ABSTRACT
ObjectiveThe angiosperm phylogeny group （APG） Ⅳ system is currently the latest angiosperm classification system. The APG system based on DNA sequence can more naturally reflect the phylogeny and evolution of plants， which has been widely recognized and applied in scientific research and teaching of plants in other countries. Through the comparison between the changes in the APG Ⅳ system and the traditional plant classification system， the changes in the taxonomic status of the original plants of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were reviewed. MethodBy referring to the literature in China and abroad， the changes in the taxonomic status of the original plants of TCM recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia were sorted out according to the basic groups of angiosperms in the APG Ⅳ system， including the basal group of ANA， the magnoliid and chloranthales， the basal groups of monocots and eudicots， the superrosids， and the superasterids. ResultThere are about 72 species of TCM in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A total of 76 species of the original plants change in family grade according to the APG Ⅳ system. There are 22 species of TCM belonging to the dicotyledon class， involving 26 species of the original plants. It should be placed in front of the differentiation of monocotyledons and eudicotyledons according to the APG Ⅳ system. ConclusionThis paper largely clarifies the change in the taxonomic status of the original plants of TCM in Chinese Pharmacopoeia according to the APG Ⅳ system， which is helpful to the reviewing literature in China and abroad for the original plants of TCM and facilitates the international academic exchange for TCM. It provides a reference for the revision of textbooks such as Botany and Medicinal Botany in Chinese colleges and universities and will lay the foundation for updating the content of Chinese Pharmacopoeia in the future.
ABSTRACT
The survival of social wasp species depends on the success in founding new nests. These species can use plant species with different specific characteristics for nesting, with nest architecture varying according to the habits of those plant species. The nesting of social wasps in natural environments was studied in the period from October 2005 to September 2007 in the rio das Mortes riparian forest, municipal district of Barroso, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the different types of plant substrate used by social wasps for nesting, and to investigate whether there is a relationship between nest construction type and the habits of plant species. A total of 171 colonies of social wasps belonging to 29 species were recorded, which used 78 plant species as nesting substrate (76 Angiosperms and two Pteridophytes) of arbustive, herbaceous, arboreal, epiphyte and liana habits. Species with phragmocyttarus and gymnodomous nests were observed nesting, with higher incidence, in arboreal plants and their deciduousness did not affect the nesting. The preservation of natural areas is suggested in order to guarantee a higher availability of nesting places for the social wasp species, ensuring their higher efficiency in the environmental services and biological control of agricultural pests.
A sobrevivência das espécies de vespas sociais depende do sucesso na fundação de novos ninhos. Essas espécies podem utilizar para nidificação de diferentes espécies vegetais com características específicas, com a arquitetura dos ninhos que variam em relação aos hábitos dessas espécies vegetais. A nidificação de vespas sociais em ambiente natural foi estudada no período de outubro de 2005 a setembro de 2007 em uma floresta ripária do rio das Mortes, município de Barroso, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes tipos de substratos vegetais utilizados por vespas sociais para nidificação, e investigar se há relação entre o tipo de construção dos ninhos com os hábitos das espécies vegetais. Foram registradas 171 colônias de vespas sociais pertencentes a 29 espécies, que utilizaram como substrato de nidificação 78 espécies vegetais (76 Angiospermas e 2 Pteridófitas) de hábitos arbustivo, herbácea, arbóreo, epífita e liana. Espécies com ninhos fragmocítaros e giminódomos nidificaram, com maior incidência, em plantas arbóreas e a deciduidade das mesmas não afetou a nidificação. Sugere-se a preservação das áreas naturais de modo a garantir maior disponibilidade de locais de nidificação para as espécies de vespas sociais, assegurando maior eficiência nos serviços ambientais e no controle biológico de pragas na agricultura.
Subject(s)
Insecta , MagnoliopsidaABSTRACT
Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby é uma hidrófita que ocorre nas várzeas de águas brancas e igapós da Bacia Amazônica e na Bacia do rio Paraguai. A morfologia da flor, fruto e plântula/"tirodendro" é objeto do presente trabalho. O material botânico foi coletado em Parintins e Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. A análise morfológica foi feita em material fresco e fixado em FAA 50. O desenvolvimento das plântulas foi realizado no escuro em frascos com água com teor reduzido de oxigênio. As flores possuem pedicelo longo e são hemicíclicas, diclamídeas, monoclinas e com antese vespertina. Os frutos são carnosos, indeiscentes, com pseudossincarpia. As sementes apresentam arilo que atua na dispersão pela água. As plântulas se desenvolvem em condições de hipoxia e apresentam um cotilédone exposto acicular. O "tirodendro" apresenta eofilos com heterofilia. As flores apresentam caracteres morfológicos básicos da família, a definição do tipo de fruto exige estudo ontogenético e a heterofilia é um caráter típico de plântulas/"tirodendros"de Nymphaeaceae.
Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby is a hydrophyte that occurs in the white water leas and igapos of the Amazonian and Paraguay Basin. The flower, fruit and seedling/"tirodendro" morphology is the object of the present work. The botanical material was collected at Parintins and Manaus, Amazonian state, Brazil. The morphological analysis was made in both fresh and fixed material. The seedling development was accomplished in flasks with water containing little oxygen and maintained in the darkness. Flowers present long pedicel and they are hemicyclic, dichlamydeous, bisexual with vespertine anthesis. Fruits are fleshy, indehiscent with pseudo-syncarpy. Seeds present aril that acts in the water dispersion. Seedlings grow in hypoxy conditions and they present an acicular and exposed cotyledon. The "tirodendro" stage presents eophylls with heterophylly. Flowers present basic morphologic characters of the family, the definition of the fruit type demands ontogenetic study and the heterophylly is a typical character of Nymphaeaceae seedlings/ "tirodendros".
Subject(s)
Seeds , Cotyledon , MagnoliopsidaABSTRACT
The Cyperaceae of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The family Cyperaceae is cosmopolitan and includes some 115 genera and 3600 species. Costa Rica has 25 genera and 210 species. Here I present keys and descriptions for 34 species (10 genera) that occur in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The genus Cyperus is represented by 12 species, followed by Rhynchospora (6), Scleria (5), Calyptocarya (2), Eleocharis (2), Kyllinga (2), Mapania (2), Hypolytrum (1) and Lipocarpha (1). Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp & Kunth) Palla, has been collected in the vicinity and could eventually be found at the Station. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 93-110. Epub 2009 November 30.
La familia Cyperaceae es cosmopolita e incluye unos 115 géneros y 3600 especies. Costa Rica tiene 25 géneros y 210 especies. Aquí presento claves y descripciones para las 34 especies (10 géneros) que ocurren en la Estación Biológica La Selva, Costa Rica. El género Cyperus está representado por 12 especies, seguido por Rhynchospora (6), Scleria (5), Calyptocarya (2), Eleocharis (2), Kyllinga (2), Mapania (2), Hypolytrum (1) y Lipocarpha (1). Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp & Kunth) Palla, ha sido colectada en los alrededores y eventualmente podría ser encontrada en la Estación.
Subject(s)
Classification , Magnoliopsida , Cyperaceae/classification , Cyperus , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Flowers consist primarily of four basic organ types whose relative positions are universally conserved within the angiosperms. A model has been proposed to explain how a small number of regulatory genes, acting alone and in combination, specify floral organ identity. This model, known widely as the ABC model of flower development, is based on molecular generic experiments in two model organisms, Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus. Both of these species are considered to be eudicots, a clade within the angiosperms with a relatively conserved floral architecture. In this review, the application of the ABC model derived from studies of these typical eudicot species is considered with respect to angiosperms whose floral structure deviates from that of the eudicots. It is concluded that the model is universally applicable to the angiosperms as a whole, and the enormous diversity seen among angiosperms flowers is due to genetic pathways that are downstream, or independent, of the genetic programme that specifies floral organ identity.
ABSTRACT
The parsimony and bootstrap branching pattern of major groups of land plants derived from relevant 5S rRNA sequence trees have been discussed in the light of paleobotanical and morphological evidences. Although 5S rRNA sequence information is not useful for dileneating angiosperm relationships, it does capture the earlier phase of land plant evolution. The consensus branching pattern indicates an ancient split of bryophytes and vascular plants from the charophycean algal stem. Among the bryophytes, Marchantia and Lophocolea appear to be phylogenetically close and together with Plagiomnium form a monophyletic group. Lycopodium and Psilotum arose early in vascular land plant evolution, independent of fem-sphenopsid branch. Gymnosperms are polyphyletic; conifers, Gnetales and cycads emerge in that order with ginkgo joining Cycas. Among the conifers, Metasequoia, Juniperus and Taxus emerge as a branch independent of Pinus which joins Gnetales. The phylogeny derived from the available ss-RNA sequences shows that angiosperms are monophyletic with monocots and dicots diverging from a common stem. The nucleotide replacements during angiosperm descent from the gymnosperm ancestor which presumably arose around 370 my ago indicates that monocots and dicots diverged around 180 my ago, which is compatible with the reported divergence estimate of around 200 my ago deduced from chloroplast DNA sequences.