ABSTRACT
Deconvolution of potential drug targets of the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly challenging because of the complicated structure and function of the brain. Here, a spatiotemporally resolved metabolomics and isotope tracing strategy was proposed and demonstrated to be powerful for deconvoluting and localizing potential targets of CNS drugs by using ambient mass spectrometry imaging. This strategy can map various substances including exogenous drugs, isotopically labeled metabolites, and various types of endogenous metabolites in the brain tissue sections to illustrate their microregional distribution pattern in the brain and locate drug action-related metabolic nodes and pathways. The strategy revealed that the sedative-hypnotic drug candidate YZG-331 was prominently distributed in the pineal gland and entered the thalamus and hypothalamus in relatively small amounts, and can increase glutamate decarboxylase activity to elevate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the hypothalamus, agonize organic cation transporter 3 to release extracellular histamine into peripheral circulation. These findings emphasize the promising capability of spatiotemporally resolved metabolomics and isotope tracing to help elucidate the multiple targets and the mechanisms of action of CNS drugs.
ABSTRACT
Quality is the guarantee for the clinical safety and effectiveness of Chinese medicine. Accurate quality evaluation is the key to the standardization and modernization of Chinese medicine. Efforts have been made in improving Chinese medicine quality and strengthening the quality and safety supervision in China, but rapid and accurate quality evaluation of complex Chinese medicine samples is still a challenge. On the basis of the development of ambient mass spectrometry and the application in quality evaluation of complex Chinese medicine systems in recent years, the authors developed the multi-scenario Chinese medicine quality evaluation strategies. A systematic methodology was proposed in specific areas such as real-time monitoring of the quality of complex Chinese medicine decoction system, rapid toxicity grading of compound Chinese patent medicine, and evaluation of bulk medicinals of Chinese patent medicine. Allowing multi-scenario analysis of Chinese medicine, it is expected to provide universal research ideas and technical methods for rapid and accurate quality evaluation of Chinese medicine and boost the high-quality development of Chinese medicine industry.
Subject(s)
China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Mass Spectrometry , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Nonprescription Drugs , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Development of rapid analytical methods and establishment of toxic component limitation standards are of great importance in quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. Herein, an on-line extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (oEESI-MS) coupled with a novel whole process integral quantification strategy was developed and applied to direct determination of nine key aconitine-type alkaloids in 20 proprietary Chinese medicines (APCMs). Multi-type dosage forms (, tablets, capsules, pills, granules, and liquid preparation) of APCM could be determined directly with excellent versatility. The strategy has the characteristics of high throughput, good tolerance of matrix interference, small amount of sample (∼0.5 mg) and reagent (∼240 μL) consumption, and short analysis time for single sample (<15 min). The results were proved to be credible by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, respectively. Moreover, the limitation standard for the toxic aconitines in 20 APCMs was established based on the holistic weight toxicity (HWT) evaluation and the severally, and turned out that HWT-based toxicity evaluation results were closer to the real clinical applications. Hence, a more accurate and reliable APCM toxicity limitation was established and expected to play an important guiding role in clinics. The current study extended the power of ambient MS as a method for the direct quantification of molecules in complex samples, which is commonly required in pharmaceutical analysis, food safety control, public security, and many other disciplines.
ABSTRACT
Modern mass spectrometry plays an important role in the study of metabolism and pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine due to its high sensitivity, high analysis speed and good stability. First, this article gives a brief introduction to the development of modern mass spectrometry techniques. Second, the application of modern mass spectrometry is summarized in the study of metabolism and pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine including in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro research is reviewed with a focus on metabolism of intestinal bacteria and cytochrome P450 enzymes; in vivo research is covered mainly with a fo cuse on the application of microdialysis-MS, GC/LC-MS, new ambient mass spectrometry, and imaging mass spectrometry in metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
ABSTRACT
La espectrometría de masas (MS) en condiciones ambientales es un campo nuevo de gran utilidad y de rápido crecimiento que provee espectros de masas de alta sensibilidad directamente a partir de superficies a presión atmosférica. Para ello se utilizan diversas técnicas de ionización, entre ellas: la ionización por desorción con electrospray (DESI: desorption electrospray ionization), el análisis directo en tiempo real (DART: direct analysis in real time), la ionización por desorción asistida por plasma (PADI: plasma assisted desorption ionization) y la ionización extractiva por electrospray (EESI: extractive electrospray ionization). Este trabajo se refiere en particular a los fundamentos y aplicaciones de DESI-MS con espectrometría de masas de imágenes. Entre otras aplicaciones, DESI es utilizado para el análisis directo de medicamentos y formulaciones farmacéuticas, muestras de fluidos biológicos, análisis forense, impresiones digitales, alimentos, cultivos de bacterias, identificación y distribución espacial de compuestos químicos en tejidos de origen animal y vegetal, y análisis de biomarcadores moleculares. Se destaca la posibilidad de combinación con cromatografía en capa delgada y con electroferogramas a fin de identificar mediante espectrometría de masas los compuestos presentes. Esta técnica no requiere preparación de las muestras y no implica el uso de matrices de ionización. Esto simplifica enormemente el procedimiento experimental y evita la redistribución de los analitos durante la deposición de la matriz. Se discute el análisis forense realizado con DESI-MS y DESI-MS/MS, respecto a: la detección de explosivos y agentes simulantes de guerra química en superficies sólidas cerca o a distancia del espectrómetro, análisis de telas o vestimenta en busca de explosivos y drogas, análisis de imágenes para la verificación de documentos, análisis sobre piel humana, análisis de residuos de disparos, análisis de gases tóxicos industriales y de agentes simulantes de guerra, de destilados de petróleo y de polímeros sintéticos. Se analizan las aplicaciones efectuadas en el campo de la lipidómica, proteómica y metabolómica. Por último, se brinda la información existente sobre el análisis cuantitativo realizado mediante DESI-MS.
Ambient mass spectrometry is a useful and rapidly growing new field that provides high sensitivity mass spectra directly from surfaces at atmospheric pressure. Various ionization techniques, including desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), direct analysis in real time (DART), plasma assisted desorption ionization (PADI) and extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) have been used. This paper refers particularly to the fundamentals and applications of DESI-MS based on imaging mass spectrometry. Among other applications, DESI is used for direct analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, samples of biological fluids, forensics, fingerprints, food, cultures of bacteria, identification and spatial distribution of chemicals in animal and plant tissues, and molecular biomarkers. It highlights the possibility of combination with thin layer chromatography and electropherograms to identify the compounds by mass spectrometry. This technique requires no sample preparation, and does not involve the use of matrix of ionization. It simplifies greatly the experimental procedure and avoids the redistribution of analytes during matrix deposition. The forensic analysis carried out by DESI-MS and DESI-MS/MS is discussed, including the detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents on solid surfaces near or at a distance from the mass spectrometer, analysis of fabric or clothing for explosives and drugs, image analysis for verification of documents, analysis of human skin, gunshot residue analysis, analysis of toxic gases and industrial warfare agent simulants, petroleum distillates and synthetic polymers. Aplications in the field of lipidomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are analyzed. Finally, current information on the quantitative analysis performed by DESI-MS is provided.