Bacterial and C linical P rofile of D iabetic F oot U lcer using O ptimal C ulture T echniques: A Prospective Hospital Based Study

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are the complications of diabetes mellitus. The infection of diabetic foot ulcer is microbes in nature. If they are not recognized and controlled it may lead to many devastating consequences like limb amputation, sepsis, and even mortality. So, the present study was aimed that to determine the bacterial and clinical profile of diabetic foot ulcer using optimal culture techniques. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on Type 2 Diabetic patients with foot ulcer. Around 206 total cases were enrolled on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The duration of study was over a period of two years. Results: The result of this study revealed that causative agent of DFU were found due to aerobic in n = 170 cases whereas anae robic bacteria in n = 36 cases. Conclusion: This study concludes that that proper care should be offered, causative organisms should be timely identified and antibiotic should be sensibly chosen to cut short the morbidity and mortality of DFU.

Isolation and characterization of the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus and its probable association with obstructive caseous lesions in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) / Isolamento e caracterização da microbiota bacteriana aeróbia do esôfago e sua provável associação com lesões caseosas obstrutivas em tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas)

Caseous lesions in the esophagus of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the coast of Brazil have been described as obstructive lesions and can lead to the death of these animals. However, their etiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus of green turtles (C. mydas) from the Brazilian coast and to verify its possible participation in the etiology of caseous lesions. For this, 42 animals were used, 33 alive and healthy and 9 naturally dead that had esophageal lesions confirmed by necropsy, from Anchieta and Piúma beaches, Espírito Santo. Microbiological tests and morphological evaluation of the esophagus were performed. We isolated 14 different bacterial agents from healthy animal samples, with the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa being (36.36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27.27%), and Vibrio alginolyticus (24.24%). In dead animals, only three distinct agents were isolated: S. aureus (50.00%), A. hydrophila (25.00%), and V. alginolyticus (25.00%). Morphological evaluation revealed a predominance of the lesions at the gastroesophageal junction, with multifocal-to-coalescent distribution, discrete intensity, and absence of obstruction. Ulcerations and caseous exudates, inflammatory infiltrates, parasitic eggs, and giant foreign body cells were also observed as well as bacterial lumps and glandular alterations, such as necrosis, adenitis, and fragments of adult parasites. There was a positive correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture and a negative correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture with parasites. Thus, it was noted that the esophageal aerobic microbiota of C. mydas was predominantly composed of Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, and V. alginolyticus, in addition to several enterobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus. These agents are opportunists and may be involved in the etiology of caseous esophagitis in association with other pathogens as co-factors working in association or, even in a secondary way.(AU)

A ocorrência de lesão caseosa no esôfago de tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas) da costa do Brasil tem sido descrita como de caráter obstrutivo e pode causar a morte dos animais. No entanto, sua etiologia permanece pouco esclarecida. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar a microbiota aeróbica esofágica das tartarugas-verdes (C. mydas) da costa brasileira e verificar sua possível participação na etiologia das lesões caseosas. Foram utilizados 42 animais, 33 vivos e hígidos e nove mortos naturalmente que apresentavam lesão esofágica confirmada pela necropsia, provenientes de Anchieta e Piúma, Espírito Santo, nos quais foram feitos testes microbiológicos e avaliação morfológica do esôfago. Foram isolados 14 agentes bacterianos diferentes nas amostras de animais saudáveis, com prevalência de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36,36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33,33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27,27%) e Vibrio alginolyticus (24,24%). Nos animais mortos, foram isolados apenas três agentes distintos: S. aureus (50,00%), A. hydrophila (25,00%) e V. alginolyticus (25,00%). A avaliação morfológica revelou predominância da lesão em junção gastroesofágica, com distribuição multifocal a coalescente, intensidade discreta e ausência de obstrução. Observou-se ainda ulceração e exsudato caseoso, infiltrado inflamatório, ovos de parasitos e células gigantes do tipo corpo estranho, além de grumos bacterianos e de alterações glandulares, como necrose, adenite e fragmentos de parasitos adultos. Houve correlação positiva dos grumos bacterianos com cultivo microbiológico e negativa dos grumos bacterianos e cultivo microbiológico com parasitos. Assim, nota-se que a microbiota esofágica aeróbica de C. mydas é constituída predominantemente por bactérias Gram-negativas como P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila e V. alginolyticus, além de diversas enterobatérias e por Gram-positivas, como S. aureus. Esses agentes são oportunistas e podem estar envolvidos na etiologia da esofagite caseosa em associação a outros patógenos como co-fatores agindo em associação, ou mesmo, por via de infecção secundária.(AU)

Bacteriemia asociada a catéter tunelizado por Chryseobacterium indologenes, en un paciente de hemodiálisis / Bacteriemia associated with a catheter tunneled by Chryseobacterium indologenes, in a hemodialysis patient

Resumen La bacteriemia asociada a catéter representa una parte importante de la morbilidad en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal, el Chryseobacterium indologenes (CI) es una bacteria gram negativa que afecta principalmente a pacientes con estancias hospitalarias prolongadas; la mayoría de casos reportados hasta el momento han ocurrido en Asia. El presente artículo reporta un caso identificado en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, de un paciente que recibe hemodiálisis con el propósito de establecer los factores de riesgo que tienen los pacientes afectados por C. indologenes y conocer más acerca de las características microbiológicas y el espectro de sensibilidad y resistencia de esta bacteria, con el fin de establecer los protocolos de tratamiento para la bacteriemia asociada a catéter.

Abstract Catheter-associated bacteremia represent an important part of the morbidity in patients with renal replacement therapy, Chryseobacterium indologenes is a gram-negative bacterium that mainly affects patients with prolonged hospitalization; the majority of cases reported until now occurred in Asia. This article presents a case identified in Cali, Colombia, in a patient receiving hemodialysis, with the purpose of establishing the risk factors for the patients affected by C. indologenes, and know more about the microbiological characteristics, the spectrum of sensitivity and resistance of this bacterium, in order to establish treatment protocols for catheter-associated bacteremia.

Aerobic Bacterial Profile Of Aspirated Pus Samples At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Patna, Bihar

Abscess is an accumulation of pus in tissue and it is caused by suppuration deep within a tissue, an organ or confined space. Though the bacterial profile from pus samples remains almost similar in various studies, the irrational use of antibiotics has lead to the emergence of various drug resistant pathogens. In this retrospective study we have taken 290 aspirated pus samples for aerobic culture and sensitivity and found 23 different aerobic bacterial isolates. Most common isolate was Escherichia coli (n-12) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n-8) and one each was Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus spp. Sensitivity of E coli was found to be low for ciprofloxacin, amoxycillin+clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, cefepime and aztreonam; while sensitivity was high for amikacin, imipenem, colistin and tigecycline. Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to most of the antibiotics that had been put for sensitivity testing. A continuous inspection should be carried out to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from aspirated pus samples to choose appropriate antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment of infections.

Differential molecular approach and ESBL detection from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolated from the supraglottic region of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit / Aproximación molecular diferencial y detección de BLEES a partir de Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli aisladas de la región supraglótica de pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

Abstract Introduction: Given their ability for colonizing the supraglottic region, desiccation tolerance, resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, and adherence to both inert surfaces and epithelial cells, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are potentially pathogenic microorganisms for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). Objective: To perform a molecular characterization and detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in K. pneumoniae and E. coli strains isolated from the supraglottic region of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in an ICU. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted in 18 isolates. Disk diffusion technique was used for detecting ESBL-producing bacteria. Molecular characterization was made by BOX-PCR technique, while ESBL production was confirmed by testing the isolates against cefotaxime and ceftazidime, alone and in combination with clavulanic acid. Results: a K. pneumoniae strain and another E. coli strain were confirmed as ESBL producers. A divergence greater than 50% was observed in most of the strains; besides non-infectious origin strains resistant to third generation cephalosporins were found. Conclusion: The polyclonality found in this study might indicate that most of the strains belong to each patient's microbiota.

Resumen Introducción. Dada su capacidad para colonizar la región supraglótica, tolerar desecación, resistir los antibióticos β-lactámicos y adherirse tanto a superficies como a células epiteliales, la Klebsiella pneumoniae y la Escherichia coli son microorganismos potencialmente patógenos para los pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) sometidos a ventilación mecánica. Objetivo. Realizar la caracterización molecular y la detección de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEES) a cepas de K. pneumoniae y E. coli aisladas de la región supraglótica de pacientes internados en UCI y sometidos a ventilación mecánica. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo realizado en 18 aislamientos. Se utilizó la técnica de difusión en disco para detectar bacterias productoras de BLEES. La caracterización molecular se realizó mediante la técnica de BOX-PCR y la producción de ESBL fue confirmada mediante la prueba con cefotaxima y ceftazidima, solas y combinadas con ácido clavulanico. Resultados. Una cepa de K. pneumoniae y otra de E. coli resultaron productoras de BLEES. La mayoría de cepas presentaron una divergencia superior al 50%, evidenciándose, además, cepas de origen no infeccioso resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación. Conclusión. La policlonalidad encontrada podría indicar que la mayoría de las cepas pertenecen a la microbiota de cada paciente.

Esporos de bactérias aeróbias são bons indicadores da eficiência do tratamento de água? Um estudo exploratório / Are aerobic spore-forming bacteria good indicators of water treatment efficiency? An explanatory study

RESUMO Apresentam-se e discutem-se neste trabalho os resultados do monitoramento de esporos de bactérias aeróbias em uma estação de tratamento de água de ciclo completo em escala real. Os esporos foram removidos de forma consistente e efetiva ao longo das etapas do tratamento, somando cerca de 3 log em média no ciclo completo. A etapa de clarificação da água (decantação e filtração) foi a principal responsável pela remoção de esporos: 0,65 log na decantação e 1,71 log na filtração, em valores médios. Os esporos mostraram-se resistentes à cloração, mas ainda assim foi alcançada inativação média de 0,8 log. Infere-se que esporos de bactérias aeróbias são bons indicadores da eficiência do tratamento da água em ciclo completo (clarificação e desinfecção por cloração) e exibem potencial de uso como indicadores da remoção/inativação (clarificação e desinfecção por cloração) de cistos de Giardia e de remoção por clarificação de oocistos de Cryptosporidium.

ABSTRACT The results of monitoring aerobic spore-forming bacteria in a field-scale conventional water treatment plant are presented and discussed herein. Spores were consistently and effectively removed throughout the treatment steps, totaling approximately 3 log-unit complete removal. The clarification steps (sedimentation + filtration) accounted for most of the spore removal: 0.65 log by sedimentation and 1.71 log by filtration - average values. Although the spores proved to be rather resistant to chlorination, a 0.8 log-unit reduction by inactivation was achieved. It is suggested that spores of aerobic spore-forming bacteria are useful indicators for evaluating overall water treatment plant performance (clarification and disinfection by chlorination), and can potentially be used as removal/inactivation indicators (clarification and disinfection by chlorination) of Giardia cysts, and removal by clarification of Cryptosporidium oocysts.

A Study of Aerobic Bacterial Isolates and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from Pus Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajasthan

Background: Aerobic bacteria are the major cause of pyogenic infections characterized by local and systemic inflammation and pus formation. Different studies show that bacterial profile of pus samples and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern shows many variations. Emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance has made the treatment of pyogenic infections difficult. Pus culture and sensitivity testing done prior to start antibiotic therapy help in right approach towards selection of antibiotic and treatment. Methods: A study was conducted in Department of Microbiology of a private tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan from August 2017 to January 2018. Total of 240 pus samples were analyzed for aerobic culture and sensitivity. Processing and identification was done as per standard guidelines. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby Baur disc diffusion method. Results: In our study, out of 240 pus samples sent from various departments, 160 (66.6%) were positive for bacterial growth. Commonest isolate was Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Pseudomonas species, E. coli, Klebsiella species, Enterococcus species, either alone or in mixed growth. All Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to Vancomycin and Linezolid. For Pseudomonas species, effective drugs were piperacillin-tazobactem and polymyxin B; for enterobacteriacae, most effective drug was meropenem. Conclusion: It is of utmost importance for a clinician to send the pus sample for microbiological analysis and antibiotic sensitivity testing before starting antibiotic therapy to minimize the emergence of drug resistance.

Bacterial pathogens of the lower respiratory tract of calves from Brazilian rural settlement herds and their association with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease / Patógenos bacterianos do trato respiratório inferior de bezerros criados em rebanhos de assentamentos brasileiros e sua associação com os sinais clínicos da doença respiratória dos bovinos

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production. The study aimed to detect the most important bacteria related to respiratory disease in tracheobronchial fluid samples of healthy and dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD in Brazilian rural settlements. Hundred and forty-one mongrel dairy calves were randomly selected from 42 family farm dairy herds from Brazilian settlements. Physical examination was performed and calves were classified as healthy (n=100) and BRD (n=41). Tracheobronchial fluid samples were collected. Isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC besides isolation of other aerobic bacteria were performed. Abnormal lung sounds (crackle/snoring/whistle), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge, body temperature >39.5°C and respiratory rate >40 breaths/min were higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus intermedius and non-fermentative Gram-negative were the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Non-identified species from Enterobacteriaceae family was higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Mollicutes were isolated in 7.4% of samples and only M. dispar was detected. Mollicutes was associated with purulent/mucopurulent nasal discharge (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans was associated to tachypnea (P=0.020), and Streptococcus spp. was associated with hyperthermia. Statistical tendencies were observed to M. dispar and tachypnea (P=0.066), and P. agglomerans and tachycardia (P=0.066). The obtained results describe the microorganisms found in tracheobronchial fluid of calves with BRD in some herds of Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of BRD.(AU)

A doença respiratória dos bovinos (DRB) é considerada a principal causa de perdas econômicas nas produções de leite e carne. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar as mais importantes bactérias relacionadas a doença respiratória presentes em amostras de lavado traqueobrônquico de bezerros sadios e com sinais clínicos da DRB de assentamentos brasileiros. Cento e quarenta e um bezerros leiteiros sem raça definida foram randomicamente selecionados de 42 rebanhos leiteiros de assentamentos brasileiros. Exame físico foi realizado e os animais foram classificados em sadios (n=100) e com DRB (n=41). Amostras de lavado traqueobrônquico foram coletadas. Foram realizados o isolamento e a detecção molecular de Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis e M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC além de isolamento de outras bactérias aeróbias. Ruídos pulmonares anormais (crepitação/ ronco/sibilo), secreção nasal mucopurulenta/purulenta, temperatura corporal >39.5°C e frequência respiratória >40 movimentos respiratórios/min foram observados com maior frequência em bezerros com DRB comparado aos animais sadios (P<0.05). Bacillus sp, Staphylococcus intermedius e bactérias Gram-negativas não fermentadoras foram as bactérias mais prevalentes. Bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae cuja espécie não fora identificada foram mais frequentes em bezerros com DRB comparado aos bezerros sadios (P<0.05). Mollicutes foram isolados em 7,4% das amostras e somente M. dispar foi detectado. Mollicutes foi associado à secreção nasal purulenta/mucopurulenta (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans foi associada a taquipneia (P=0.020), e Streptococcus spp. Foi associado a hipertermia. Tendência estatística foi observada para M. dispar e taquipneia (P=0.066), e P. agglomerans e taquicardia (P=0.066). Os resultados obtidos descrevem os micro-organismos encontrados no lavado traqueobrônquico de bezerros com DRB em rebanhos de agricultura familiar brasileira e sua relação com as manifestações clínicas da DRB.(AU)

Isolation of aerobic bacteria from ticks infested sheep in Iraq

Objective: To highlight the presence of aerobic bacteria in live ticks infested sheep, in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Methods: One hundred and thirty adult alive ticks were picked up from sheep which were reared in different farms in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, during the period from November 2012 to May 2013. Ticks were classified in the Natural History Museum in Baghdad. They were dissected aseptically for extraction of the salivary gland and mid-gut. The removed tissue from each organ was inoculated in buffer peptone water (1%) and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C, to maintain weak and/or injured bacterial cells, then transmitted to nutrient broth incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Culturing was done on three solid bacteriological media (nutrient, blood and McConkey agars), and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Bacterial identification was performed by using multiple biochemical tests and API-20 strips. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis System version 9.1, 2010. Chi-square test was used for comparison at significant level of P ≤ 0.05. Results: Two species of ticks were identified [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Hyalomma turanicum]. High bacterial isolation rate was observed (483 isolates). A significant high isolation rate was recorded from Rhipicephalus annulatus (63.14%). Six bacterial species were identified [Escherichia coli (28.36%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.01%), Bacillus cereus (14.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.66%), Citrobacter freundii (13.04%), and Enterobacter species (12.21%)]. Also the high bacterial isolation rates were recorded in the temperate months (November, March and April); these coincided with high reproductive performance of ticks. Conclusions: The high isolation rate of aerobic pathogens from ticks might reflect the active contribution of this arthropod in environmental contamination and increase the probability of transmitting bacterial pathogens to their hosts.

Isolation of aerobic bacteria from ticks infested sheep in Iraq

Objective: To highlight the presence of aerobic bacteria in live ticks infested sheep, in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. Methods: One hundred and thirty adult alive ticks were picked up from sheep which were reared in different farms in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, during the period from November 2012 to May 2013. Ticks were classified in the Natural History Museum in Baghdad. They were dissected aseptically for extraction of the salivary gland and mid-gut. The removed tissue from each organ was inoculated in buffer peptone water (1%) and incubated for 2 h at 37℃, to maintain weak and/or injured bacterial cells, then transmitted to nutrient broth incubated at 37℃ for 18 h. Culturing was done on three solid bacteriological media (nutrient, blood and McConkey agars), and then incubated at 37℃ for 24 h. Bacterial identification was performed by using multiple biochemical tests and API-20 strips. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Analysis System version 9.1, 2010. Chi-square test was used for comparison at significant level of P ≤0.05. Results: Two species of ticks were identified [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Hyalomma turanicum]. High bacterial isolation rate was observed (483 isolates). A significant high isolation rate was recorded from Rhipicephalus annulatus (63.14%). Six bacterial species were identified [Escherichia coli (28.36%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.01%), Bacillus cereus (14.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.66%), Citrobacter freundii (13.04%), and Enterobacter species (12.21%)]. Also the high bacterial isolation rates were recorded in the temperate months (November, March and April); these coin-cided with high reproductive performance of ticks. Conclusions: The high isolation rate of aerobic pathogens from ticks might reflect the active contribution of this arthropod in environmental contamination and increase the probability of transmitting bacterial pathogens to their hosts.

Caracterización de un brote de infección o colonización por Acinetobacter baumannii, en el Hospital Universitario San José, ESE, Popayán, Colombia / Characterization of an Acinectobacter baumannii infection outbreak at San José University Hospital, Popayán, Colombia

Objetivo. Caracterizar un brote de infección o colonización por Acinetobacter baumannii. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de 37 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección o colonización por A. baumannii hecho por cultivo positivo para dicho germen, entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2010. Los pacientes fueron caracterizados sociodemográfica y clínicamente. Se describió la frecuencia de potenciales factores de riesgo para infección o colonización por A. baumannii. Resultados. El 86 % de los pacientes presentó algún tipo de farmacorresistencia múltiple, siendo la más común la extendida a los carbapenems. Los potenciales factores de riesgo para infección o colonización más frecuentemente encontrados, fueron procedimientos invasivos (100 %), hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (89,2 %), estancia hospitalaria prolongada (75,6 %), infección previa por otro microorganismo (51,4 %) y desnutrición (40,5 %). En cuanto a los potenciales factores de riesgo para desenlace fatal, se encontraron choque séptico (72,2 %), aislamientos con farmacorresistencia múltiple (86 %) y más de un aislamiento de A. baumannii. Conclusiones. Los principales hallazgos de este trabajo fueron la presencia de farmacorresistencia múltiple y de potenciales factores de riesgo para infección o colonización por A. baumannii en la población estudiada. La mortalidad fue de 48,4 %, principalmente por choque séptico (72,2 %), similar a lo descrito por otros autores. Las estrategias de reforzamiento de la limpieza y desinfección, especialmente la higiene de manos, han demostrado ser medidas efectivas para la prevención y el control de brotes por A. baumannii, por lo cual se recomienda la implementación y el estricto cumplimiento de dichas estrategias en el medio hospitalario.

Materials and methods: This is a case series of 37 patients with the diagnosis of infection/colonization by Acinetobacter baumannii by positive culture for this organism that occurred between January 2009 and December 2010. Patients were characterized clinically, socially and demographically. The frequency and potential risk factors for infection/colonization by Acinetobacter baumannii are described. Results: 86% of patients had some type of multidrug resistance, the most common being resistant to carbapenems. Potential risk factors most frequently found were: invasive procedures (100%), ICU stay (89.2%), prolonged hospital stay (75.6%), previous infection with another microorganism (51.4%), and malnutrition (40.5%). As for potential risk factors for fatal outcome we found: septic shock (72.2%), multidrug isolates (86%), and more than one isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusions and recommendations: The main findings of this study were the presence of multidrug resistance and potential risk factors for infection/colonization by Acinetobacter baumannii in the study population. Mortality rate was 48.4%, due mainly to septic shock (72.2%), similar to that described by other authors. Strategies to reinforce the cleaning and disinfection, especially hand hygiene measures, have proven effective for the prevention and control of outbreaks by Acinetobacter baumannii; therefore, the implementation and strict compliance of these strategies are recommended in the hospital setting.

Bacteriological Spectrum of Different Infections and their Antibiogram at NICVD, Dhaka.

Background: One of the major causes of death in the current era is the infectious diseases. Aerobic bacteria are one of the most commonly isolated organisms from hospitalised patients. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to observe the infections caused by aerobic bacteria and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) from January 2012 to December 2012 for a period of one year. Patients who were admitted in medical wards and medical ICU suffering from different infections were undertaken for this study. Proper thoroughly clinical examination, routine and specific investigations were done in each case. Microbiological samplings were tried on day 1, after completion of antibiotic therapy or in between as required. Aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity tests were done according to clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) standard. Result: A total of 660 samples were studied of which male (70.0%) were predominant than female (30.0%). The highest number of patients was in the age group of 30-60 years (54.0%) followed by 15-30 years (21.5%) and less than 15 years (13.0%). The mean age with standard deviation was 38.61±19.236 years. The most common isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli (40.1%) followed by Pseudomonas species (30.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus (19.0%) and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (5.9%); however, beta-haemolytic Streptococcus (4.2%) was detected. Urine culture has yielded Pseudomonas species (13.3%), E. coli (71.1%) and CNS (15.0%). From pus Pseudomonas species (37.3%) was isolated mostly which was 62 cases followed by E. coli (31.3%), CNS (19.3%) and CPS (7.2%). Pseudomonas species was resistant to penicillin, amoxycillin and vancomycin and ~50% resistant to cotrimoxazole, cefuroxim, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, azythromycin, cephalexin, netelmycin and pfloxacillin. Conclusion: In the conclusion, majority bacteria are resistant to commonly used antibiotics.

Evaluación del potencial antibacterial in vitro de Croton lechleri frente a aislamientos bacterianos de pacientes con úlceras cutáneas / In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Croton lechleri against bacterial isolates from patients with skin ulcers

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo la evaluación del potencial antibacterial in vitro de Croton lechleri frente a aislamientos bacterianos aeróbicos de pacientes con úlceras cutáneas del Sanatorio de Agua de Dios, Cundinamarca, Colombia. La metodología utilizada incluyó el aislamiento e identificación de los aislamientos bacterianos utilizando el sistema automatizado BBL-CrystalTM. Para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro, se realizaron pruebas de difusión en disco, dilución en agar y difusión en pozo, métodos estandarizados por The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI); usando como sustratos el extracto etanólico y de éter de petróleo de Croton lechleri. Se obtuvieron siete aislamientos bacterianos a partir de las úlceras cutáneas de pacientes del sanatorio, el estudio también incluyó ensayos con cepas de referencia ATCC: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC) y de Escherichia coli (ATCC) como control. En los ensayos de sensibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro, se evidencio que los extractos de Croton lechleri fueron efectivos frente a la mayoría de aislamientos bacterianos del estudio, siendo el extracto etanólico el de mayor potencial antibacterial y la técnica de difusión en pozo la que presento mejor sensibilidad y reproducibilidad.

This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial potential of Croton lechleri against aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with skin ulcers from Agua de Dios Sanitarium, (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Bacterial isolates were isolated and identified using the BBL-CrystalTM automated system. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated through disk diffusion, agar dilution and well diffusion, using standardized methods from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Ethanol extract and petroleum ether from Croton lechleri were used as substrates. Bacterial isolates were obtained from skin ulcers of patients in the hospital. ATCC reference strains were included in the assays as controls: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC) and Escherichia coli (ATCC). The antimicrobial sensitivity tests demonstrated that Croton lechleri extracts were effective against almost all strains included in this study. Ethanol extract showed the greater antibacterial potential. The technique that showed the best sensitivity and reproducibility in vitro was the diffusion well.

Caracterização da microbiota auricular de cutias (Dasyprocta aguti) criadas em cativeiro / Characterization of auricular natural microbiota from captive agoutis (Dasyprocta aguti)

The aim of this study was to identify the aerobic bacteria of the auricular natural microbiota from healthy agoutis (Dasyprocta aguti Linnaeus, 1758). In the total, 48 agoutis were used in this experiment, being 32 adults and 16 puppies (both groups divided into equal parts between males and females). The animals were raised under captive conditions, in the Brazilian Semiarid. From each animal, a sample of auricular secretion was collected from each auricular pinna and processed for microbiological analyses. A total of 96 samples were collected and analyzed by colony macroscopic format, cytology and by biochemistry proofs with the objective of isolate and identify the microorganisms. The main bacteria found were Staphylococcus spp. (47.26%), Streptococcus spp. (12.80%), Bacillus spp. (22.73%) and Corynebacterium spp. (17.30%). As conclusion, the most frequent bacteria in auricular pinna of healthy agoutis are Gram-positive cocci and rods, similarly to found in some pets.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as principais bactérias aeróbias que compõem a microbiota natural do pavilhão auricular de cutias hígidas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 48 cutias, criadas em cativeiro sob as condições Semiáridas do Nordeste Brasileiro. Esses animais foram distribuídos nas categorias de adultos (N=32) e filhotes (N=16), e, em ambas, distribuídos igualmente entre machos e fêmeas. Através de um swab, em cada animal coletou-se de cada orelha a secreção presente na superfície do pavilhão auricular dos animais, totalizando 96 amostras. Este material foi refrigerado, e encaminhado ao laboratório para a realização das análises microbiológicas (macroscopia das colônias, citologia e provas bioquímicas), com o intuito de isolar e identificar os microrganismos. Os principais microrganismos isolados foram Staphylococcus spp. (47,26%), Streptococcus spp. (12,80%), Bacillus spp. (22,73%) e Corynebacterium spp. (17,30%). Verificou-se também que não houve diferença entre adultos e filhotes em relação aos microrganismos retrocitados. Assim, as bactérias residentes do pavilhão auricular de cutias hígidas são essencialmente cocos e bacilos gram-positivos, similarmente ao encontrado em pequenos animais domésticos.

Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of Aerobic Bacteria in a Clinical Microbiology Laboratory / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used for the identification of bacteria worldwide. To our knowledge, the evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of bacteria in Korea has not been studied. In this paper we compared the identification results of aerobic bacteria using MALDI-TOF MS to those results using conventional biochemical methods. METHODS: We evaluated the performance of a MALDI-TOF MS system (Bruker Daltonics, Leipzig, Germany) on consecutive aerobic isolates collected from January to February of 2011 which were identified using conventional methods (biochemical testing and commercial identification kits). Either directly smearing onto the target plate or protein extraction methods were additionally used if no reliable or discordant results were obtained. RESULTS: Among 523 isolates tested, 506 (97%) isolates had valid scores (> or =2.0), 11 (2%) isolates gave intermediate scores (1.7 or =2.0) by MALDI-TOF MS, the identification matched at the species level in 486 (96%) isloates, matched at the genus level in 17 (3%) isloates, and was discordant at the genus and species levels in 3 (1%) isloates. CONCLUSION: The overall matching rate at the species level of MALDI-TOF MS was very high. When MALDI-TOF MS did not yield reliable results by direct smear, additional direct smears or protein extraction methods could be used to obtain better results. Our results showed that MALDI-TOF MS is a very useful method for the identification of aerobic bacteria isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Antimicrobial activity of ceftobiprole against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: results from INVITA-A-CEFTO Brazilian study

Ceftobiprole is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with potent activity against staphylococci, including those resistant to oxacillin, as well as against most Gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the in vitro activity of ceftobiprole and comparator agents was tested against bacterial isolates recently collected from Brazilian private hospitals. A total of 336 unique bacterial isolates were collected from hospitalized patients between February 2008 and August 2009. Each hospital was asked to submit 100 single bacterial isolates responsible for causing blood, lower respiratory tract or skin and soft tissue infections. Bacterial identification was confirmed and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI microdilution method at a central laboratory. The CLSI M100-S21 (2011) was used for interpretation of the antimicrobial susceptibility results. Among the 336 pathogens collected, 255 (75.9 percent) were Gram-negative bacilli and 81 (24.1 percent) were Gram-positive cocci. Although ceftobiprole MIC50 values for oxacillin resistant strains were two-fold higher than for methicillin susceptible S. aureus, ceftobiprole inhibited 100 percent of tested S. aureus at MICs < 4 µg/mL. Polymyxin B was the only agent to show potent activity against Acinetobacter spp. (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 µg/mL), and P. aeruginosa (MIC50/90, 1/2 µg/mL). Resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins varied from 55.3-68.5 percent and 14.3-28.5 percent among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates, respectively; with ceftobiprole MIC50 > 6 µg/mL for both species. Our results showed that ceftobiprole has potent activity against staphylococci and E. faecalis, which was superior to that of vancomycin. Our data also indicates that ceftobiprole demonstrated potency comparable to that of cefepime and ceftazidime against key Gram-negative species.

Groundwater contamination in Agbowo community, Ibadan Nigeria: Impact of septic tanks distances to wells

In Nigeria, inadequate supply of pipe borne water is a major concern; hence many homes have wells as a source of water for household uses. The groundwater of forty wells in Agbowo community was assessed for Total Aerobic Bacteria Counts (TABC) and Total Coliform Counts (TCC). The location and distances of wells from septic tanks were determined using the Global Positioning System (GPS) device and a tape rule respectively. All the wells sampled had high TABC (4.76±1.41 log CFU/mL) and TCC (2.29±0.67 log CFU/mL) counts which exceeded the international standard of 0 per 100 mL of potable water. There were no significant differences in the bacterial counts between covered and uncovered wells (p>0.05). The mean distance (8.93±3.61m) of wells from the septic tanks was below the limit (15.24 m or 50 ft) set by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). TABC increased with a decrease in distance between the wells and septic tanks though not significant (p<0.05). A very weak positive correlation (r2 =0.021) ensued between the distance from septic tank and CC, while a weak negative correlation (r2 = ‒0.261) was obtained between the TCC and TABC. This study accentuates the need to set standards for the siting of wells from septic tanks while considering all possible sources of well contamination as well as treatment of ground water before use.

Identification of bacteria from the oral cavity and cloaca of snakes imported from Vietnam / 한국실험동물학회지

Reptiles are used for various purposes these days, including public exhibits, medicinal applications, and as laboratory animals. As the international exchange of reptiles has gradually increased, more people have had the opportunity to come in contact with these animals. Snakes typically live in the rhizosphere where various bacterial strains exist and as such they can lead to opportunistic human diseases. When snakes are encountered in veterinary medicine, it is necessary to monitor their microflora. Native microflora of reptiles imported from other countries has not yet been reported in Korea. In this study, oral and cloacae samples were collected from 18 Burmese pythons transported from Vietnam. The specimens were incubated at 37degrees C for 18 h to produce colony growth under aerobic condition and isolated colonies were then identified using a VITEK automated identification system. There were fourteen types of aerobic bacteria isolated from both oral and cloacae samples, nine from only oral specimens, and fifteen from only cloacae specimens. Most bacteria isolated were opportunistic pathogens of humans which therefore have the potential to induce disease in people. Based on the microflora and the prevalence of bacterial strains in snakes, quarantine procedures for reptiles transported internationally should be strengthened. Characterization of the microflora of reptiles with the potential to induce zoonosis should be performed in those used as laboratory animals and to prevent zoonotic outbreaks in the general population as well as among veterinarians.

The evaluation of bacteriology in perianal abscesses of 81 adult patients

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of perianal abscesses requires prompt surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy. However, we should encourage the selective use of antimicrobial agents on a case-by-case basis, especially because there is no evidence that uncomplicated perianal abscesses can be safely treated only with drainage. For this reason, it is important to identify the causative organisms; therefore, we accessed the microbiological analysis of these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 81 consecutive adult patients with perianal abscesses, who presented at a university hospital in Diyarbakir from January 2004 to December 2006, were included. Clinical and laboratory data, and results of microbiological analysis were recorded. RESULTS: All specimens, except seven, yielded bacterial growth. Escherichia coli, Bacteriodes spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common isolated organisms. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other investigators, this study demonstrated that aerobic organisms are the predominant isolates in these infections.

Normal microbiota of the perialveolar region of incisors of rats / Microbiota normal da região perialveolar de incisivos em ratos

Identificou-se a microbiota normal da região peri-alveolar de incisivos em 72 ratos Wistar, com 70-90 dias de idade e 280-330g de peso. As bactérias foram coletadas com suabes embebidos em solução salina. Do material depositado em tubo contendo 460µl de Brain Heart Infusion e diluído em 1:10, retirou-se 1µl para semeadura em placas de Petri. O crescimento médio foi 1,4x10(6) ± 2,6x10(5)UFC/ml. Segundo a ordem das freqüências, as bactérias encontradas foram: Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Serratia liquefaciens. De todas as bactérias isoladas, as Gram-positivas e as Gram-negativas compreenderam 91,2 por cento e 8,8 por cento, respectivamente. Dentre as Gram-positivas, a mais freqüente foi Bacillus sp.(31,2 por cento) e a menos, Staphylococcus saprophyticcus (3,0 por cento). Quanto às bactérias Gram-negativas, a mais encontrada foi Escherichia coli (50,1 por cento) e a menos, Serratia liquefaciens (6,2 por cento)