. Conclusions: The present study suggested that pain relief should be based on the use of opioid analgesics, and indicated the importance in pain relief of pain treatment that ensures good sleep and support for achieving self-management including holistic care.

The Effect of Trigger Point Injections on Pain in Patients with Advanced Cancer / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that in 62.5% of cases of incurable cancer pain, the complaint is due to myofascial pain syndrome. Trigger point injections using dibucaine hydrochloride help patients with such cancer pain. This study evaluated the efficacy of trigger point injections for alleviating pain in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Twenty patients with advanced cancer who had a life expectancy of 6 months or less and had been diagnosed with myofascial pain syndrome were treated with trigger point injections. Prior to treatment, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure the resting pain level and discomfort upon application of pressure on the site of pain. These values were compared with last treatment measurements. RESULTS: The mean pre-treatment VAS scores for pain at rest and upon application of pressure on the pain site were 7.3 and 9.0, respectively. These scores decreased significantly to 1.95 and 3.2, respectively, after the treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Trigger point injection is an alternative and effective pain control modality for advanced cancer patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

Anticipatory grief and its influencing factors in major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the status of anticipatory grief in major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer and its influencing factors. Methods There were 329 major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer recruited between October 2017 and May 2018. The basic data questionnaire, Anticipatory Grief Scale and Perceived Social Support Scale were used in the investigation. Results The scores of anticipatory grief and perceived social support were 88.49 ± 16.47 and 60.33 ± 11.58 respectively. The result of multiple linear regression revealed that relationship with patients, perceived social support, gender and religion were associated with anticipatory grief and could explain 54.2％of the total variance. Conclusions Medical workers should provide assistance to the major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer, respect and encourage the appropriate participation of religious activities, encourage caregivers to fully express their feelings, decrease their adverse emotional reactions and improve their bereavement outcome.

Anticipatory grief and its influencing factors in major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the status of anticipatory grief in major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer and its influencing factors.@*Methods@#There were 329 major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer recruited between October 2017 and May 2018. The basic data questionnaire, Anticipatory Grief Scale and Perceived Social Support Scale were used in the investigation.@*Results@#The scores of anticipatory grief and perceived social support were 88.49±16.47 and 60.33±11.58 respectively. The result of multiple linear regression revealed that relationship with patients, perceived social support, gender and religion were associated with anticipatory grief and could explain 54.2% of the total variance.@*Conclusions@#Medical workers should provide assistance to the major caregivers of patients with advanced cancer, respect and encourage the appropriate participation of religious activities, encourage caregivers to fully express their feelings, decrease their adverse emotional reactions and improve their bereavement outcome.

Systemic Therapy for Advanced and Metastatic Colon Cancer / 대한소화기학회지

Colon cancer is one of the three most common cancers in both men and women in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. Approximately one-quarter of colon cancer patients have a metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and systemic therapy is used in many of them as a first line therapy. In addition to existing cytotoxic drugs, target therapy has been introduced in colon cancer and immunotherapy has shown clinical benefits in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. The purpose of this review was to briefly summarize the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for systemic therapy in colon cancer with special reference to targeted agents and novel agents.