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Background: Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a blood product manufactured from pooled plasma. With increasing availability, an increased usage in neonates is being noted, though its utilisation has not been audited thoroughly. The objectives of this study are to describe the usage pattern and indications of IVIG and its outcome in a state-run tertiary care NICU.Methods: This retrospective observational study was carried out at the inborn unit of Department of Neonatology, Madras Medical College, Chennai on a cohort of neonates who received IVIG over 3.5 years from January 2016 to June 2019. Data was collected from drug register, neonatal case records, exchange transfusion register and death register.Results: Our study cohort had 55 neonates who received IVIG over 3.5 years. Indications for IVIG usage were Rh-alloimmunisation (23), ABO-alloimmunisation (7), prophylaxis of perinatal varicella (20), and other immune thrombocytopenia (5). Among 30 neonates with ABO-/Rh-incompatibility, 11 required exchange transfusion (ET). ET rates have shown a decreasing trend during this period. 2 babies with Rh-immunisation and Hydrops expired. None of the babies given prophylaxis for perinatal varicella manifested the disease. Neonates treated for immune thrombocytopenia were successfully discharged.Conclusions: This study shows the IVIG usage pattern in a tertiary care neonatal unit. In neonates with Hemolytic disease due to Rh-/ABO-alloimmunisation treated with IVIG, a reduction in rates of exchange transfusion has been noted. IVIG is being used increasingly for prophylaxis of perinatal varicella and immune related thrombocytopenia with promising benefits. It is prudent to have SOPs for IVIG administration with standardised issue and transfusion forms for documentation to regulate its judicious use.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Blood transfusion remains a mainstay therapy in sickle cell disease (SCD).Transfusional therapy may be complicated by allo-immunisation due to exposure to foreign red cell antigens. However, the prevalence and patterns of atypical antibodies in Nigerian SCD has been sparsely reported majorly due to underdeveloped blood banking systems. A prospective study was therefore undertaken to assess patterns of blood transfusion and allo-immunisation among SCD patients in Benin City, Nigeria. Methodology: The study was conducted among adult and paediatric SCD subjects seen at a sickle cell centre in Benin City, Nigeria. All subjects (parents in case of children) who gave consent/assent to the study were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain details on bio-data, SCD history and blood transfusion history. Blood specimen obtained from each participant was subjected to antibody screening/identification test using tube agglutination technique. Association of categorical variables was tested using chi-square or fisher exact test as appropriate. Results: Fifty five SCD patients were studied with a mean (SEM) age of 22.95 (1.66) years. More of the subjects (67.3%) were aged 15 years and above. 74.5% of the subjects have a past history of blood transfusion. Four (7.3%) of the subjects had unexpected erythrocyte allo-antibodies. Antibodies belonging to the Rh and Kell blood group systems were implicated. The risk of alloimmunisation increased with total lifetime transfusions (p = 0.002) Conclusion: Erythrocyte alloimmunisation is a significant therapy related complication in Nigerian SCD. Hydroxyurea use reduces transfusion requirements and should be maximized. There is need to upgrade local/regional transfusion services to include routine allo-antibody screening/identification as part of precompatibility testing particularly SCD patients who have received more than 10 units of red cell transfusion.
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Background and Objectives: Incidence and outcome of Hemolytic disease of Fetus and New-born due to RhD alloimmunisation has changed in last few decades after the advent of RhIG and other diagnostic and therapeutic tools. But reports from different centres vary. In this study Rh D sensitised antenatal women were followed up at Medical college, Trivandrum and clinical &laboratory profile analysed. Objectives of the study are to describe the clinical &laboratory profile of Rh D alloimmunised pregnant ladies and to describe severity and treatment of Hemolytic Disease in their off springs. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional study done on 64 antenatal cases, positive for anti Rh D antibodies by ICT and followed up with serial titres and ultrasound. Cord blood values and Direct Coombs test were used to diagnose HDFN at birth. Data was analyzed in SPSS ver.17.catagorical data was expressed in percentages and continuous data was expressed with mean and standard deviation. Results: Out of 2,496 Rh D negative women tested with ICT, 78 (3.12%) were positive.54 RhD positive new-borns were DCT positive (93.1%).50.9% cases were unaffected or mild. Severe cases accounted for 10% only. Majority (50%) received no treatment and phototherapy was the major modality of treatment. Overall survival rate of affected new-borns was 92.18%. Out of 6 hydropic babies, 4 died in utero. Interpretations and Conclusions: Rh alloimmunisation is still prevalent among antenatal women, but majority of cases produces only mild disease in new-born. Survival rate in newborns is >90%. Hydropic babies have a higher death rate. Better strategies to prevent Rh D alloimmunization and introduction of interventions like IUT are warranted.
ABSTRACT
Red cell alloimmunisation is defined as the development of antibodies in response to foreign red cell antigens through transfusion or pregnancy. In pregnant women even without the history of previous blood transfusion, this is possible through previous or current pregnancy with the presence of paternal red cell antigen inherited by the fetus. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of red cell alloimmunisation among pregnant women without previous history of blood transfusion and the association with number of pregnancy and history of obstetric complications. This was a cross-sectional study in which 150 pregnant women were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic. Ten mls of peripheral blood was obtained for antibody screening using indirect antiglobulin test besides the routine antenatal screening. In this study, the majority (37.3%) of the women were primigravidae. Red cell alloantibodies were detected in two out of 150 (1.3%) patients which were subsequently identified as anti-C and anti-D. However none of the primigravida was alloimmunised. One woman of gravida 2 (2.9%) and gravida 3 (3.6%) each were positive for alloimmunisation. One of them also had a bad obstetric history. This study showed that the prevalence of red cell alloimmunisation among pregnant women was low in this centre. Nevertheless, red cell alloantibody screening test should be made available to reduce possible complications of alloimmunisation in mothers and fetuses.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: la aloinmunización Rh es una enfermedad frecuente en Colombia pese al uso de inmunoglobulina anti-D(Rho) en los embarazos de alto riesgo. Asimismo, es una condición que requiere la identificación temprana de los factores de riesgo, así como el adecuado tamizaje con el fin de lograr una remisión oportuna a una unidad materno-fetal con experiencia para disminuir las complicaciones fetales y brindar la terapia indicada en caso de ser necesario. Objetivo: revisar la exactitud de los métodos de tamizaje y de diagnóstico temprano, así como también la efectividad de los métodos no invasivos e invasivos de tratamiento. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la literatura existente de acuerdo con las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid y ProQuest desde el año 2000 hasta el 2008, la cual incluyó artículos de revisión e investigaciones originales. Resultados: la titulación de anticuerpos y el pico de velocidad máximo sistólico de la arteria cerebral media son las herramientas que permiten realizar la evaluación y la identificación de las pacientes en riesgo. El tratamiento incluye transfusión intrauterina y parto oportuno mientras que la prevención con la inmunoglobulina anti-D (Rho) continúa indicada. Conclusión: la aloinmunización Rh aún es una patología de interés en el control de las pacientes obstétricas de bajo y alto riesgo. El conocimiento que se obtenga de la enfermedad permitirá realizar el diagnóstico oportuno y, de esta manera, identificar los fetos en riesgo que son susceptibles de terapia intrauterina.
Introduction: rhesus alloimmunisation remains a common disease in Colombia in spite of universal immunisation having been implemented with immunoglobulin anti-D (Rho) for all susceptible pregnancies. Rh alloimmunisation is a condition requiring risk factors to be identified, all pregnancies to be suitably screened and timely referral to a maternal foetal medicine unit ensured to minimise foetal complications and provide foetal intervention as necessary. Objective: this review was aimed at summarising the available data to provide the reader with tools helping to improve medical care by reviewing the exactitude of screening methods and early diagnosis and the effectiveness of non-invasive and invasive methods of treatment. Methodology: the literature in PubMed, EBSCO, Ovid and Pro Quest databases was reviewed. Original papers, reviews, guidelines and bulletins published between 2000 and 2008 were included. Results: antibody titres and middle cerebral artery Doppler were seen to be the screening tools usually used for identifying haemolytic anaemia in the foetus and neonates in Rh alloimmunisation. Rh alloimmunization treatment included close follow-up, intrauterine transfusion and timely delivery and prevention of Rh alloimmunisation by immunoglobulin anti-D (Rho). Conclusion: knowledge of the disease will lead to early recognition of the risk factors and early diagnosis for identifying foetuses at risk which are susceptible to intrauterine therapy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Pregnancy , Erythroblastosis, Fetal , Rh IsoimmunizationABSTRACT
Alloimmunisation following red cell transfusion is a complication in patients with chronic diseases requiring multiple transfusions. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of alloimmunisation, to identify involved alloantibodies, to establish risk factors and to quantify the alloimmunisation risk in patients with acute disorders who received red cell transfusion at the Instituto Dr. José Frota from January 1999 to January 2001. Of the 5,690 recipients who received 16,547 units of red blood cells, 4,025 were men and 1,665 were women. Recipients with previous alloimmunisation or with time of hospital stay less than one week were excluded (n = 501). Red cell alloantibodies were detected in 120 recipients (2.1 percent): 60 men (1.49 percent) and 60 women (3.60 percent). Alloimmunisation was 2.4 fold more frequent in women and 93.33 percent of the women were pregnant prevously. The average number of units transfused in the alloimmunised recipients was 4.68: 4.97 units in men and 4.40 units in women. In non-alloimmunised recipients the average was 2.87 units and the risk of alloimmunisation was 0.83 percent: 0.59 percent in men and 1.44 percent in women. The most frequent allo-antibodies were: anti-E (18.25 percent) and anti-D (16.06 percent) from a total of 137 allo-antibodies detected. The median time for detection of allo-antibodies was 20.88 days. The risk of alloimmunisation detected was high considering the average number of units transfused. The age of recipients and the longer life expectancy increase the probability of further transfusion requirements in this group. Our findings point out the necessity of modifications in the current medical transfusion support indication, including in patients with acute disorders in order to prevent alloimmunisation.
A aloimunização eritrocitária após transfusão de concentrado de hemácias é uma complicação em pacientes com doenças crônicas que necessitam de transfusões de repetição. Esse estudo objetivou determinar a freqüência de aloimunização, identificar os aloanticorpos, estabelecer os fatores de risco envolvidos e quantificar o risco de aloimunização em pacientes com condições clínicas agudas, submetidos à transfusão de concentrados de hemácias no Instituto Doutor José Frota, utilizando a técnica de gel centrifugação. Foram analisados 5.690 receptores transfundidos com 16.547 concentrados de hemácias, sendo 4.025 do sexo masculino e 1.665 do sexo feminino. Foram excluídos 501 receptores com aloimunização prévia ou tempo de permanência hospitalar inferior a uma semana. Em 120 receptores (2,1 por cento) foram detectados aloanticorpos eritrocitários, sendo 60 do sexo masculino (1,49 por cento) e 60 do sexo feminino (3,60 por cento). A aloimunização foi 2,4 vezes mais freqüente no sexo feminino, sendo que 93,33 por cento das mulheres tinham história de gestação prévia. A média transfusional nos receptores aloimunizados foi de 4,68 bolsas, sendo 4,97 bolsas nos homens e 4,40 bolsas nas as mulheres. Nos pacientes não aloimunizados a média transfusional foi de 2,87 bolsas. O risco de aloimunização foi de 0,83 por cento, sendo 0,59 no sexo masculino e 1,44 por cento no sexo feminino. Os aloanticorpos detectados com maior freqüência foram anti-E (18,25 por cento) e anti-D (16,06 por cento) de um total de 137 aloanticorpos. O tempo médio de detecção dos aloanticorpos foi de 20,88 dias. O risco de aloimunização observado foi elevado para a média transfusional de receptores. A média de idade dos pacientes e o aumento da expectativa de vida aumentam a possibilidade de que transfusões posteriores sejam necessárias, sinalizando a necessidade de modificar o atual suporte hemoterápico a esses pacientes.