Impact of vertical positioning on lung aeration among mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial / Impacto do posicionamento vertical na aeração pulmonar em pacientes de unidades de terapia intensiva ventilados mecanicamente: um estudo clínico transversal randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of different vertical positions on lung aeration in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: An open-label randomized crossover clinical trial was conducted between January and July 2020. Adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for > 24 hours and < 7 days with hemodynamic, respiratory and neurological stability were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to the sitting position followed by passive orthostasis condition or the passive orthostasis followed by the sitting position condition. The primary outcome was lung aeration assessed using the lung ultrasound score (score ranges from 0 [better] to 36 [worse]). Results: A total of 186 subjects were screened; of these subjects, 19 were enrolled (57.8% male; mean age, 73.2 years). All participants were assigned to receive at least one verticalization protocol. Passive orthostasis resulted in mean lung ultrasound scores that did not differ significantly from the sitting position (11.0 versus 13.7; mean difference, -2.7; [95%CI -6.1 to 0.71; p = 0.11). Adverse events occurred in three subjects in the passive orthostasis group and in one in the sitting position group (p = 0.99). Conclusion: This analysis did not find significant differences in lung aeration between the sitting and passive orthostasis groups. A randomized crossover clinical trial assessing the impact of vertical positioning on lung aeration in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation is feasible. Unfortunately, the study was interrupted due to the need to treat COVID-19 patients. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04176445

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de diferentes posicionamentos verticais na aeração pulmonar em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Trata-se de ensaio clínico aberto, randomizado e transversal, realizado entre janeiro e julho de 2020. Adultos em ventilação mecânica invasiva por mais de 24 horas e menos de 7 dias com estabilidade hemodinâmica, respiratória e neurológica foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em uma proporção de 1:1 à postura sentada seguida da condição de ortostatismo passivo ou o ortostatismo passivo seguido de postura sentada. O desfecho primário foi a aeração pulmonar avaliada pelo lung ultrasound score. O escore varia de zero (melhor) a 36 (pior). Resultados: Foram selecionados 186 indivíduos; destes, 19 foram incluídos (57,8% do sexo masculino; média idade de 73,2 anos). Todos os participantes foram selecionados para receber pelo menos um protocolo de verticalização. O ortostatismo passivo resultou em escores médios de aeração pulmonar por ultrassonografia que não diferiram significativamente da postura sentada (11,0 versus 13,7; diferença média, -2,7; IC95% -6,1 a 0,71; p = 0,11). Ocorreram eventos adversos em três indivíduos no grupo ortostatismo passivo e em um no grupo postura sentada (p = 0,99). Conclusão: Esta análise não encontrou diferenças significativas na aeração pulmonar entre os grupos ortostatismo passivo e postura sentada. É factível conduzir um estudo clínico transversal randomizado para avaliar o impacto do posicionamento vertical na aeração pulmonar em pacientes em ventilação mecânica invasiva. Infelizmente, o estudo foi interrompido devido à necessidade de tratar pacientes com COVID-19. Registro ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04176445

A real-time and modular approach for quick detection and mechanism exploration of DPIs with different carrier particle sizes

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) had been widely used in lung diseases on account of direct pulmonary delivery, good drug stability and satisfactory patient compliance. However, an indistinct understanding of pulmonary delivery processes (PDPs) hindered the development of DPIs. Most current evaluation methods explored the PDPs with over-simplified models, leading to uncompleted investigations of the whole or partial PDPs. In the present research, an innovative modular process analysis platform (MPAP) was applied to investigate the detailed mechanisms of each PDP of DPIs with different carrier particle sizes (CPS). The MPAP was composed of a laser particle size analyzer, an inhaler device, an artificial throat and a pre-separator, to investigate the fluidization and dispersion, transportation, detachment and deposition process of DPIs. The release profiles of drug, drug aggregation and carrier were monitored in real-time. The influence of CPS on PDPs and corresponding mechanisms were explored. The powder properties of the carriers were investigated by the optical profiler and Freeman Technology four powder rheometer. The next generation impactor was employed to explore the aerosolization performance of DPIs. The novel MPAP was successfully applied in exploring the comprehensive mechanism of PDPs, which had enormous potential to be used to investigate and develop DPIs.

Enhancement of ethanol production efficiency in repeated-batch fermentation from sweet sorghum stem juice: effect of initial sugar, nitrogen and aeration

BACKGROUND: Ethanol concentration (PE), ethanol productivity (QP) and sugar consumption (SC) are important values in industrial ethanol production. In this study, initial sugar and nitrogen (urea) concentrations in sweet sorghum stem juice (SSJ) were optimized for high PE (≥10%, v/v), QP, (≥2.5 g/L·h) and SC (≥90%) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SSJKKU01. Then, repeated-batch fermentations under normal gravity (NG) and high gravity (HG) conditions were studied. RESULTS: The initial sugar at 208 g/L and urea at 2.75 g/L were the optimum values to meet the criteria. At the initial yeast cell concentration of ~1 × 108 cells/mL, the PE, QP and SC were 97.06 g/L, 3.24 g/L·h and 95.43%, respectively. Repeated-batch fermentations showed that the ethanol production efficiency of eight successive cycles with and without aeration were not significantly different when the initial sugar of cycles 2 to 8 was under NG conditions (~140 g/L). Positive effects of aeration were observed when the initial sugar from cycle 2 was under HG conditions (180­200 g/L). The PE and QP under no aeration were consecutively lower from cycle 1 to cycle 6. Additionally, aeration affected ergosterol formation in yeast cell membrane at high ethanol concentrations, whereas trehalose content under all conditions was not different. CONCLUSION: Initial sugar, sufficient nitrogen and appropriated aeration are necessary for promoting yeast growth and ethanol fermentation. The SSJ was successfully used as an ethanol production medium for a high level of ethanol production. Aeration was not essential for repeated-batch fermentation under NG conditions, but it was beneficial under HG conditions.

Avaliação do desempenho de manta geotêxtil em reator em batelada sequencial no tratamento de esgoto sanitário / Performance evaluation of the geotextile blanket in sequential batch reactor in wastewater treatment

RESUMO No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de um sistema de lodo ativado em batelada, com módulo de filtração, proporcionado por uma manta geotêxtil, na remoção de matéria orgânica presente em esgoto sanitário. O reator em escala piloto tinha volume útil de 85 L e foi operado durante 182 dias, com tempo total de ciclo de 24 horas de duração e idade do lodo (θc) de 25 dias. O sistema foi composto de um reator convencional (SB1), utilizado como controle e operado nas mesmas condições que o SM1, o qual utilizou a filtração em manta geotêxtil. Para confecção dos três módulos de filtração, foi utilizada uma manta sintética não tecida combinada com três tipos de espaçadores: tela antiderrapante em poliéster com revestimento em PVC (etapa I) durante 56 dias, geomanta tridimensional de filamentos de polipropileno termosoldados (etapa II) durante 49 dias e manta acrílica 100% poliéster (etapa III) durante 76 dias. A concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) manteve-se na faixa de 3 mgO2.L-1, a relação alimento (A)/microrganismo (M) variou de 0,2 a 0,1 gDBO5.gSSV-1.d-1, e a carga orgânica média aplicada mudou de 0,194 a 0,267 kgDQO.m-3.d.-1. A remoção da turbidez manteve-se na faixa de 97%, a de matéria orgânica em termos de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) foi de 93% e entre 87 e 93% para o parâmetro demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), com o reator SM1 apresentando valores de eficiência e estabilidade operacional superiores ao SB1.

ABSTRACT This work evaluated the performance of a batch activated sludge system with a filtration module, provided by a geotextile blanket to remove organic matter present in sewage. The pilot-scale reactor had a useful volume of 85L, and it was operated for 182 days, with a total cycle time of 24 hours, and sludge age (θc) 25 days. The system was based on a conventional controller (SB1), used as a control and operated under the same conditions as the reactor (SM1) using geotextile blanket filtration. The preparation of the three filtration modules was applied to a non-woven synthetic blanket combined with three types of spacers: PVC-coated non-slip polyester mesh (Step I) for 56 days, three-dimensional geo-mat of thermosolded polypropylene filament (Step II) for 49 days, and 100% polyester acrylic blanket (Step III) for 76 days. The OD concentration remained in the range of 3 mgO2L-1, an F/M ratio ranging from 0.2 to 0.1 gBOD5. gVSS-1d-1 and the organic loading rate average applied ranged from 0.194 to 0.267 kg COD / m3.d.-1. Turbidity removal remained in the range of 97%, and the organic matter removal in terms of BOD5 was 93%, and from 87 to 93% in terms of COD, with SM1 reactor showing efficiency and stability values higher than SB1.

Preparation of berberine hydrochloride dry powder inhalation and its effect on Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia / 中草药

Objective: To prepare berberine hydrochloride dry powder inhalation, and investigate its pharmacological effect on Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia after pulmonary administration. Methods: Berberine hydrochloride dry powder by spray drying and the experimental conditions was optimized by orthogonal experiment. The lung deposition, fluidity and appearance were characterized. The pharmacodynamic effects of the preparations on S. aureus pneumonia were performed with SD rats. Results: A berberine hydrochloride dry powder was prepared at an inlet temperature of 130 ℃ with a gas volume flow of 610 L/h and a feed volume flow of 3 mL/min. The berberine hydrochloride dry powder had a lung deposition rate (FPF) of 76.4% and an aerodynamic diameter of 4.61 μm. The stability index (SI) ≈ 1, the aeration energy ratio (AR) = 1.76 > 1, and the inflation energy (AE10) = 2.1 mJ < 10 mJ. Through the pharmacodynamic evaluation of S. aureus, we can know that the berberine hydrochloride dry powder inhalation effectively improved the pathological state of pneumonia rats, and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the number of WBC, neutrophils, and the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in pneumonia rats. Conclusion: Berberine hydrochloride dry powder inhalation can directly reach the lesion site through pulmonary administration, so it has significant therapeutic effect on S. aureus pneumonia.

Influencing factors on single-cell protein production by submerged fermentation: a review

Since more than twenty years ago, some species of bacteria and fungi have been used to produce protein biomass or single-cell protein (SCP), with inexpensive feedstock and wastes being used as their sources of carbon and energy. The role of SCP as a safe food and feed is being highlighted more because of the worldwide protein scarcity. Even though SCP has been successfully commercialized in the UK for decades, study of optimal fermentation conditions, various potential substrates, and a broad range of microorganisms is still being pursued by many researchers. In this article, commonly used methods for the production of SCP and different fermentation systems are briefly reviewed, with submerged fermentation being highlighted as a more commonly used method. Emphasis is given to the effect of influencing factors on the biomass yield and productivity in an effort to provide a comprehensive review for researchers in related fields of interest.

Capacidad solubilizadora de fosfato de aluminio por hongos rizosféricos aislados de un Andisol colombiano / Solubilizing capacity of aluminum phosphate by rhizospheric fungi isolated from an Andisol Colombian / Capacidade de solubilização de fosfato de alumínio por fungos rizosféricos isolados de um Andisol colombiano

RESUMEN A partir de un Typic Melanudands cultivado con café (Coffea arabica variedad Caturra), proveniente del Departamento del Cauca (Colombia), se aislaron hongos con capacidad solubilizadora de fosfato de aluminio (Al-P), de los cuales se seleccionaron dos microorganismos que presentaron la mayor actividad, identificados como cepa UNHI (Mycelia sterilia), y UNH2 (Penicillium sp). Los hongos seleccionados fueron evaluados por quince días en medio líquido Pikovskaya (PVK) con Al-P bajo dos condiciones, con agitación (método A) y en reposo con aireación (método B). Al comparar los resultados se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el porcentaje de fósforo soluble, el método A presentó mejores resultados con un porcentaje de 73,8% frente a 62% con la cepa UNH1 y en menor proporción con la cepa UNH2 49% y 44%. El incremento de biomasa fue mayor con el método B y el pH de los medios de cultivo no mostraron diferencias significativas, con un pH promedio de 2,7.

ABSTRACT Based on Typic Melanudands grow with coffea (Coffea Arabica Caturra variety) resulting from the Cauca department, fungi with solubilization capacity of aluminum phosphate were isolated (Al-P), from which two microorganisms with greater solubilization activity were selected, identified as strain UNH!: Mycelia sterilia y UNH2: Penicillium sp. Selected fungi were evaluated through the Pikovskaya liquid (PVK) with (Al-P), under two conditions, with stirring (A method) and repose with aireation ( B method), for fifteen days. When comparing the results, significant statistical differences were found in the percentage of soluble phosphorus, method A presented better results with a percentage of 73.8% compared to 62% with the strain UNH1 and in smaller proportion with the strain UNH2 49% and 44 %. The increase in biomass was greater with method B and the pH of the culture media did not show significant differences, with an average pH of 2.7.

RESUMO De PVAc Melanudands cultivadas com café (Coffea arabica variedade caturra), a partir do Departamento (Colômbia), fungos foram isoladas com fosfato de alumínio capacidade de solubilização (Al-P), de que introduziu foram seleccionados dois microrganismos a atividade mais alta, identificada como cepa UNH1 (Mycelia sterilia) e UNH2 (Penicillium sp). fungos seleccionados foram avaliadas durante duas semanas em meio líquido Pikovskaya (PVK) com Al-P sob duas condições, com agitação (método A) e que descansa com arejamento (método B). Ao comparar os resultados estatisticamente diferenças significativas na percentagem de fósforo solúvel encontrada, método A proporcionou melhores resultados com uma percentagem de 73,8% versus 62% com a estirpe UNH1 e em menor grau com a estirpe UNH2 49% e 44 %. O aumento da biomassa foi maior com o método B e o pH do meio de cultura não mostrou diferenças significativas, com um pH médio de 2,7.

Desarrollo de un sistema de fermentación líquida y de enquistamiento para una bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno con potencial como biofertilizante / Development of a liquid fermentation system and encystment for a nitrogen-fixing bacterium strain having biofertilizer potential

El uso indiscriminado de fertilizantes químicos ha contribuido al deterioro de las propiedades biológicas, físicas y químicas del suelo, lo que derivó en la pérdida de su capacidad productiva. Por esta razón, se ha planteado como alternativa tecnológica el uso de biofertilizantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un sistema de fermentación líquida y de enquistamiento adecuado para la multiplicación de Azotobacter chroococcum cepa AC1, una bacteria utilizada en la formulación de un biofertilizante actualmente producido por CORPOICA, Colombia. Se emplearon diseños estadísticos secuenciales para determinar las condiciones del sistema de fermentación. Se evaluaron la interacción entre la agitación, la aireación y el pH sobre la biomasa viable obtenida de AC1 (UFC/ml), que se tomó como variable de respuesta. Además, se evaluó la capacidad de enquistamiento de esta bacteria empleando 2 agentes de enquistamiento, AE01 y AE02. La actividad potencial promotora del crecimiento vegetal fue evaluada por medio del ensayo de ARA (fijación biológica de nitrógeno), la técnica de azul de fosfomolibdeno (solubilización de fosfato) y la reacción colorimétrica empleando el reactivo de Salkowski (producción de compuestos indólicos). Se evidenciaron efectos significativos (p <0,05) sobre la producción de biomasa de los 3 factores evaluados (pH, aireación y agitación) individualmente, de una interacción dual y en la interacción tripartita, teniendo un efecto positivo sobre la variable de respuesta la aireación y agitación. La adición de los inductores de enquistamiento AE01 y AE02 demostró la capacidad de la cepa AC1 para formar quistes en condiciones de estrés. Asimismo, las condiciones de fermentación y el enquistamiento no afectaron las actividades biológicas evaluadas.

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has contributed to the deterioration of the biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil, resulting in the loss of its productive capacity. For this reason, the use of biofertilizers has emerged as a technological alternative. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable liquid fermentation system and encystment for the multiplication of Azotobacter chroococcum AC1 strain, a bacterium employed in a biofertilizer formulation produced at present by CARPOICA, Colombia. Sequential statistical designs were used to determine the conditions in the fermentation system. The interaction between agitation, aeration and pH was evaluated on the viable biomass (CFU/ml) of AC1. In addition, the encystment ability of the strain was evaluated using two encystment agents and the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity was assessed by different techniques, such as nitrogen fixation by ARA, phosphate solubilization by the phospho-molybdenum-blue reaction and indolic compound production by colorimetric reaction using the Salkowski reagent. Results showed significant effects (p <0.05) on the viable biomass in the three conditions (pH, aeration and agitation) tested individually, in one dual interaction and one tripartite interaction, were demonstrated to have a positive effect on the response variable aeration and agitation. The addition of the two encystment agents evaluated, AE01 and AE02, demonstrated the ability of AC1 to form cysts under stress conditions. Likewise, fermentation and encystment conditions did not affect the biological activities tested.

Alternativas para o controle de odores e corrosão em sistemas de coleta e tratamento de esgoto / Alternatives to odor and corrosion control in sanitary sewerage systems and treatment plants

RESUMO Este artigo busca consolidar as principais características, vantagens e desvantagens de métodos disponíveis no meio técnico e científico para o controle de odores e corrosão em redes coletoras e estações de tratamento de esgoto, trazendo uma abordagem atualizada sobre soluções preventivas relacionadas à concepção e à operação de sistemas de esgotamento, com adição de compostos químicos ou aeração em fase líquida. São apresentados os princípios de cada técnica e consolidadas as principais diretrizes para o projeto de alternativas. Além disso, são apresentadas diretrizes para a concepção de soluções corretivas com contenção e exaustão de unidades/fontes potencialmente odorantes, incluindo uma discussão sobre os processos atualmente disponíveis no meio técnico-científico para tratamento de gases odorantes e corrosivos.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to consolidating the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of available methods in technical-scientific community to odor and corrosion control in sanitary sewerage systems and treatment plants, taking along an innovative approach on preventive solutions related to sewage systems design and operation with addition of chemicals or liquid phase aeration. The main beliefs of each technique are presented as well as the main guidelines for alternatives design. In addition, guidelines are given for corrective solutions design of covers and exhaust of potentially odorous sources, as well as a brief discussion of processes currently available in the technical-scientific community to the treatment of odorant odorous and corrosive gases.

Enhanced ethanol production at commercial scale from molasses using high gravity technology by mutant S. cerevisiae

Abstract Very high gravity (VHG) technology was employed on industrial scale to produce ethanol from molasses (fermented) as well as by-products formation estimation. The effect of different Brix° (32, 36 and 40) air-flow rates (0.00, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 vvm) was studied on ethanol production. The maximum ethanol production was recorded to be 12.2% (v/v) at 40 Brix° with 0.2 vvm air-flow rate. At optimum level aeration and 40 Brix° VHG, the residual sugar level was recorded in the range of 12.5-18.5 g/L, whereas the viable cell count remained constant up to 50 h of fermentation and dry matter production increased with fermentation time. Both water and steam consumption reduced significantly under optimum conditions of Brix° and aeration rate with compromising the ethanol production. Results revealed VHG with continuous air flow is viable technique to reduce the ethanol production cost form molasses at commercial scale.

Influência da concentração de lodo sobre o consumo de energia para aeração em sistemas de lodo ativado / Influence of the sludge concentration on the energy consumption for aeration in activated sludge systems

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar quantitativamente a influência da concentração de lodo sobre os fatores que afetam a capacidade de aeração em sistemas de lodo ativado. A investigação experimental foi desenvolvida aplicando a técnica da respirometria, que possibilitou a determinação da taxa de consumo de oxigênio e das variáveis que afetam a transferência de oxigênio. Os resultados experimentais indicam que a concentração de lodo afeta de maneira significativa a capacidade de aeração em sistemas de lodo ativado e, consequentemente, aumenta consideravelmente o consumo de energia. A viabilidade econômica de sistemas que permitem aumento da concentração de lodo, como reatores biológicos com membranas e reatores biológicos com leito móvel, é questionável quando se comparam os custos de implementação com os benefícios resultantes.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate quantitatively the influence of sludge concentration on the factors affecting the aeration capacity in activated sludge systems. The experimental investigation involved the application of respirometry, by which the oxygen consumption rate was determined and allowed evaluation of the effect of concentration on the variables that affect oxygen transfer. The experimental results indicated that the sludge concentration has a strong effect on aeration capacity and consequently on the energy consumption. The economic feasibility of systems that allow operation at high concentration, like membrane bioreactor and moving bed biofilm reactor, is questionable when the costs of implementation are compared to the resulting benefits.

Embedded system in Arduino platform with Fuzzy control to support the grain aeration decision / Sistema embarcado em plataforma Arduino, com controle Fuzzy para suporte a decisão de aeração de grãos

ABSTRACT: Aeration is currently the most commonly used technique to improve the drying and storage of grain, depending on temperature and water content of the grain, as of the temperature and relative humidity of the outside air. In order to monitor temperature and humidity of the grain mass, it is possible to have a network of sensors in the cells of both internal and external storage. Use of artificial intelligence through Fuzzy theory, has been used since the 60s and enables their application on various forms. Thus, it is observed that the aeration of grain in function of representing a system of controlled environment can be studied in relation to the application of this theory. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present an embedded Fuzzy control system based on the mathematical model of CRUZ et al. (2002) and applied to the Arduino platform, for decision support in aeration of grain. For this, an embedded Arduino system was developed, which received the environmental values of temperature and humidity to then be processed in a Fuzzy controller and return the output as a recommendation to control the aeration process rationally. Comparing the results obtained from the graph presented by LASSERAN (1981) it was observed that the system is effective.

RESUMO: A aeração é a técnica mais utilizada para melhorar a secagem e as condições de armazenamento de grãos, dependendo da temperatura e teor de água do grão, e da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar externo. O controle da aeração depende do monitoramento da temperatura e da umidade da massa de grãos, podendo-se utilizar uma rede de sensores nas células de armazenamento tanto interna como externamente. A utilização de inteligência artificial pela aplicação da teoria Fuzzy vem sendo utilizada desde a década de 60 e pode ser usada em diversos meios. Assim, observa-se que a aeração de grãos, por ser um sistema de ambiência controlada, pode ser objeto de estudo na aplicação dessa teoria. Diante disso, objetiva-se com este trabalho apresentar um sistema embarcado de controle Fuzzy, baseado no modelo matemático de CRUZ et al. (2002) e aplicados em plataforma Arduino, para suporte a decisão na aeração de grãos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um sistema embarcado em Arduino, o qual recebe os valores ambientais: temperatura e umidade para então processar em um controlador Fuzzy e retornar como saída uma recomendação de aeração para controlar o processo de forma racional. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos com o gráfico apresentado por LASSERAN (1981), observasse que o sistema é eficaz.

Alteraciones del tercio medio facial en la infancia como patogénesis del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Midface alterations in childhood as pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Resumen: El inicio de la respiración nasal marca un impulso genéticamente determinado para airear las cavidades de la cara o senos paranasales, que a su vez inician su crecimiento y forman el espacio útil transitable desde el punto de vista respiratorio durante el desarrollo del tercio medio facial. Considerando la evidencia de que la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior tiene un rol primordial en la patogénesis de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño, cualquier patología que cause dificultad permanente al flujo aéreo nasal durante la respiración llevará a un hipodesarrollo de la amplitud requerida en esta vía, disminuyendo la estimulación del crecimiento de las cavidades sinusales y alterando el desarrollo del tercio medio facial en su conjunto.

Abstract: The onset of nasal breathing sets a genetically determined impulse to aerate the face cavities or paranasal sinuses, which in turn initiate its growth creating the useful trafficable space for air during the development of the midface. Considering the evidence that the upper airway obstruction has a primary role in the pathogenesis of respiratory sleep disorders, any condition that causes a permanent difficulty to the nasal airflow during breathing will cause hypo-development of the required amplitude in this airway, reducing the growth stimulation of the sinus cavities and altering the development of the midface as a whole.

Control de las tasas de aireación y agitación en la producción de surfactina en un cultivo alimentado (fed-batch) en espuma desbordante con fermentación industrial / Control of agitation and aeration rates in the production of surfactin in foam overflowing fed-batch culture with industrial fermentation

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmb50 produces a high yield of surfactin, a lipopeptide-type biosurfactant that has been widely studied and has potential applications in many fields. A foam overflowing culture has been successfully used in the combined production-enrichment fermentation of surfactin. In this study, the agitation and aeration rates were found to have relationships with foam formation and surfactin enrichment. A maximum surfactin concentration of 4.7 g/l of foam was obtained after 21 h of culture with an agitation rate of 150 rpm and an aeration rate of 1 vvm in fed-batch culture. By controlling the foam overflow rate (f out) of a fed-batch culture, surfactin concentration in the foam was continuously maintained above 4 g/l.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmb50 produce gran cantidad de surfactina, un biosurfactante de tipo lipopeptídico que ha sido objeto de estudios pormenorizados y tiene aplicaciones en muchos campos. El cultivo en espuma desbordante se ha utilizado con éxito en la fermentación combinada de producción-enriquecimiento de surfactina. En este estudio, se halló que las tasas de aireación y agitación tienen relación con la formación de espuma y el enriquecimiento de la surfactina. Se obtuvo una concentración máxima de surfactina de 4,7 g/l de espuma después de 21 h de cultivo con una tasa de agitación de 150 rpm y una tasa de aireación de 1 vvm en un cultivo alimentado (fed-batch). Al controlar la tasa de espuma desbordante (f out) de un cultivo fed-batch, la concentración de surfactina en la espuma se mantuvo continua por encima de 4 g/l.

Aeração nasal e força muscular respiratória em crianças respiradoras orais / Nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers' children

Resumo:OBJETIVO:observar se existe relação entre força muscular respiratória e área da aeração nasal em crianças respiradoras orais.MÉTODOS:trata-se de um estudo do tipo observacional, transversal comparativo entre dois grupos. Participaram 32 crianças com Respiração Oral secundária à rinite alérgica (21 meninos e 11 meninas) e 30 respiradoras nasais sem rinite alérgica (09 meninos e 21 meninas), 7 a 12 anos, submetidas à avaliação da aeração nasal com o espelho de Altmann e à avaliação da força muscular respiratória com o manovacuômetro digital (MVD(r)30).RESULTADOS:não houve correlação entre aeração nasal e força muscular respiratória em cada subgrupo. Houve diferença comparando-se valores das pressões expiratórias máximas entre meninos e meninas respiradores orais (p=0,0064) e entre meninos e meninas respiradores nasais (p=0,0030). Também houve diferença das pressões inspiratórias máximas entre meninos e meninas respiradores orais (p=0,0324) e entre meninos e meninas respiradores nasais (p=0,0210).CONCLUSÃO:não foi possível confirmar a relação entre a área de aeração nasal e a força muscular respiratória nos respiradores orais.

Abstract:PURPOSE:to observe whether there is a relationship between respiratory muscle strength and degree of nasal aeration in Mouth Breathing children.METHODS:this is an observational and a comparative cross-sectional study. The subjects were 32 Mouth Breathing children with allergic rhinitis (21 boys and 11 girls) and 30 nasal breathing without allergic rhinitis (09 boys and 21 girls), 7-12 years, subjected to evaluation for nasal aeration with Altmann mirror and to evaluation of respiratory muscle strength with digital manovacuometer (MVD(r)30).RESULTS:there was no correlation between nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in each subgroup. There was difference comparing values ​​of maximal expiratory pressure between mouth breathers boys and girls (p=0,0064), and between nasal breathers boys and girls (p=0,0030). There was also difference maximal inspiratory pressure between mouth breathers boys and girls (p=0,0324), and between nasal breathers boys and girls (p=0,0210).CONCLUSION:it was not possible to confirm that there is a relationship between the degree of nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in Mouth Breathing.

Estudio de las condiciones de mezclado en fermentador para la producción de blastosporas de Beauveria bassiana / Study of the mixing conditions in bioreactor for blastospores production of Beauveria bassiana

Se caracterizaron tres fermentadores: New Brunswick M-19 de 14 litros, Applikon Biocontroller 1035 de 7 litros y New Brunswick Bioflo III de 7 litros, determinando el coeficiente volumétrico de transferencia de oxígeno (KLa), la retención de gas (RG) y el tiempo de mezclado (tM). El fermentador New Brunswick Bioflo III tuvo los mejores valores con una relación de diámetro del impulsor/diámetro del tanque (DI/DT) de 0.43, KLa = 9.5-208 h-1 y tM = 1.0-3.0 s, por lo que fue seleccionado para realizar la producción de blastosporas de Beauveria bassiana, utilizando melaza como fuente de carbono. Se estudiaron las condiciones de mezclado, utilizando diferentes combinaciones de impulsores tipo Rushton, Maxflo y Lightnin, bajo un diseño experimental factorial 32. El tiempo de propagación fue de 4 días, el volumen de trabajo 4 litros, 10% de inóculo (1x106 blastosporas/ml), temperatura 30°C, agitación de 400-500 rpm, aireación de 0.5-1.0 vvm, y pH de 5.4.El hongo se desarrolló mejor utilizando la combinación de impulsores Rushton-Maxflo a 400 rpm y 1.0 vvm (F = 10.324, p ≤ 0.0123) (DMS=0.585), obteniendo una concentración de 1.2x109 blastosporas/ml, 2.2 g/l de biomasa y 2.48 g/l de consumo de sustrato (Y x/s=0.89). Las condiciones de mezclado y los parámetros obtenidos pueden ser aplicados en otros fermentadores para optimizar la producción de blastosporas de B. bassiana en la elaboración experimental de bioinsecticidas.

In this work three fermenters were characterized: New Brunswick M-19 of 14 liters, Biocontroller Applikon 1035 of 7 liters and New Brunswick Bioflo III of 7 liters, determining the volumetric coefficient oxygen transfer (KLa), gas hold up (GH) and the mixing time (tM). The fermenter New Brunswick Bioflo III had the best values with a ratio of diameter of the impeller/vessel (DI/DT) of 0.43, KLa = 9.5-208 h-1 and tM = 1.0-3.0 s, so it was selected for the production of blastospores of Beauveria bassiana, using molasses as carbon source. We studied the mixing conditions, using different combinations of impellers, type Rushton, Lightnin and Maxflo under a factorial experimental design 32. The propagation time was of 4 days, working volume 4l, 10% inoculum (1x106 blastospores/ml), temperature 30°C, agitation of 400-500 rpm, aeration 0.5-1.0 vvm, and pH of 5.4. The fungus growth better using a combination of impellers Rushton-Maxflo at 400 rpm and 1.0 vvm (F = 10.324, p ≤ 0.0123) (LSD = 0.585) obtaining a concentration of 1.2x109 blastospores/ml, 2.2 g/l biomass and 2.48 g/l of substrate consumption (Y x/s = 0.89). The mixing conditions and the parameters obtained can be applied to optimize the blastospore productions of B. bassiana to fermenter level in the experimental production of bioinsecticides.

Transferência de massa em sistemas de aeração por jatos bifásicos / Mass transfer in two-phase jet aeration systems

A injeção de misturas de ar e água na forma de jatos bifásicos é bastante usada para a aeração artificial em tanques e corpos hídricos. No presente trabalho, foram realizados experimentos para investigar a transferência de massa induzida por estes jatos em um tanque de aeração. Os resultados forneceram eficiências de transferência de oxigênio padrão variando entre aproximadamente 5 e 9%. Combinando-se os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa com os disponíveis na literatura, foram geradas correlações adimensionais para o coeficiente de transferência de massa em função da fração volumétrica de ar e do número de Froude densimétrico. Finalmente, os resultados foram aplicados a situações práticas envolvendo sistemas de aeração por jatos bifásicos.

The injection of air-water mixtures through two-phase jets is widely used for artificial aeration in tanks and water bodies. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate mass transfer induced by such jets in an aeration tank. The results provided standard oxygen transfer efficiencies ranging from about 5 to 9%. Combining the results obtained here with those from previous investigations allowed to generate dimensionless correlations for the mass transfer coefficient as a function of the gas volume fraction and the densimetric Froude number. Finally, the results were applied to practical situations involving two-phase jet aeration systems.

Aeration effect on Spirulina platensis growth and ã-linolenic acid production

The influence of aeration on algal growth and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) production in a bubble column photobioreactor was investigated. Studies were performed in a 20-L reactor at different aeration rates (0.2-2.5 vvm). Static, continuous, and periodic operation of air resulted in 41.9%, 88.4%, and 108% air saturation of dissolved oxygen, for which the corresponding values of GLA were 2.3, 6.5, and 7.5 mg·g-1 dry cell weight, respectively. An increase in the aeration rate from 0.2 to 2.5 vvm enhanced both the specific growth rate and GLA content under periodic sparging in the bicarbonate medium. With a 6-fold increase in the aeration rate, the GLA content of the alga increased by 69.64% (5.6-9.5 mg· g-1 dry cell weight). In addition, the total fatty acid (TFA) content in dry biomass increased from 2.22% to 4.41%, whereas the algae maintained a constant GLA to TFA ratio within the aeration rate tested. The dependence of GLA production on the aeration rate was explained by interrelating the GLA production rate with the specific growth rate using the Luedeking and Piret mixed growth model.

Physical indicators of soil quality of alfisol under conventional system of physic nut / Indicadores físicos da hqualidade de argissolo sob plantio convencional de pinhão manso

The implantation and development of alternative crops to production of biofuel are dependents of soil structural quality. The physic nut has been considered as one of the promising sources of biofuel. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of use systems on some indicators of soil physical quality and to identify critical values of bulk density and air-filled porosity to crop development of an Alfisol under conventional system of physic nut. For the evaluation of physical indicators of soil quality, samples were collected with disturbed and indisturbed structure in different sampling positions (crop row and interrow). The samples were taken of the layers 0.00 - 0.05; 0.05 - 0.10 and 0.10 - 0.20 m depth. In the conditions of this study, concluded that: i) except to 0.10 to 0.20 m depth, the sampling positions influenced all soil physical parameters; ii) the crop row position presented higher macroporosity and total porosity in 0.00 to 0.10 m depth; iii) the critical air-filled porosity and bulk density values for plant growth were 0.74 and 1.49 Mg m-3 and iv) considering the bulk density and air-filled porosity only the crop row position no indicate restrictive values to plants development.

A implantação e o desenvolvimento de culturas alternativas para a produção de biocombustível são dependentes da qualidade estrutural do solo. O pinhão manso tem sido considerado uma fonte promissora de biocombustível. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência dos sistemas de uso em alguns parâmetros físicos e identificar valores críticos ao desenvolvimento de plantas de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo sob sistema convencional de pinhão manso. Coletaram-se amostras com estrutura alterada e inalterada, nas posições linha e entrelinha de cultivo do pinhão manso e nas camadas de 0,00 a 0,05; 0,05 a 0,10 e 0,10 a 0,20 m. Nas condições deste estudo, conclui-se que: i) as posições de amostragem influenciam os parâmetros físicos com exceção da camada de 0,10 - 0,20 m; ii) na camada de 0,00 - 0,10 m, o solo na posição linha de cultivo apresentou uma maior macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo; iii) os valores críticos ao desenvolvimento de plantas referentes ao índice de vazios e de densidade do solo são 0,74 e 1,49 Mg m- 3 e v) considerando o índice de vazios e a densidade do solo, somente o solo na posição linha de cultivo não indica valores limitantes ao desenvolvimento da cultura.

Hygienic Chemical Examination of Bath Water Quality Change in Hot Spring Utilizing Hospital—Presumption of bath water quality changing factors by aeration and aging of hot spring— / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

 The purposes of this study were to analyze the chemical composition of some bath water in a simple alkaline hot spring utilizing a hospital and clarifying the factors that influence the concentration of each component of the hot spring water accompanying the bathing.<br> Water samples were collected in plastic bottles from some bath water and transported to the laboratory. The pH value, electrical conductivity, cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions), anions (fluorine, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate and sulfate ions) and metasilicic and metaboric acids were measured. To investigate the factors that increase concentrations of each component in bathing water, aeration examinations with air or nitrogen gas were continued for one month.<br> The concentrations of sulfate and nitrate ions in the bath water showed an increased tendency compared to those of the hot spring water just after welling up. After aeration with air, the concentration of sulfate ions became higher than that with nitrogen gas. On the contrary, an increase in the concentration of nitrate ions was not found in water aerated with air or nitrogen gas.<br> In conclusion, the oxidation of sulfur in the hot spring water may have caused the density change of the sulfate ions in the bath water. As for the nitrate ions, the increase in the concentration in the bath water seems to have been caused by perspiration during bathing, but not by oxidation for nitrogen in the hot spring water.