Influence of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. On the Expression of Germination and Growth of Agricultural Seeds

Aim: This laboratory experiment was conducted to test the effect of allelopathy by Eucalyptus tereticornis aqueous leaf extracts on the germination and growth of Agricultural seeds i.e., Arachis hypogaea, Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiata and Zea mays as to test for suitable agroforestry system.Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design.Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Agroforestry and Soil Science, Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Forest College and Research Institute, Mulugu, Siddipet, Telangana, India.Methodology: The aqueous leaf extracts of varied concentration [0 (Distilled water), 25, 50, 75 and 100% (m/v) %] prepared were tested against germination percent, relative germination percent, growth and relative allelopathic effect on the aforesaid agricultural seeds.Results: The bioassay revealed that there was significant turndown in parameters tested. Control being the one relatively high performing, with increase in the concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts the germination rate, root length, shoot length, and dry weights reduced in all the other crops treatments tested.Conclusion: The experiment attributes that leaching of allelochemicals from the leaves into the assay caused inhibitory effect on the seed germination and growth.

Parthenium hysterophorus L.: An Overview of Management and Beneficial Aspects

The poisonous and invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus L., also referred to as "famine weed" or "congress grass," is highly dangerous for human health, agriculture, and biodiversity. This plant is well known for its aggressive growth and allelopathic qualities, which prevent natural vegetation and good crops from growing. An overview of the benefits and treatment of Parthenium hysterophorus is given in this abstract. Many techniques, including mechanical removal, chemical herbicides, biological control agents, and cultural practices, are used to combat this weed. To successfully control its spread, integrated techniques are frequently advised. Parthenium hysterophorus has drawbacks, yet it also has some positive qualities. It has therapeutic qualities, and research indicates that it may be used in phytoremediation and the synthesis of biofuel. The main goal is to draw attention to how critical it is to manage Parthenium hysterophorus properly while investigating its possible benefits, underscoring the necessity of long-term, all-encompassing solutions to deal with this environmental threat.

Role of Allelopathy in Plant Disease Management

Allelopathy is a natural and eco-friendly process causes agricultural plants to generate phytotoxins called "allelochemicals" that hinder or promote growth. The chemical substances generated through allelopathy can be potential tool to control agricultural important pests. Allelopathy can replace agrochemicals for crop disease and pest management. Agrochemical used in agriculture pollute the environment, lowers food quality, and increases disease-resistant biotypes. An agronomist can collaborate with a molecular scientist or plant breeder to selectively boost disease suppression by understanding allelopathy's physiological foundation. Allelochemicals are natural pesticides that fight disease, weeds, and insects, according to experts. Disease management strategies have been redesigned recently. Frequently, structural modifications or the synthesis of chemical analogs increase their bioactivity. Even though the progress in this regard is sluggish, some encouraging results are emerging, and many more are anticipated in the near future. This review attempts to discuss these characteristics of allelopathy for the rational management of diseases.

Allelopathic Effect of Leaf Leachates of Mulberry (Morus alba) on Growth and Yield of Brinjal (Solanum melongena)

An experiment was carried out to assess the allelopathic effect of leaf leaches of Morus alba on the growth and yield of Brinjal. Leaf leaches were prepared by soaking sun dry leaves in tap water for 24 Hours in a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Various concentrations of leaf leashes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) were prepared. The result showed that the concentration plays an important inhibitory role on germination, shoot and root growth of brinjal. During laboratory experiment, seeds were soaked in different concentrations and germination percentage, root and shoot length were observed. After laboratory experiment it was noticed that that the seed soaked in 25% concentration of Morus alba leaf lashes has better results than higher concentrations. In pot culture experiment, control have good effects on growth and yield of brinjal as compared to different concentration. Lower concentrations (25 and 50%) have beneficial effects on growth and the yield as compared to the higher concentrations (75 and 100%). At lower concentrations of Morus alba leaf leachates, the survival percentage of crops were more as compared to the 100% concentration. It can be concluded that the harmful effect of Morus alba was less on brinjal and recommended to avoid its use in the early growth stages of the crops.

Metabolomics studies of allelopathy: a review

SUMMARY Introduction: Allelopathy is a harmful effect indirectly or directly produced by one plant to another through the production of chemical substances that enter the environment. Allelopathy has a pertinent significance for systems of ecological, sustainable, and integrated management. These natural reactions have multiple effects, ranging from processes of inhibition and stimulation of growth in neighbor plants to inhibition of seed germination. Metabolomics is a discipline integral that studies all the metabolites in a particular tissue, organ, or organism in a specific developmental stage or under particular environmental conditions, and it allows for the assessment of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the modification of metabolism. With the growing number of "omics", new approaches can be used to understand metabolic changes that occur in plants, especially in proteomics and metabolomics, and thus those analyses could be profiled in coming years with the objective of knowing the allelopathome of a larger number of plant species and their interactions. Aim: To provide a recent update on the science of allelopathy in the context of physiology, practical application of metabolomics in allelopathic studies, allelochemicals analyzed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, sorghum, rye, wheat and other crops and finally mentionated the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites. Methods: A recent comprehensive literature search of allelopathy and metabolomics in journal databases was carried out. Results: The concept of allelopathy, allelopathic mechanisms, metabolomic studies in allelopathy, allelochemicals analysed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, rye sorghum, wheat and other agro-industrially important crops, and the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites are detailed. Conclusions: These studies suggest that a combination of secondary metabolites can be used to attack weeds. In situ and In vitro culture of secondary metabolites (allelochemical types) is recommended to be used as organics compounds in weed organic control in the future.

Introducción: la alelopatía es un efecto nocivo producido directa o indirectamente por una planta a otra a través de la producción de sustancias químicas que ingresan al medio ambiente. La alelopatía es importante para los sistemas de manejo ecológico, sostenible e integrado. Estas reacciones naturales tienen múltiples efectos, que van desde procesos de inhibición y estimulación del crecimiento en plantas vecinas hasta la inhibición de la germinación de semillas. La metabolómica es una disciplina integral que estudia todos los metabolitos en un determinado tejido, órgano u organismo en una determinada etapa de desarrollo o en determinadas condiciones ambientales, y permite evaluar la contribución de los factores genéticos y ambientales a la modificación del metabolismo. Con el creciente número de "ómicas", se pueden utilizar nuevos enfoques para comprender los cambios metabólicos que ocurren en las plantas, especialmente en proteómica y metabolómica, y así esos análisis podrían perfilarse en los próximos años con el objetivo de conocer el alelopatoma de un mayor número. de las especies de plantas y sus interacciones. Objetivo: proporcionar una actualización reciente sobre la ciencia de la alelopatía en el contexto de la fisiología, la aplicación práctica de la metabolómica en los estudios alelopáticos, los aleloquímicos analizados por metabolómica en alfalfa, arroz, canola, sorgo, centeno, trigo y otros cultivos y, finalmente, mencionar los aspectos biológicos. actividad de los metabolitos secundarios alelopáticos. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva reciente sobre alelopatía y metabolómica en bases de datos de revistas. Resultados: se detalla el concepto de alelopatía, los mecanismos alelopáticos, los estudios metabolómicos en alelopatía, los aleloquímicos analizados por metaboló-mica en alfalfa, arroz, canola, sorgo de centeno, trigo y otros cultivos de importancia agroindustrial, y la actividad biológica de los metabolitos secundarios alelopáticos. Conclusiones: estos estudios sugieren que se puede utilizar una combinación de metabolitos secundarios para atacar a las malas hierbas. Se recomienda el cultivo in situ e in vitro de metabolitos secundarios (de tipo aleloquímico) para ser utilizados como compuestos orgánicos en el control orgánico de las malas hierbas en el futuro.

Introdução: A alelopatia é um efeito nocivo produzido de forma indireta ou direta por uma planta a outra por meio da produção de substâncias químicas que adentram o meio ambiente. A alelopatia é importante para sistemas de manejo ecológico, sustentável e integrado. Essas reações naturais têm múltiplos efeitos, que vão desde processos de inibição e estimulação do crescimento em plantas vizinhas até a inibição da germinação de sementes. A metabolômica é uma disciplina integral que estuda todos os metabólitos em um determinado tecido, órgão ou organismo em um estágio de desenvolvimento específico ou condições ambientais particulares, e permite avaliar a contribuição de fatores genéticos e ambientais para a modificação do metabolismo. Com o crescente número de "ômicas", novas abordagens podem ser utilizadas para entender as alterações metabólicas que ocorrem nas plantas, principalmente em proteômica e metabolómica, e assim essas análises poderão ser perfiladas nos próximos anos com o objetivo de conhecer o alelopatoma de um número maior das espécies vegetais e suas interações. Objetivo: fornecer uma atualização recente sobre a ciência da alelopatia no contexto da fisiologia, aplicação prática da metabolômica em estudos alelopáticos, aleloquímicos analisados por metabolômica em alfafa, arroz, canola, sorgo, centeio, trigo e outras culturas e, finalmente, mencionar atividade de metabólitos secundários alelopáticos. Métodos: uma pesquisa bibliográfica abrangente recente sobre alelopatia e metabolismo foi conduzida em bancos de dados de periódicos. Resultados: o conceito de alelopatia, mecanismos alelopáticos, estudos metabólicos em alelopatia, aleloquímicos analisados por metabolômicos em alfafa, arroz, canola, sorgo de centeio, trigo e outros cultivos agroindustriais importantes, e a atividade biológica dos metabólitos secundários alelopáticos são detalhados. Conclusões: esses estudos sugerem que uma combinação de metabólitos secundários pode ser usada para atacar ervas daninhas. Recomenda-se o cultivo in situ e in vitro de metabólitos secundários (tipo alquímico) para uso como compostos orgânicos no controle de ervas daninhas orgânicas no futuro.

A Preliminary Study on Allelopathy and Potential Allelochemicals of Root Exudates from Solanum rostratum Dunal

Aims: In order to understand the role of allelopathy in invasion success, effects of root exudates from Solanum rostratum Dunal on germination and primary growth of wheat and cabbage seeds were studied by vitro bioassay. These results indicated the allelopathy of root exudates and would be helpful for understanding Solanum rostratum Dunal invasion. Study Design: The roots were washed clean for three times with distilled water before they were gathered in a big bucket. The container was filled with distilled water, enough to submerge the roots, and air was aerated constantly with an air pump. The water extract was collected per 24 hs and for four times totally. The water extract from Solanum rostratum was concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40°C and deposited in a refrigerator at 4°C. All the root exudates were pooled around 1500 mL, and the fresh weight of Solanum rostratum used for exudates collection was 1208 g, the exudate concentration was then marked as 0.8g f w/mL. Place and Duration of Study: Solanum rostratum was grown in the greenhouse on April 15th, 2019, its seeds were collected from the invaded fields in Chaoyang city (Liaoning province, China). Methodology: Petri dish bioassay was applied to test the effects of root exudates of Solanum rostratum on the seeds of wheat and Chinese cabbage. For test of allelochemicals exudated through the root, The compounds in organic fraction of root exudates analysed by GC-MS. Results: These results indicated the allelopathy of root exudates and would be helpful for understanding Solanum rostratum Dunal invasion. Conclusion: Root exudates of Solanum rostratum contained some allelochemicals, which could inhibit the germination and radicle growth of wheat and Chinese cabbage, though the effects of root exudates on shoot growth are different, with a stimulation on Chinese cabbage while a inhibition on wheat. The difference indicated a selectivity of allelopathy effect of root exudates from Solanum rostratum Dunal.

Changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes in radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings in response to allelopathic effect of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

Abstract ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production is a usual plant reaction to environmental stresses such as allelopathy. Plants possess antioxidant enzymes to scavenge cells and resist against the ROS. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX, APX) in radish seedlings in response to allelopathic effect of safflower root and shoot residues grown under normal irrigation and drought stress. Safflower allelopathic effect led to an increase in antioxidant enzymes activities. GPX activity increased more than CAT and APX. Radish seedlings exposed to safflower residue grown under drought stress showed more antioxidant enzymes activities. Root residues enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes greater than shoot. Seedlings exposed to root residues grown under drought stress had the highest level of antioxidant enzymes activities.

Effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) and the cladoceran Moina micrura (Cladocera: Moinidae) on microalgal interactions / Efectos de un macrófito sumergido Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) y un cladócero Moina micrura (Cladocera: Moinidae) sobre las interacciones de microalgas

Abstract Introduction: Cyanobacterial blooms in tropical water bodies are increasingly common, because of eutrophication and rising temperatures. Consequently, many freshwater systems are affected, by reducing water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. With the increased frequency of harmful algal blooms, the development of biological tools to improve water quality is an urgent issue. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a submerged macrophyte and a cladoceran on the microcystin-producing cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) and the chlorophyte Raphidocelis subcapitata (BMIUFRPE-02) in mixed cultures. Methods: Two parallel experiments were carried out for ten days to evaluate the effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum and the cladoceran Moina micrura on microalgal interactions. Microalgal strains were cultivated in the ASM1 culture medium, under controlled laboratory conditions. The first experiment presented four treatments: M (C. demersum), Z (M. micrura), MZ (C. demersum and M. micrura), and C (control). Meanwhile, the second experiment consisted of five treatments, in which the microalgae were cultivated together at different Microcystis:Raphidocelis ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1. Biomass and growth rates of the strains were evaluated every two days, which were statistically treated with three-way or two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: In the first experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited in M and MZ treatments from the second day, and Z from the fourth, while R. subcapitata showed no reduction in its biomass in any treatment. On the other hand, R. subcapitata was stimulated from the eighth and tenth days in M treatment and only on the eighth day in Z treatment. In the second experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited when cultivated with R. subcapitata in low ratios (Microcystis:Raphidocelis ratio of 1:3) throughout the experiment, while the chlorophyte was stimulated in that treatment. Conclusions: The coexistence of a cyanobacterium with a green alga did not alter the main negative response of M. aeruginosa to the submerged macrophyte and zooplankton but stimulated the green alga. Accordingly, the introduction of submerged macrophytes and cladocerans already adapted to eutrophic conditions, both isolated and combined, proved to be a good method to control cyanobacterial blooms without negatively affecting other coexisting phytoplankton species.

Resumen Introducción: Las proliferaciones de cianobacterias en los cuerpos de agua tropicales son cada vez más comunes, debido a la eutrofización y al aumento de las temperaturas. En consecuencia, muchos sistemas de agua dulce se ven afectados por la reducción de la calidad del agua, la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas. Con el aumento de la frecuencia de la proliferación de algas nocivas, el desarrollo de herramientas biológicas para mejorar la calidad del agua es urgente. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una macrófita sumergida y un cladócero sobre la cianobacteria productora de microcistina llamada Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) y la clorofita Raphidocelis subcapitata (BMIUFRPE-02) en cultivos mixtos. Métodos: Se realizaron dos experimentos paralelos durante diez días para evaluar los efectos de la macrófita sumergida Ceratophyllum demersum y el cladócero Moina micrura sobre las interacciones microalgales. Se cultivaron cepas de microalgas en el medio de cultivo ASM1, en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. El primer experimento presentó cuatro tratamientos: M (C. demersum), Z (M. micrura), MZ (C. demersum y M. micrura) y C (control). El segundo experimento consistió en cinco tratamientos, en el que las microalgas se cultivaron juntas en diferentes proporciones de Microcystis:Raphidocelis: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 y 0:1. La biomasa y las tasas de crecimiento de las cepas se evaluaron cada dos días, y se trataron estadísticamente con ANOVA de medidas repetidas de dos o tres factores. Resultados: En el primer experimento, M. aeruginosa se inhibió significativamente en los tratamientos M y MZ a partir del segundo día, y en Z a partir del cuarto, mientras que R. subcapitata no mostró reducción de su biomasa en ningún tratamiento. Por otro lado, R. subcapitata fue estimulada a partir del octavo y décimo día en el tratamiento M y solo en el octavo día en el tratamiento Z. En el segundo experimento, M. aeruginosa se inhibió significativamente cuando se cultivó con R. subcapitata en proporciones bajas (proporción de Microcystis:Raphidocelis de 1:3) durante todo el experimento, mientras que la clorófita se estimuló en ese tratamiento. Conclusiones: La coexistencia de una cianobacteria con un alga verde no alteró la principal respuesta negativa de M. aeruginosa a la macrófita sumergida y al zooplancton, sino que estimuló al alga verde. En consecuencia, la introducción de macrófitos y cladóceros sumergidos ya adaptados a las condiciones eutróficas, tanto aislados como combinados, resultó ser un buen método para controlar las proliferaciones de cianobacterias sin afectar negativamente a otras especies de fitoplancton coexistentes.

Growth of Microcystisstrains isolated from environments with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes in coexistence with Ceratophyllum demersum

Cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe ecological and health problems in drinking water reservoirs. To alleviate this problem, allelopathically active submerged macrophytes can be used to reduce cyanobacterial growth. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of strains of the Microcystis aeruginosacomplex isolated from reservoirs with the presence and absence of submerged macrophytes to the allelochemicals of Ceratophyllum demersum.A coexistence experiment was carried out between the submerged macrophyte C. demersum and four Microcystisstrains, with two treatments for each strain, one in coexistence with the submerged macrophyte (7 g L-1) and control (in the absence of the macrophyte). Two strains of M. aeruginosa(BMIUFRPE-06 and BMIUFRPE-07) and two of M. panniformis(BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) were used, which were isolated from Cajueiro (with submerged macrophytes) and Tapacurá (without submerged macrophytes) reservoirs, respectively. The biomass of Microcystisstrains from the reservoir without macrophytes (BMIUFRPE-08 and BMIUFRPE-09) was significantly inhibited in 96% (T-test: p 0.05; growth rate -ANOVA: p > 0.05). These results suggest that strains isolated from environments with submerged macrophytes are less sensitive to allelochemicals of these plants,as these strains may be adapted to the coexistence with submerged macrophytes.

Evaluation of bioherbicidal potential of Carica papaya leaves / Avaliação do potencial de bioherbicida dase folhas de Carica papaya

Abstract Due to increased number of herbicide resistant weeds, it is needed to explore the allelopathic potential of plants as an alternative. The research was conducted to investigate allelopathic effects of Carica papaya L. leaf powder and aqueous extract on seeds as well as pre-germinated seeds of Avena fatua L., Helianthus annuus L., Rumex dentatus L., Zea mays L. and Triticum aestivum L. on filter paper and soil in Weed Management Program Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection at PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Germination percentage (%), radicle length (cm) and plumule length (cm) were parameters observed for 'Plant leaf powder bioassay' and 'Aqueous extract method'. Most significant growth inhibition was observed in A. fatua seedlings in filter paper method. A. fatua radicle length was reduced by C. papaya aqueous extract (80%) and leaf powder (89%) bioassays. Plumule length was reduced under the influence of aqueous extract (57-73%) and powdered material (59-77%). The inhibitory effects on other test species were in sequence of H. annuus followed by Z. mays and R. dentatus. The aqueous extract showed non-significant effect on wheat seed germination, radicle and plumule growth. It is suggested that C. papaya aqueous extract can be used as source of weed management in wheat crop.

Resumo Devido ao aumento do número de ervas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas, é necessário explorar o potencial alelopático das plantas como uma alternativa. A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos alelopáticos do pó foliar de Carica papaya e do extrato aquoso das sementes, bem como das sementes pré-germinadas de Avena fatua, Helianthus annuus, Rumex dentatus, Zea mays e Triticum aestivum em papel de filtro e solo no Laboratório do Programa de Manejo de Ervas Daninhas, Departamento de Plantas e Proteção Ambiental do Instituto PARC de Estudos Avançados em Agricultura, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa Agrícola, Islamabad, Paquistão. A porcentagem de germinação (%), o comprimento radicular e o comprimento da plúmula (cm) foram os parâmetros observados para o 'Bioensaio de Pó de Folha de Planta' e o 'Método de Extração Aquoso'. A maior inibição do crescimento foi observada em mudas de A. fatua no método de papel de filtro. O comprimento radicular de A. fatua foi reduzido com os extratos aquosos de C. papaya (80%) e pó de folhas (89%). O comprimento das plúmulas foi reduzido sob a influência do extrato aquoso (57-73%) e material em pó (59-77%). Os efeitos inibitórios em outras espécies-teste foram na sequência de H. annuus seguido por Z. mays e R. dentatus. O extrato aquoso apresentou efeito não significativo na germinação das sementes de trigo, nos crescimentos radiculares e das plúmulas. Sugere-se que o extrato aquoso de C. papaya pode ser utilizado como fonte de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura do trigo.

Allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extracts of selected trees on germination and seedling growth of rice

Aim: The present investigation aimed to study the allelopathic effects of aqueous leaf extracts of Emblica officinalis, Inga dulcis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygiumcuminis, Madhuca indica and Azadirachta indica trees on germination and seedling growth of rice.Methodology: The studies on germination and seedling growth was conducted in a BOD incubator. The number of seeds germinated daily was counted to study speed of germination, germination energy and number of days to 50% germination. DMSO was used to extract the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of leaves. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were estimated by measuring the optical density through UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Relative watercontent of leaves was determined by soaking of leaves in water followed by oven drying. Results: The effect of leaf extracts (5 and 10%) of Emblica officinalis, Inga dulcis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminis, Madhuca indica and Azadirachta indica was studied on two rice cultivars viz. NK-5251 (Hybrid) and Gontra Bidhan-2 (high yielding variety). The experimental findings revealed that leaf extracts of different trees had significant effect on the germination and seedling growth of rice. The leaf extract of most of the trees, except Madhuca indica, reduced germination, chlorophyll content and RWC at higher concentration. The aqueous extracts of Madhuca indica significantly increased germination, seedling vigour, seedling dry weight,germination energy, speed of germination, chlorophyll content and RWC as compared to control. However, 5% extract of Madhuca indica recorded the highest germination percentage, seedling vigour, speed of germination, germination energy, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content and RWC among all the treatments. Interpretation: The leaf extract of Emblica officinalis, Inga dulcis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminis and Azadirachta indica plants at higher concentration reduced germination and early seedling growth of rice. The leaf extract of Madhuca indica plant, however, enhanced the performance. The positive allelopathic effect of Madhuca indica leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of phytohormones and biostimulants

Allelopathic potential of 73 weed species in Pakistan

Introduction: Use of allelochemicals as inexpensive, biodegradable and eco-friendly substitutes for the management of weeds in crops is a central topic nowadays. Objective: The current study represented the comprehensive screening of allelopathic activity of 73 weeds in Pakistan by the Sandwich method and dish pack method. To investigate the allelochemical compound in top most allelopathic weed. Methods: Allelopathic effects of selected weeds leaves leachate were determined through sandwich technique, while volatile allelopathic effects through dish pack techniques. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical techniques were applied to investigate allelochemical potential of Melilotus indicus. The statistical analysis of the data described the allelopathic effect of 73 weed plants on lettuce seedling growth in terms of radicle and hypocotyl elongation. Results: Elongation percentage of radicle and hypocotyl ranged 0-74 % to 0-148 % and 0-75 % to 0-84 % respectively at 10 mg concentration of dry plant powder in sandwich method while it was 2-234 % and 7-150 % at in Dish Pack method. Among the plants screened for phytotoxic activity, M. indicus contained the strongest allelochemicals. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of M. indicus showed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compound along with other allelochemical. Conclusions: Selected weeds may have strong allelochemical potential that can help in the development of bioactive compounds from plant species to be used as natural herbicides and pesticides for sustainable management of weeds and pest.

Introducción: El uso de aleloquímicos como sustitutos baratos y amigables con el ambiente para el manejo de hierbas en plantaciones es un tema central actualmente. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se midió la actividad alelopática de 73 hierbas en Pakistán a través de los métodos "sandwich" y "dish pack", con el fin de investigar los compuestos aleloquímicos más importantes en las hierbas analizadas. Métodos: A través del método "sandwich" se determinaron los efectos alelopáticos de los lixiviados de hojas en las hierbas analizadas, mientras que el efecto alelopático volátil a través de la técnica "dish pack". Para investigar el potencial aleloquímico de Melilotus indicus se aplicaron técnicas fitoquímicas tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas. El análisis estadístico de los datos describió el efecto alelopático de 73 especies de hierbas sobre el crecimiento radicular y del hipocótilo en plántulas de lechuga. Resultados: El porcentaje de elongación radicular y del hipocotilo varió entre 0-74 % hasta 0-148 % y 0-75 % hasta 0-84 % respectivamente, con una concentración de 10 mg de polvo de planta seca con el método "sandwich". Además, fue entre 2-234 % y 7-150 % con el método "dish pack". Entre las plantas analizadas para actividad fitotóxica, M. indicus presentó los aleloquímicos más fuertes. Los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de M. indicus mostraron la presencia de flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos, junto con otros aleloquímicos. Conclusiones: Las hierbas seleccionadas pueden tener un potencial aleloquímico fuerte que ayude al desarrollo de compuestos bioactivos de plantas, para usar como hierbicidas y pesticidas naturales en el manejo sostenible de plagas y malas hierbas.

Chemical profile and allelopathic potential of Anacardium humile St. Hill. (cajuzinho-do-cerrado) leaf aqueous extract in the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, tomato and sicklepod / Perfil químico e potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de Anacardium humile St. Hill. (cajuzinho-do-cerrado) na germinação e formação de plântulas de alface, tomate e fedegoso

Anacardium genus, Anacardiaceae, stands out for the presence of phenolic compounds. One of its species, investigated for its different potential uses, is Anacardium humile; however, little is known about its allelopathic effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the chemical profile and evaluate the herbicide potential of your leaves in the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of Lactuca sativa(lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and Senna obtusifolia (sicklepod), both in vitro and in greenhouse. Leaves of A. humile were obtained from 20 matrices of Cerrado fragments in the municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. A voucher specimen was deposited at the herbarium (no. 8448). The aqueous extract was obtained from dried and crushed leaves using the extraction method of ultrasonic bath (30 min) with subsequent static maceration. After solvent evaporation, 12.78 g of extract were obtained. The chemical profile of the aqueous extract included determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, pH, electrical conductivity, and soluble solids concentration. For the in vitro bioassays, the extract was used at different concentrations, namely, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg mL-1. In greenhouse, the substrates were prepared using 950 g of vermiculite and 50 g of A. humile leaf powder at the following ratios: (950/50) (5%), 900/100 (10%), 800/200 (20%), and a control (100% vermiculite), under a completely randomized experimental design. Phenolic compounds and anthraquinones were predominant in the chemical profile of the extract, which presented different levels of allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of plants both ingermination chamber and in greenhouse, indicating strong allelopathic activity associated with the different compounds found in the leaves. Therefore, the results showed germination and growth inhibition at different levels, indicating that the substances contained in the leaves of Anacardium humile may be a promising alternative for the control of invasive species.

O gênero Anacardium, Anacardiaceae, destaca-se pela presença de compostos fenólicos. Uma de suas espécies, investigada pelos diferentes potenciais de uso, é Anacardium humile. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos alelopáticos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou determinar o perfil químico e avaliar o potencial herbicida de suas folhas sobre a germinação e crescimento de Lactuca sativa (alface), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomate) e Senna obtusifolia (fedegoso) in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Folhas de A. humile foram obtidas de 20 matrizes de Cerrado, município de Campo Grande/MS, Brasil. Uma espécime foi depositada no herbário (N. 8448). O extrato aquoso foi obtido das folhas secas e trituradas e o método de extração foi banho de ultrassom (30 minutos) seguido de maceração estática, sendo o solvente evaporado e 12,78 g de extrato obtido. O extrato foi submetido ao perfil químico e determinado: teor de fenóis totais e flavonóides, pH, condutividade elétrica e concentração de sólidos solúveis. Para os bioensaios in vitro, o extrato foi utilizado em diferentes concentrações (25, 50, 100, 150 e 200 mg mL-1). Em casa de vegetação, os substratos foram preparados com 950 g do substrato vermiculita e 50 g do pó das folhas de A. humile (950/50) (5%); 900/100 (10%); 800/200 (20%), além do controle, 100% vermiculita, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O extrato apresentou como perfil químico predominante os compostos fenólicos e antraquinonas, com efeito alelopático sobre a germinação e crescimento em câmara de germinação e estufa, em diferentes graus, indicando que há uma forte atividade alelopática associada aos diferentes compostos encontrados nas folhas. Portanto, os resultados indicaram germinação e inibição do crescimento, em diferentes níveis, demonstrando que as substâncias contidas nas folhas de A. humile podem ser uma alternativa promissora para o controle de espécies invasoras.

Allelopathy Effects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Method from Pulicaria undulate

Nanotechnology nowadays has good potential application in many fields, especially in agriculture and industries. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of Pulicaria undulate and nanoparticle synthesis by eco-friendly method from silver nitrate and water extract of Pulicaria undulate on seed germination of two weeds species. Aqueous extract and silver Nanoparticles plant extract (AgNPs) had an inhibitory effect on seed germination of common (Lepidium sativum, and Trifolium repens) as compared with control. Lpidum stavium seed germination was inhibited by nanoparticle and water plant extract at 100% concentration at the end of 10 day incubation period, at low concentration 25% of aqueous extract and AgNPs the germination ratio of L. sativium reached (30% and 5%) where for Trifolium repens the germination ratio were (50% and 0% respectively). Nanoparticle are green synthesis by simple methods, using the aqueous extract of pulclaria leave and silver nitrate, the confirmation of nanoparticle was done by different methods UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-visible spectra revealed the absorption peak at 449 nm, while the emission peak of Ag was detected at 466 nm. SEM analysis revealed that the synthesis of Ag NPs was spherical in shape and has an average size (13.3-23.8 nm). The concentration of plant showed a dangerous role in size and dispersion of NPs, the decrease occurs at low concentration this confirms the plant are oxidizing in nature. Herein we suggest the use of nanoparticle synthesis from Ag nitrate and aqueous extract of Pulicaria undulate as herbicide instead of synthetic herbicide after further studies to confirm the results.

Comparison of the phytochemical profiles of five native plant species in two different forest formations / Comparação do perfil fitoquímico de cinco espécies vegetais provenientes de duas formações florestais diferentes

Abstract The expression of chemical compounds by individual plants of the same species in different locations may be affected by abiotic factors resulting in differences in the production of allelopathic compounds. The objective of this study was to compare the phytochemical profiles of plant species from two different forest formations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The forest formations were Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (SSF) and Lowland Ombrophilous Dense Forest (LODF), and the five study species were Jacaranda micrantha, Cecropia pachystachya, Mimosa bimucronata, Schinus terebinthifolius and Cedrela fissilis. Secondary metabolites were extracted by exhaustive extraction with methanol, and the crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography. The fractions were used to calculate the retention factor of the main compounds using thin layer chromatography and phytochemical tests. The classes of compounds identified were practically the same among the analyzed species, however, at different levels of concentration. The type of tannins found in S. terebinthifolius differed between the two forest formations.

Resumo A expressão de compostos químicos de uma mesma espécie pode ser afetada e diferenciada pelos fatores abióticos, resultando em respostas alelopáticas diferenciadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o perfil químico de espécies provenientes de duas Formações Florestais do Estado do Paraná. As formações foram a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e Floresta Ombrófila Densa, sendo as espécies escolhidas: Jacaranda micrantha, Cecropia pachystachya, Mimosa bimucronata, Schinus terebinthifolius e Cedrela fissilis. Foi realizada extração exaustiva dos metabólitos secundários com metanol e o extrato bruto fracionado em coluna cromatográfica. As frações foram utilizadas para calcular o fator de retenção dos constituintes principais empregando cromatografia em camada delgada e para realizar testes fitoquímicos. As classes de compostos identificados foram praticamente as mesmas entre as espécies analisadas, porém, em diferentes níveis de concentração. O tipo de tanino encontrado em S. terebinthifolius foi diferente entre as duas formações florestais.

Respuesta del simbiosistema frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 ante el efecto alelopático de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth / Responses of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 symbiosystem to induced allelopathy by Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth

La alelopatía es un fenómeno que involucra la producción de metabolitos secundarios que influyen en el crecimiento de las plantas, pero este potencial alelopático ha sido poco estudiado en la simbiosis rizobio-leguminosa. Esta investigación tuvo los siguientes objetivos: 1) evaluar el potencial alelopático de lixiviados acuosos de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth en la germinación de semillas y en el crecimiento radical de plántulas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 2) determinar el efecto de estos lixiviados en el crecimiento in vitro de Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, y 3) evaluar el potencial alelopático de I. purpurea en el crecimiento, la fisiología y la nodulación de frijol en simbiosis con R. tropici. Tanto el lixiviado acuoso de raíz como el de la parte aérea de I. purpurea estimularon la germinación de semillas de frijol y la elongación radical. El crecimiento in vitro de R. tropici fue inhibido al aplicar los 2 tipos de lixiviado. La presencia de I. purpurea tuvo un efecto negativo en el crecimiento y en las respuestas fisiológicas de las plantas de frijol, que fue atenuado cuando las plantas fueron inoculadas con Rhizobium tropici; no obstante, la nodulación asociada a esta bacteria fue afectada en presencia de la planta alelopática. Los resultados indican que la simbiosis de rizobios en las raíces de frijol es un elemento importante en la atenuación de los danos producidos por la planta alelopática I. purpurea.

Allelopathy is a phenomenon that involves the production of secondary metabolites that influence the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, this alellopathic effect has been scarcely studied on the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The aims of this research were 1) to assess the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth on seed germination and root length of common bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 2) to determine its effects on the in vitro growth of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, and 3) to evaluate the allelopathic potential of I. purpurea on the growth, nodulation and physiology of common bean plants inoculated with R. tropici. After 48 h, 15% of the aqueous root extract of I. purpurea stimulated seed germination, whereas 4% of the aqueous shoot extracts stimulated such germination. Both the root or shoot extracts stimulated seed germination and e root length. In vitro growth of R. tropici was inhibited as a result of the application of both aqueous extracts. The presence of I. purpurea negatively affected both the growth and physiological responses of common bean plants, and this effect was attenuated after the inoculation of R. tropici; nevertheless, this allelopathic plant affected root nodulation. Our results suggest that the symbiosis of rhizobia and roots of common bean plants is an important element for attenuating the negative effects caused by the allelopathic plant.

Aqueous plant extracts in the control of Bidens pilosa L / Extratos aquosos vegetais no controle de Bidens pilosa L

Secondary compounds have allelopathic action on germination and growth, and initial development of seedlings and beggar tick can have its germination and growth affected by the action of allelopathic extracts. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and sorghum extracts (Sorghum bicolor) on germination and initial growth of beggar ticks (Bidens pilosa). For this, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates and brachiaria, sunflower and sorghum extracts and control (distilled water) treatments. Extracts were obtained using 200 g of plant material and 1,000 mL of distilled water. Seeds were distributed in gerbox containing two sheets of germitest paper moistened with treatments and taken to germination chamber. Germination was daily monitored, and ten days after, initial growth was evaluated. Extracts did not reduce germination. However, they caused increase in germination time, mainly by brachiaria extract. Seedlings submitted to brachiaria and sorghum extracts showed lower growth. Brachiaria and sorghum extracts showed no action on germination, but controlled the initial growth of beggar tick, being potential natural herbicides.(AU)

Compostos secundários têm ação alelopática sobre a germinação, crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas, e a Bidens pilosa pode ter sua germinação e crescimento afetados pela ação dos extratos alelopáticos. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial alelopático de extratos de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), girassol (Helianthus annus) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) na germinabilidade e no crescimento inicial de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa). Para isso foi instalado um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo eles extrato de braquiária, girassol, sorgo e o controle (água destilada). Os extratos foram obtidos utilizando 200 g de material vegetal fresco para 1.000 mL de água destilada. As sementes foram distribuídas em caixa gerbox contendo duas folhas de papel germitest umedecidas com os tratamentos e levadas para a câmara de germinação. Foi acompanhada diariamente a germinação e, após 10 dias, foi avaliado o crescimento inicial. Os extratos não causaram prejuízos à germinação, porém, provocaram demora em seu tempo de eclosão, sendo o extrato de braquiária o mais prejudicial. As plântulas submetidas aos extratos de braquiária e sorgo apresentaram menor crescimento. Os extratos de braquiária e sorgo não apresentaram ação sobre a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de picão-preto, mas controlaram o crescimento inicial das plântulas e podem ser indicados para possíveis herbicidas naturais.(AU)

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of different organs of three sunflower cultivars on germination of radish / Efeito alelopático de extratos aquosos de diferentes órgãos de três cultivares de girassol sobre a germinação de nabo

This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of different organs of three sunflower cultivars on the germination and initial development of radish. The study was conducted in a Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The design was completely randomized in a threefactor scheme with four replications. The first factor consisted of three sunflower cultivars: Olisun 3, Olisun 5, and Aguará 6. The second factor consisted of different organs: leaves, stems, and roots. The third factor consisted of the extracts concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experimental unit (EU) used was gearboxes with two sheets of germitest paper that were moistened with the extracts. The EUs were placed in BOD germination chamber at 25 °C. Daily count of germinated seeds was performed. The radicle length and hypocotyl were measured on the 10th day. The variables analyzed included germination (G); germination speed index (GSI); radicle length (RL); and hypocotyl length (HL). Sunflowers have allelopathic potential on the radish. The extract concentration of 75% of all organs and cultivars were sufficient to significantly reduce the variables. The allelopathic activity differs between organs (leaves, stems, and roots) and sunflower cultivars. The amount of allelopathic effects vary in the order of root, stem, and then leaf. Extracts from the roots showed the greatest allelopathic effect on germination and initial development on the radish; however, this depends on the cultivar used. Field studies should be performed to verify such allelopathic activities.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial alelopático de extratos aquosos de diferentes órgãos de três cultivares de girassol sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de rabanete. O estudo foi realizado em Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil. O projeto foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema trifatorial, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu de três cultivares de girassol: Olisun 3, Olisun 5, e Aguará 6. O segundo fator consistiu de diferentes órgãos: folhas, caules e raízes. O terceiro fator consistia nas concentrações dos extratos: 0, 25, 50, 75, e 100%. A unidade experimental (UE) utilizada foi caixas do tipo gerbox, com duas folhas de papel germitest na base, que foram umedecidas com os extratos. As EUs foram colocadas em câmara de germinação BOD a 25 °C. Diariamente após semeadura realizou-se a contagem diária de sementes germinadas. O comprimento da raiz e do hipocótilo das plântulas foram medidas no décimo dia. As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação (G); índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG); comprimento radicular (CR); e comprimento de hipocótilo (CH). Girassóis apresentam potencial alelopático sobre o nabo. A concentração do extrato de 75% de todos os órgãos e cultivares de girassóis foram suficientes para reduzir significativamente as variáveis, em comparação com a testemunha. A atividade alelopática difere entre órgãos (folhas, caules e raízes) e cultivares de girassol. A quantidade de efeitos alelopáticos varia na ordem de raiz, caule, folha. Extratos das raízes apresentam maior efeito alelopático na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial sobre o nabo; no entanto, isso depende da cultivar usada. Estudos a campo devem ser realizados para verificar tais atividades alelopáticas.

Allelopathic bioactivity of fresh and infused aqueous extracts of Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora L. ) on lettuce and maize / Bioatividade alelopática de extrato aquoso fresco e infuso de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L. ) sobre alface e milho

This study aimed to analyse the allelopathic bioactivity of fresh and infused aqueous extracts of Brazilian cherry leaves on the germination of lettuce and the initial development of maize. Brazilian cherry leaves were used to prepare a fresh aqueous extract (200 g L-1) and an infused extract (100 g L-1), which were diluted to concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 or 2.0% w/v. The variables evaluated in lettuce were the germination rate (GR), germination time index (GTI), germination speed index (GSI) and root length (RL). To determine the effect on the initial development of maize, we measured the shoot (SL) and root (RL) length. The experimental design included a factorial 2 × 5 design (two extracts and five concentrations), in addition to a control treatment (no extract). In general, the allelopathic bioactivity differed between the fresh and infused extracts. The fresh extract was more phytotoxic for the GR and RL of lettuce. Some beneficial results were observed for the infused extract, including an increase in the RL of lettuce and SL of maize. These effects were dependent on the extract concentration. Thus, there is evidence that Brazilian cherry extracts have allelopathic bioactivity.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo em analisar a bioatividade alelopática do extrato fresco e infuso de pitangueira sobre a germinação de alface e no desenvolvimento inicial de milho. Para tanto, utilizaram-se folhas frescas de pitangueira para preparação de extratos aquosos fresco (200 g L-1) e infuso (100 g L-1), diluídos em 0,4; 0,6; 1,2; 1,6 e 2,0% p/v de concentração. Os parâmetros avaliados em alface foram porcentagem (PG), tempo médio (TMG) e velocidade média de germinação (VMG) e comprimento de raiz (CR). Já no desenvolvimento inicial do milho, obteve-se o comprimento de raiz (CR) e parte aérea (CPA). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em esquema fatorial 2x5 + tratamento controle (ausência de extrato), com dois tipos de extratos e cinco concentrações. De modo geral, a bioatividade alelopática dos extratos frescos e infusos foi diferente, sendo que o extrato fresco mostrou-se fitotóxico sobre a PG e CR de alface. Alguns resultados benéficos foram observados com o extrato infuso como aumento no CR de alface e no CPA de milho. Os efeitos desses extratos dependem das concentrações onde são testados. Dessa forma, há evidência de que os extratos de pitangueira possuem bioatividade alelopática.

Advances in research on allelopathic autotoxicity effects of medicinal plants / 中草药

Allelopathic autotoxicity is one of the important factors for the continuous cropping obstacle of medicinal plants, which will reduce the yield and quality. With the development of medicinal plants industry, the problem of continuous cropping obstacle is becoming more and more serious. How to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of medicinal plants needs to be solved urgently. This paper combines the research status of allelopathic autotoxicity in medicinal plants. On the one hand, expounds the mechanism that the allelochemicals of medicinal plants inhibit the growth and development of medicinal plants by damaging the cell structures, interfering with the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and phytohormones, affecting photosynthesis and so on. On the other hand, based on the analysis of the relationship between allelochemicals and continuous cropping obstacle of medicinal plants, this paper elucidated some methods to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of medicinal plants, such as breeding antiallelopathic autotoxicity medicinal plants varieties, rational fertilizing, selecting proper cropping system and using microbial agents, in order to provide reference for the production of medicinal plants.