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Diarrhea is a global epidemic. Majority of the populace in developing Countries including Nigeria depend on Napoleona imperialis as a safer, more effective and affordable alternatives for treatment of diarrhea. This study evaluated the antidiarrheal potential of ethanol (leaf) extract and fractions of N. imperialis in Swiss albino mice. Acute toxicity test was performed to determine safe dose range before in vivo experiments. Castor-oil induced diarrhea and charcoal meal gastrointestinal motility test models were used. Antimicrobial activity on bacteria-implicated diarrhea, and HPLC analysis of the aqueous fraction (AF) were also evaluated. The result of the acute toxicity tests show that no death occurred at the test doses. Preliminary antimicrobial screening shows that the inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) of the extract has a weak antibacterial activity against sample organisms. The presence of procyanidin, 9-alpha-OH-pinoresinol, isoprunetin and ellagic acid derivatives in the aqueous fraction were highlighted by the HPLC analysis. The AF produced more significant (P<0.05) decrease in diarrhea than the other groups. This study shows that N. imperialis possesses antidiarrheal activity and hence justifies its folkloric use in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Aims: Diarrheal disease is one of serious healthcare problems in developing countries. Endophytic bacteria have been known as a promising source of new antibiotics against susceptible and resistant forms of microorganisms. In this study, we identified three endophytic bacteria isolated from Neesia altissima and screened their antagonistic activity against diarrhea-causing bacteria in order to find new potential secondary metabolites. Methodology and results: Samples of N. altissima were collected from mount Halimun-Salak national park. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from roots, barks, and fresh leaves of N. altissima by surface sterilized method. Screening of antagonistics activity was conducted against five diarrhea-causing bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Bacillus cereus using crude extract dilution and diffusion disc methods. Three endophytic bacteria showed antagonistic activity against the pathogenic bacteria. Identification of the three potential endophytic bacteria using molecular analysis showed that two isolates determined as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one isolate belongs to P. azotoformans. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Crude extract of P. aeruginosa (strain 1.4.1A and 1.2.7D) and P. azotoformans (strain 1.8.7KB) showed growth inhibition activity to the diarrhea-causing bacteria. This is the first report of P. azotoformans exhibited antagonistic activities against diarrhea-causing bacteria. This data suggested that bacterial endophytes from N. altissima provided potential sources for the discovery of new secondary metabolites to combat the diarrhea-causing bacteria. This finding highlights potential prospects of endophytic bacteria utilization from endemic medicinal plants for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.
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BacteriaABSTRACT
Oxalis barrelieri is used in the folk medicine for diarrhea treatment. The effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis barrelieri on castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestine transit were investigated in rats. To induce the diarrhea and enteropooling, animals orally received castor oil (1 mL/100 g bw). Each rat received 30 minutes after, one of the single oral doses of O. barrelieri aqueous extract: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 250 mg/kg bw or loperamide (5 mg/kg bw). The frequency and the total diarrheal weight for diarrhea and the intestine content for enteropooling were measured. To value the extract effect on intestine transit, normal rats received or not acetylcholine 0.1 mg/kg bw i.p. and then different dose of plant extract 50 and 100 mg/kg bw. The extract produced significant (p<0.01) decrease: respectively 95 %, 96.36 %, 99 % and 100 % in the severity of diarrhea. The 50 and 100 mg/kg bw extract produced remarkable (p<0.01) decrease in castor oil-induced enteropooling (59 % and 71.43%), intestine transit (42.12 % and 46.50 %), and reduced acetylcholine action (-65.90 % and -53.73 %) respectively. The results provide evidence that the aqueous extract of O. barrelieri could act on secretory diarrhea and intestinal motility, and thus could justify its traditional use.
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Aims: The crude methanol extract of whole plant of Blumea lacera (Burn.f.) DC. has been investigated for anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, anti-atherothrombosis, membrane stabilizing and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in 2013 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Methodology: Test for anti-diarrheal activity was carried out by castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The preliminary antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar disc diffusion method. The anxiolytic activity was examined in mice by using the hole board test and open field test (OFT). The anti-atherothrombosis activity was evaluated using standard streptokinase. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by using hypotonic solution induced hemolysis of human erythrocyte. The plant extract was also assessed for anti-diabetic ability using In vitro α-amylase inhibitory potential. The α- amylase inhibitory activity of B. lacera was measured using the starch-iodine method. Results: The crude extract of B. lacera showed anti-diarrheal activity in dose-dependent manner. In antimicrobial assay, this extract showed better activity against the tested fungi compared to the bacteria used in the screening. Significant anxiolytic activity was found for this plant extract. In the In vitro anti-atherothrombosis test, the extract exhibited 46.17% clot lysis as compared to the standard, streptokinase (81.53%). In membrane stabilizing activity test, the plant extract at 1.0mg/ml inhibited the heat-induced hemolysis of RBCs by 52.27% whereas the standard acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) demonstrated 81.72% inhibition of hemolysis. Our results revealed that the extract had dose dependent prevention of digestion of carbohydrates by inhibiting α-amylase. The ability of B. lacera to inhibit thermal-and hypotonic-enzyme activity was found to be statistically significant (p=0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that B. lacera may be used in pharmaceutical applications because of its effective pharmacological properties.
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Plants are used as medicine since ancient time, in organized (Ayurveda, Unani & Siddha) and unorganized (folk, native & tribal) form. In these systems, drugs are described either in Sanskrit or vernacular languages. Avartani (Helicteres isora Linn.) is a medicinal plant which is used in several diseases. It is commonly known as Marodphali, Marorphali, Enthani etc. due to screw like appearance of its fruit. Avartani is used as a folk medicine to treat snake bite, diarrhoea and constipation of new born baby. In the research, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, antibacterial and antiplasmid activities, cardiac antioxidant, antiperoxidative potency, brain-antioxidation potency, anticancer activity, antinociceptive activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-diarrheal activity and wormicidal activity in this plant were reviewed.
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Objective To examine the association between anti -diarrhea medicine sales volume and the reported cases of intestinal infectious diseases in Hangzhou.Methods Sales data of three over -the -counter drugs including G dysentery Sha,berberine and Smecta from 2006 to 2010 were collected and standardize.Correlations between out -patient cases of infectious and non -infectious diarrheal from 9 hospitals and medicine sales volume were analyzed respectively.Results From 2006 to 2010,berberine had the highest standardized daily drug dose (DDD)with median 1 600.32.The peak of DDD occurred on July in year 2007,2008 and 2012;while on August in year 2006,2009 and 2010.There was positive correlation between medicine sales volume and infectious diarrhea in year 2006,2007,2008 and 2010,the correlation coefficients were 0.635,0.448,0.298 and 0.217 respectively (P <0.01).The same correlation was occurred in non -infectious diarrhea in year 2006 to 2008 as well and the total correlation coefficient of the three years was 0.419 (P <0.01).Conclusion A positive correlation has been found between the anti -diarrheal medicine sales volume and incidence of infectious and non -infectious intestinal diseases,demonstrating that pharmacy monitoring could have a positive effect on early detection of outbreaks of intestinal diseases.
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Plants are used as medicine since ancient time, in organized (Ayurveda, Unani & Siddha) and unorganized (folk, native & tribal) form. In these systems, drugs are described either in Sanskrit or vernacular languages. Avartani (Helicteres isora Linn.) is a medicinal plant which is used in several diseases. It is commonly known as Marodphali, Marorphali, Enthani etc. due to screw like appearance of its fruit. Avartani is used as a folk medicine to treat snake bite, diarrhoea and constipation of new born baby. In the research, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, antibacterial and antiplasmid activities, cardiac antioxidant, antiperoxidative potency, brain-antioxidation potency, anticancer activity, antinociceptive activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-diarrheal activity and wormicidal activity in this plant were reviewed.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diarrheal, anti-diabetic activity of barks and leaves of the plant V. cinerea. The acute toxicity test was also carried out on the stems, barks and the leaves of the plant V.Cineria was sun dried and extracted using methanol. Later the crude methanolic extract was fractionated into three different fractions using carbon-tetrachloride, di-chloromethane and water. The anti-diarrheal activity was tested using the non polar carbon-tetra-chloride fraction in a dose dependent manner and it was found that the fraction does not possess any anti-diarrheal activity. The anti-diabetic study was done in rats using the alloxan-induced diabetes method. The carbon tetrachloride fraction of methanolic stem-bark and leaves extract of V. cinerea in all the doses used caused a time dependent and significant (p < 0.05) reduction of the blood glucose levels of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared to the negative control group. The highest activity of V. cinerea extract in this experiment was observed at the dose of 500 mg/kg. Acute toxicity was done by following the method of Lorke. The acute toxicity in rats produced no death or signs of toxicity even at the highest dose of the extract (3500 mg/kg).
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Diuretic activities of both polar and non-polar extract of leaves of Brassica oleracea were investigated on male white rabbits and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Anti diarrheal activity of the same extract was investigated on male and female swiss albino mice. Both polar and non-polar extract exhibited anti diuretic activities on both rats and rabbits. Polar and Non-polar extract also showed anti diarrheal activity on male and female mice. Anti diarrheal activity affects both latent period and number of stools.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L. Schott in treating diarrhea, pain and inflammation using experimental models.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the present study, acetic acid-induced writhing, xylene-induced ear edema and castor oil-induced diarrheal model were used to evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities, respectively. Acute toxicity test was carried out to fix the safe doses of the plant extract.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plant extract demonstrated a significant inhibition of writhing (P<0.01) compared with the control group in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The extract also significantly inhibited the xylene induced ear edema formation (P<0.05). In anti-diarrheal test, the extract significantly decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period (P<0.01) in castor oil-induced diarrheal model mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These results suggest that the extract possesses significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities that support to the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Rats , Analgesics , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Antidiarrheals , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Diarrhea , Drug Therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Edema , Drug Therapy , Magnoliopsida , Chemistry , Phytochemicals , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Toxicity Tests, AcuteABSTRACT
In the absence of a desired first choice medicinal herb, classical Ayurveda recommends use of a functionally similar substitute. Post 16th century Ayurvedic texts and lexicons give specific examples of possible substitutes. Here we report a preliminary study of one such Ayurvedic substitution pair: Musta (Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperaceae), a common weed, for the rare Himalayan species, Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle; Ranunculaceae). The study’s strategy was to use modern phytochemical and pharmacological methods to test the two herbs for biochemical and metabolic similarities and differences, and literary studies to compare their Ayurvedic properties, a novel trans-disciplinary approach. No previous scientific paper has compared the two herbs’ bioactivities or chemical profiles. Despite being taxonomically unrelated, the first choice, but relatively unavailable (Abhava) plant, A. heterophyllum, and its substitute (Pratinidhi) C. rotundus, are not only similar in Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna) profile, but also in phytochemical and anti-diarrheal properties. These observations indicate that Ayurveda may attach more importance to pharmacological properties of raw drugs than to their botanical classification. Further research into the nature of raw drugs named could open up new areas of medicinal plant classification, linking chemistry and bioactivity. Understanding the logic behind the Ayurvedic concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya (drug substitution) could lead to new methods of identifying legitimate drug alternatives, and help solve industry’s problems of crude drug shortage.
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Diversas instituciones de la República de Cuba trabajan en el desarrollo de fármacos a partir de preparados de lignina de bagazo. El presente reporte describe los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de un preparado medicinal (derivado químico de la lignina alcalina de bagazo), registrado bajo el nombre de LIGMED-A; antidiarreico para uso veterinario y primero de una serie de productos en estudio, el cual tiene propiedades enterosorbentes, resultando ser efectivo en el tratamiento de trastornos del estómago y el intestino de distintas especies animales, además ha demostrado su capacidad germicida y su poder atrapador de radicales libres.
Various Cuban institutions are working in the development of drugs from bagasse lignin. The present paper describes the results obtained in the evaluation of a medical preparation (chemical derivative of alkaline lingnin), registered as LIGMED-A, an antidiarrheal drug for veterinary use. It is the first of a series of products under study, which has enterosorbent properties and has proved to be effective in the treatment of stomach and intestinal disorders in the different animals. Also, it has demonstrated germicidal power and capacity of trap free radicals.