Estratificación del riesgo de muerte por enfermedades no transmisibles asociado a la contaminación ambiental en Cuba / Stratification of the emergence risk of non communicable diseases associated with the environmental contamination in Cuba

Introducción: Las enfermedades no transmisibles representan un importante problema sanitario a nivel mundial, sobre todo para los países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Identificar la variación de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama, de pulmón y de próstata y su posible asociación con la contaminación ambiental. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico a nivel nacional, desde 2000 hasta 2010, tomando como unidad de análisis el municipio. Las enfermedades seleccionadas fueron los tumores malignos, en específico los de mama, de próstata y de pulmón, y se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad acumuladas y tipificadas relacionadas con estos durante este período. Asimismo, se empleó el Sistema de Información Geográfica para confeccionar los mapas de estratificación de riesgo tomando como referencia la tasa nacional y se escogieron las principales fuentes fijas contaminantes de tipo industrial para el análisis de la contaminación atmosférica. Resultados: Fueron elaborados los mapas de estratificación de riesgo de morir por cada una de las enfermedades seleccionadas y se obtuvo el mapa de las principales fuentes fijas contaminantes de tipo industrial; de igual modo, se realizaron otros mapas integrales para explorar la posible asociación entre dichas entidades clínicas y la contaminación ambiental. Conclusiones: El análisis integral de la estratificación del riesgo epidemiológico y ambiental reflejó que los municipios más afectados fueron Mariel, Nuevitas y Moa, así como Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Camagüey y Santiago de Cuba. En Ciudad de La Habana sobresalieron los municipios de Habana Vieja, Regla, Cotorro, San Miguel del Padrón, Arroyo Naranjo, Marianao y Centro Habana.

Introduction: The non communicable diseases represent an important sanitary problem at world level, mainly for the developing countries. Objective: To identify the variation of mortality due to lung, breast and prostate cancer and their possible association with the environmental contamination. Methods: An ecological study at national level was carried out, from 2000 to 2010, taking as analysis unit the municipality. The selected diseases were malignant tumors, specifically those of breast, prostate and lung, and the accumulated typified mortality rates related with these were calculated during this period. Also, the System of Geographical Information was used to make the risk stratification maps, taking as reference the national rate and the main fixed pollutants sources of industrial type were chosen for the analysis of the atmospheric contamination. Results: Maps stratification risk of dying were elaborated for each of the selected diseases and the map of the main fixed pollutants sources of industrial type was obtained; in the same way, other comprehensive maps were elaborated to explore the possible association between these clinical entities and the environmental contamination. Conclusions: The comprehensive analysis of the stratification of the epidemiological and environmental risk reflected that the most affected municipalities were Mariel, Nuevitas and Moa, as well as Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba. In Havana the municipalities of Old Havana, Cotorro, San Miguel del Padrón, Arroyo Naranjo, Marianao and Centro Habana stood out.

Effect of three different gargling liquid on bacterial colonies in air during oral ultrasound scaling / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of different gargling liquid on colony number in air during oral ultrasound scaling for patients with periodontitis.Methods Patients with mild (n=54), moderate (n=54), and severe chronic periodontitis (n=54) were selected, then patients with same degree of periodontitis were randomly divided into three groups, with 18 in each group. Before scaling, patients in each group of mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis were given honeysuckle liquid (gargle A), 3％ hydrogen peroxide (gargle B), and normal saline (gargle C) respectively. Bacterial culture and identification of air specimens were conducted at 0 and 30 minutes after the beginning of ultrasonic scaling as well as 10, 20 minutes after the end of ultrasonic scaling.Results Variance analysis of three-factor factorial design data showed that degree of periodontitis, types of gargling liquid, and sampling time had interaction (F=2.666, P=0.002). Comparisons of air colonies: At the beginning of scaling, there was no significant difference in colony number of air around patients using different gargling liquid in mild, moderate and severe groups (all P＞0.05). Among patients using the same gargling liquid at 30 minutes after the beginning of scaling, colony number of air was the lowest around patients with mild periodontitis and the highest around patients with severe periodontitis, colony numbers of air around patients with gargle A and B were lower than that of patients with gargle C. Comparison of each sampling points showed that colony number of air around the right side of patients' head was highest, differences were all statistically significant (all P＜0.05). 20 minutes after the end of scaling, there was no significant difference in colony number among groups compared before scaling (all P＞0.05). The main isolated strains in the air were Streptococcus viridans (32.53％), coagulase negative staphylococcus (24.56％), and filamentous fungi (18.48％).Conclusion There are variety of opportunistic pathogens in the air during oral ultrasound scaling, and the number of colonies is positively correlated with the degree of periodontitis. honeysuckle liquid has a good effect on reducing the number of air colonies during and after scaling.

Effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine in reducing microorganisms found in aerosol used for dental prophylaxis of patients submitted to fixed orthodontic treatment

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing, in vivo, whether the prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash would decrease air contamination caused by aerosolized sodium bicarbonate during dental prophylaxis. The study was conducted with 23 patients aged between 10 and 40 years old who were randomly selected and undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS: The study was divided into two phases (T1 and T2) with a 30-day interval in between. In both phases, dental prophylaxis was performed with aerosolized sodium bicarbonate jetted to the upper and lower arches for 4 minutes. In T1, 10 minutes before the prophylaxis procedure, the participants used distilled water as mouthwash for one minute; whereas in T2, mouthwash was performed with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Microbial samples were collected in BHI agar plates for microbiological analysis. Two dishes were positioned on the clinician (10 cm from the mouth) and a third one at 15 cm from the patient's mouth. The samples were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Results were expressed in colony-forming units (CFU). RESULTS: Statistical analysis carried out by means of Student's t test, as well as Wilconxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that the prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash significantly reduced CFU in the three positions studied (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prior use of 0.12% chlorhexidine as mouthwash significantly reduced contamination caused by aerosolized sodium bicarbonate during dental prophylaxis in the orthodontic clinic. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar, in vivo, se a utilização prévia do bochecho com clorexidina a 0,12% diminui a contaminação do ar gerada pelo jato de bicarbonato de sódio durante a profilaxia dentária. O estudo foi realizado com 23 pacientes, na faixa etária entre 10 e 40 anos, escolhidos aleatoriamente, que faziam uso de aparelho ortodôntico fixo. MÉTODOS: o estudo foi dividido em duas fases (T1 e T2), com intervalo de 30 dias entre elas. Em ambas, foi realizada profilaxia dentária com jato de bicarbonato de sódio na arcada superior e inferior, durante quatro minutos. Em T1, 10 minutos antes do procedimento, os participantes realizaram bochecho com água destilada durante um minuto, e, em T2, o bochecho foi realizado com clorexidina a 0,12%. Amostras dos microrganismos foram coletadas em placas de ágar BHI para análise microbiológica, sendo duas placas posicionadas no profissional (a 10cm da boca) e uma terceira a 15cm da boca do paciente. Após a coleta, as placas foram incubadas por 48 horas a 37°C. O resultado foi expresso em número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). RESULTADOS: após análise estatística utilizando teste t de Student, teste de Wilconxon e teste de Kruskal-Wallis, observou-se que o bochecho prévio com clorexidina a 0,12% reduziu significativamente a média de UFC nas três posições estudadas (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados permitem concluir que o bochecho prévio com clorexidina a 0,12% proporcionou uma redução estatisticamente significativa na contaminação gerada por meio do jato de bicarbonato de sódio durante a profilaxia dentária na clínica ortodôntica. .

Isolation of pathogenic yeasts in the air from hospital environments in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil

This paper reports the results of environmental surveillance of yeasts in specific areas of two tertiary local hospitals. From March 2007 to February 2008, samples from the air of two public hospitals were collected on a monthly basis. The samples were collected through passive sedimentation method (day and night exposure) of Petri dishes. A total of 240 air samples from 10 hospital environments were analyzed. These environments presented similar contamination levels, from which 80 fungi isolates were isolated: Candida parapsilosis (n = 34), Rhodotorula spp. (19), Trichosporon asahii (11), C. tropicalis (8), C. albicans (4), C. glabrata (1), C. guilliermondii (1), C. krusei (1) and Saccharomyces spp. (1). Regarding the presence of yeasts and climatic conditions, there were 40 strains (50 percent) in semi-critical areas (natural ventilation) and critical areas (air conditioned). Considering the presence of microorganisms with pathogenic potential, environmental monitoring is necessary to prevent possible hospital infections.

Sucção de alta potência no controle das partículas emitidas pelo sistema de abrasão a ar em consultório odontológico / Control of particles emitted by air-abrasion system with high-power suction in a dental office

O estudo, de desenho transversal, teve como objetivo levantar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em trabalhadores de cozinhas (n = 200) de oito hospitais públicos localizados na grande Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, verificando se há algum fator de risco específico relacionado às condições de trabalho. Utilizaram-se, como grupo de comparação, trabalhadores das lavanderias (n =178) dos mesmos hospitais. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário estruturado e levantamento de medidas de peso e estatura. A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade (IMC 25 kg/m2) foi maior entre os trabalhadores de cozinhas, encontrando-se associação positiva entre as mulheres (RP = 1,3; IC 95% = 1,1 a 1,5). A variável beliscar alimentos no local de trabalho mostrou se condição específica dos trabalhadores de cozinhas independentemente do sexo, sendo que os homens e as mulheres das cozinhas beliscam alimentos freqüentemente no trabalho 5,7 e 3,9 vezes mais que os homens e mulheres das lavanderias, respectivamente. Sendo assim, o acesso ao alimento pode estar relacionado à manutenção do excesso de peso e a maiores médias de peso entre as mulheres.

The aim of this study is to check the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity in kitchen workers and to observe if there is any specific risk factor related to their working conditions. It is a cross-sectional study with all the kitchen (n =200) and laundry (n = 178) workers of eight public hospitals in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, a state located in the South of Brazil. Collecting of data included checking their weighs and measures and their answers to a questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BM I? 25 kg/m2) was higher among kitchen workers; a positive association was found for females only (Prevalence Rate Ratio = 1,3; 95% CI; 1,1; 1,5). The variable food snacking in the workplace was found to be typical for kitchen workers, either male or female. It was also found that both male and female kitchen workers frequently snack 5.7 and 3.9 more in the workplace than laundry workers. The easy access to food may be the reason for the highest weight levels among women