ABSTRACT
The National Education Policy 2020 is the rst education policy of the 21st century and aims to address the many growing developmental imperatives of our country. This Policy proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of the education structure, including its regulation and governance, to create a new system that is aligned with the inspirational goals of 21st century education, including SDG4, while building upon India's traditions and value systems. The National Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the 'foundational capacities 'of literacy and numeracy and 'higher-order' cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions. The main objective of this study is to explore the National Education Policy 2020 in India. The paper describes the principles of National Education Policy and formation of the NEP 2020. This study examines the purpose of NEP and implementation strategy of National Education Policy in India. It is an attempt to understand the vision of National Education Policy and some major changes in education sector. The study would be useful for the Indian in planning and upgrading their educational system and improve quality of education in future
ABSTRACT
O estudo busca analisar como o esporte é tratado nos ordenamentos legais e dispositivos políticos do Brasil e da Espanha. Para tanto foi realizado um estudo comparado através de levantamento documental e revisão bibliográfica. Observou-se que o esporte aparece como dever do Estado em ambos os países, entretanto, a legislação infraconstitucional e os dispositivos, em quase sua totalidade, caminha no sentido de consolidar as práticas esportivas como mercadorias.
The study seeks to analyze how sport is treated in the legal systems and political provisions of Brazil and Spain. For this purpose, a comparative study was carried out through documentary survey and bibliographic review. It was observed that sport appears as a duty of the State in both countries, however, the infra-constitutional legislation and the devices, in almost their entirety, are moving towards consolidating sports practices as commodities.
Subject(s)
SportsABSTRACT
Off-label drug use is a global problem in clinical practice. The management status, attitude and medical insurance coverage of off-label drug use are different in various countries. By analyzing the management and reimbursement policy of off-label drug use in other countries, the authors suggested that China should speed up the institutional arrangements of off-label drug use and establish relevant management systems, and strengthen the supervision of off-label drug use, so as to guarantee the rights of patients to the best treatment.
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Este ensaio tem por objetivo refletir sobre o papel da formação teórico-política na construção da consciência de classe dos trabalhadores. Partimos da constatação de que a alienação é um processo objetivo, que diariamente produz e reproduz a dominação e a exploração dos trabalhadores por parte do capital. Em outras palavras, a base objetiva da alienação é a propriedade privada dos meios de produção, que permite que a produção social seja acumulada privadamente pelos capitalistas. Nesse sentido, o primeiro passo para ensaiar a superação da alienação é a luta efetiva contra a exploração do capital, por meio dos diversos movimentos sociais, sindicais e partidos políticos construídos pelos trabalhadores. O segundo passo é o acesso à teoria de explicação da totalidade da realidade social com vistas à sua transformação, isto é, o materialismo dialético de Marx. A partir da participação dos trabalhadores nessas formas coletivas de luta, eles podem sair da esfera da alienação e caminhar no sentido de uma consciência da reivindicação ou consciência da cidadania, que pressupõe a luta pelos direitos sociais ou a luta por reformas dentro da ordem capitalista. Em certas condições e a partir da luta de classe contra o capital, os trabalhadores podem alcançar a consciência de classe, a consciência da necessidade da transformação social, da necessidade da revolução, e nessa tarefa a formação política assume um papel fundamental. Na medida em que os militantes dos movimentos sociais, sindicais e dos partidos de esquerda procuram se preparar melhor para a luta e buscam adquirir uma formação teórico-política que os ajude a compreender a sociedade capitalista e suas contradições, a tarefa da construção de uma nova sociedade se torna cada vez mais necessária.
This essay seeks to reflect on the role of training in theoretical and political construction of class consciousness of workers. We start from the observation that alienation is an objective process, which daily produces and reproduces the domination and exploitation of workers by capital. In other words, the basic objective of the sale is the private ownership of means of production, which allows the social production is privately accumulated by capitalists. In this sense, the first step to test the overcoming of alienation is the effective struggle against the exploitation of capital, through various social movements, trade unions and political parties built by workers. The second step is access to the whole theory of explanation of social reality with a view to its transformation, that is, dialectical materialism, or Marxism. From the workers' participation in these collective forms of struggle, they can leave the sphere of alienation and toward a consciousness of the claim or of citizenship, which involves the struggle for social rights, or the struggle for reforms within the order capitalist. But under certain conditions, and from the class struggle against capital, workers can achieve class consciousness, awareness of the need for social transformation, the necessity of revolution and political training in this task assumes a fundamental role. To the extent that activists of social movements, trade unions and leftist parties seek to better prepare for the fight, and seeking to acquire theoretical and political training to help them understand capitalist society and its contradictions, the task of building a new society becomes ever more necessary and fundamental.
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Social Alienation , Capitalism , Social SciencesABSTRACT
Based on my 40-years of experience as a physiatrist and health economist, I present several health economics and policy perspectives along with some basic knowledge requisite for rehabilitation professionals as follows : (1) There are two economic theories or schools concerning the role of health care in society. (2) It is crucial to correctly understand the concept of “ efficiency” ; efficiency in itself does not necessarily mean health care cost containment. (3) There are several basic methods to measure health efficiency ; the most practical one is cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). (4) The cost of community-based long-term care is not necessarily cheaper than institutional care. (5) We must differentiate “long-term perspective” from “short-term perspective” when we evaluate the efficiency of health care and rehabilitation services.
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This paper represents information obtained from a recent conference on vaccination safety and policy: Vaccine Safety: Evaluating the Science Conference, Tryall Club, Jamaica, January 3-7, 2011 and the author s viewpoint on the same. The first section represents a synopsis of recorded information and the second the author's view of Caribbean concerns related to the recorded information.
El presente trabajo representa información obtenida de una reciente conferencia sobre seguridad y políticas de vacunación: evaluación de la Conferencia Científica en Tryall Club, Jamaica, del 3 al 7 de enero de 2011, y puntod de vista del autor sobre la misma. La primera sección ofrece una sinopsis de la información obtenida, y la segunda ofrece el punto de vista del autor sobre problemas del Caribe en relación con la información obtenida.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccination , Safety , West IndiesABSTRACT
Pretende-se neste artigo realizar uma interrogação das novas tecnologias na educação, especialmente, as designadas como ensino à distância, que são oferecidas através de ambientes virtuais em plataformas na internet, com franca expansão, no Brasil, sendo difundidas por muitas universidades públicas e privadas atualmente. Problematizamos esta modalidade de educação a partir das análises de Foucault sobre biopolítica, de Deleuze sobre as sociedades de controle e de Virilio a respeito do controle político no capitalismo via gestão da velocidade. Afirmamos que a velocidade da gestão da informação e sua transformação em mercadoria vendida por empresas enxutas após consultarem especialistas de marketing é uma estratégia de controle em ampla difusão, veiculando um ensino técnico-instrumental para os endividados de informação ao longo de toda a vida
The intention of this article is to investigate the new technologies in the field of education, in particular the idea of "long distance education", offered through expanding Internet platforms, which, in Brazil, are strongly influenced by public and private universities. We discuss these modalities of education based on the analysis of Foucault and Deleuze on "control societies", and that of Virilio on the political control of capitalism via the management of velocity. We claim that the velocity of management of information and its commoditization sold to "lean" companies after consulting experts on marketing is a strategy of control and broad diffusion which conveys a technical-instrumental education for those who lack information for their lives
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychology , Education, Distance , CapitalismABSTRACT
En este documento se muestra mediante un estudio de caso cómo la universidad cubana se involucra de modo directo con el desarrollo económico y social del país. Esta exposición se relaciona con el debate internacional sobre la "Tercera Misión" de la universidad, a partir de la peculiar experiencia cubana.
This paper presents case studies on how Cuban universities have increasingly become directly involved with the economic and social development of the country. The paper shows how Cuban universities, from the late 1980s and early 1990s, started reorientation and organization of their scientific research, becoming more directly and intensely involved in the economic and social development of the country. In this connection, special reference is made to the case of a research group at the University of Havana: the Laboratory of Synthetic Antigens. This group developed the first synthetic vaccine for human use approved in the world. In the article, public policies involved in this success as well as different obstacles are discussed. These obstacles demonstrate the difficulties and challenges that universities face when carrying out research and innovation activities related to economic and social development.
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This paper discusses the significance of situation and policy education of medical students and actively explores how to strengthen the education.