ABSTRACT
Aims: Our proposal aimed to evaluate Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHL) as a functional marker for Multi drug resistant (MDR) potential in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. We investigated the AHL production potential of clinical isolates using a biosensor assay directly on a commonly used agar media. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarkers, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Lakdikapul, Hyderabad-500004. Methodology: Antimicrobial drug sensitivity testing (AST) was performed on 72 clinical isolates of A. baumannii against two front-line antibiotics, Imipenem (10µg) and Meropenem (10µg), by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Production of long chain Acyl Homoserine lactone (AHLs) in the clinical isolates of A. baumannii was tested by cross streaking with the biosensor Chromobacterium violaceum mutant strain CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (NTL4pZLR4) by agar plate diffusion assay. Screening and identification of the quorum sensing mediator gene abaI was done by PCR to confirm its presence in all the 72 clinical isolates. Results: Out of the 72 clinical isolates, 58 were Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and 14 were Carbapenem sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB) for AST by agar disc diffusion method. None of our isolates produced short chain AHLs whereas all the isolates could produce varying amounts of long chain AHLs. Genotypic confirmation of AHL gene was obtained by abaI gene PCR. Conclusion: Carbapenems are the front-line antibiotics used to treat gram negative bacterial infections in emergencies and in the critical care units of hospitals. Clinical isolates A. baumannii has innate resistance to several antibiotics due to various mechanisms, biofilms forming the first line of defense against antibiotics for the bacterium. Our study used AST to carbapenem as the leading marker for MDR, assuming the innate resistance of A. baumannii to other beta lactam antibiotics. Our study brought out certain important observations namely: a) All clinical isolates of A. baumannii produced Quorum Sensing signal molecules, the AHLs b) the clinical isolates of A. baumannii did not produce any short chain AHLs b) All the clinical isolates of A. baumannii produced long chain AHLs c) AHL production is not specific to carbapenem drug resistance because even CSAB isolates produced AHL d) AHL production is inherent to all clinical isolates of A. baumannii and it apparently indicates an underlying biofilm potential and MDR trait in these A. baumannii isolates. e) AHLs could be a universal marker for revealing MDR trait and biofilm potential in clinical microbiology AST profiling protocols.
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer and its treatment have become a prominent and challenging problem today. The increasing multidrug resistance to microbial pathogens is the root cause of breast cancer. Women suffering from cancer showed high levels of E. coli and S. aureus. In the last few decades, there has been a considerable need in the medical field for the discovery of new compounds endowed with antimicrobial activity, despite the fact that several antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs are currently accessible. Substantial research was conducted, particularly on transition complexes as metal-based drugs in pharmacological applications to provide therapeutic options. The synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic activity of copper complexes with specific ligands of amino acids such as tyrosine and arginine are discussed in this work.
ABSTRACT
Background: Charak, Sharangdhar, Kashyap, BhavaPrakasha described Panchavalkala, is a combination of five astringent barks viz., Vata (Ficus bengaenesisLinn.), Udumbara (Ficus glomerataRoxb.), Ashvattha (Ficus religiosaLinn.), Parisha (Thespesia populaneaSolandexcorrea) and Plaksha (Ficus slacor Buch-Ham.). In Ayurveda sometimes substitute plants are described to work better for a particular medical condition. Such type of alternative drug suggested by BhavaMishra and Kaiyadeva Nighantu for classical Panchavalkala is Shirish (Albezzia lebbeckLinn.) in place of Parisha. Such type of altered Panchavalkal is called as modified Panchavalkal. Both Panchavalkals are essentially important in acute, chronic ulcers, wound healing and reproductive health concern women’s diseases like leucorrhea, irregular or heavy bleeding etc. So, these Panchavalkals at three different extract solvents i.e.,water extract, alcoholic extract and hydro alcoholic extractin comparison to standard anti-microbial drugs will be studied.Methods: Panchavalkal and modified Panchavalkalin water, alcohol and hydro alcoholic extract will be subjected to a test antimicrobial property by agar well diffusion method. Results will be assessed on the basis of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) of plant extracts against the microorganism that will be measured.Conclusions: Conclusion will be drawn on the basis of results obtained about anti-microbial activity of Pachavalkal and modified Panchavalkal in three different extracts.Trial registration:It is taken, Ref. No. MGACHRC/IEC/February-2021/193-A
ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infection is one the commonest bacterial infection in clinical practice. The infection mostly occurs in the lower part of urinary tract i.e., urinary bladder and urethra in which women are commonly affected due to the anatomical variation in urethra. UTI are primarily caused by gram-negative bacteria, but gram-positive bacteria may also be involved. The most common pathogen is Escherichia coli with the frequency rate of 33%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Pseudomonas sp. (7.4%). UTI is commonly represented with the symptoms related to cystitis and pyelonephritis such as dysuria (painful urination), increased frequency of urine, supra pubic discomfort and pain in flanks, etc. As per Siddha text, UTI can be correlated with the terms Muthira kiricharam which has other synonyms such as Neer surukku, Neer kadupu etc. Various herbs have been mentioned in Siddha literatures for the treatment of UTI. The main aim of this review is to summarize the scientific evidences supporting the medicinal herbs mentioned in Siddha text for the treatment of UTI.
ABSTRACT
Drug discovery aimed at the methodical extermination of life-threatening bacterial infection, especially considering the emergence of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria has remained a challenge for medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this article, the mixed ligand complexes of Cu (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) containing heterocyclic ligands were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, UV, and TG-DTA. Complexes are screened for Anti-microbial activity against human pathogenic bacteria.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de las mujeres embarazadas con diagnóstico de infección de vías urinarias. La infección del tracto urinario es una de las patologías infecciosas más frecuentes, que afecta en especial a las mujeres gestantes por las complicaciones inherentes a los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, empleando historias clínicas de pacientes gestantes entre los años 2017-2020, definiendo criterios para incluirlas en el presente estudio; la información se registró en una base de datos para facilitar su análisis. Resultados: 112 historias clínicas cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. El microorganismo más frecuente en el urocultivo fue la Escherichia coli en el 34.8%. La mediana de días de manejo intrahospitalario fue de 3 días, por el tiempo que toma obtener el resultado del urocultivo para definir la sensibilidad al antibiótico. De las pacientes manejadas con aztreonam, solo una requirió escalar tratamiento antibiótico. Conclusiones: el aztreonam podría considerarse primera línea de elección empírica para manejo intrahospitalario, no obstante, se requieren estudios controlados al respecto; así mismo se requieren estudios de casos y controles que permitan detectar que condiciones predisponen a algunas gestantes frente a otras al desarrollo de estas infecciones..Au
Objective: to characterize the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant women diagnosed with urinary tract infection. The urinary tract infection is one of the most frequent infectious diseases, it has great implications in pregnant women because have a higher risk of secondary complications due to the physiological changes inherent in pregnancy. Materials and methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out, using medical records of pregnant patients between the years 2017-2020, criteria were defined to include the patients; the information was registered in a data base to facilitate the analysis. Results: 112 medical records that met the eligibility criteria were included. The most common microorganism in the culture was Escherichia coli in 34.8%. The median days of in-hospital management in this study was 3 days, explained by the time it takes to obtain the urine culture result to define antibiotic sensitivity. Of the patients managed with aztreonam, only one required scaling antibiotic treatment. Conclusions: aztreonam may be used as first empiric line of treatment in hospitalized patients, nonetheless it requires controlled studies. Likewise, case and control studies are required to detect which conditions predispose some pregnant women to develop urinary tract infections..Au
Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Urinary Tract Infections , Pregnant WomenABSTRACT
As an effective anticancer drug, the clinical limitation of doxorubicin (Dox) is the time- and dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) interacts with transcription factor TEA domain 1 (TEAD1) and plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival. However, the role of YAP1 in Dox-induced cardiomyopathy has not been reported. In this study, the expression of YAP1 was reduced in clinical human failing hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy and Dox-induced
ABSTRACT
Abstract In this study, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties, antibacterial and antifungal effects of kombucha teas produced with some small berry fruits (blackberry, raspberry, and red goji berry) were investigated. During fermentation, titratable acidity and pellicle biomass weights increased whereas water activity, brix, viscosity, L* and b* values decreased. At the end of fermentation, the highest minerals determined in the samples were potassium and magnesium. Also, catechin and gallic acid were detected in all samples. Samples produced with blackberry were the most appreciated ones in all criteria. The highest antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined in samples containing blackberries on Staphylococcus aureus and Rhizopus nigricans (24.36 and 20.53 mm zone diameters). The antibacterial effect, MIC, and MBC values (0.023 and 0.016 mg/L) on Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding the antifungal effect, the MIC and MFC values were determined in tea produced with blackberry on Rhizopus nigricans with 0.035 mg/L, and 0.023 mg/L.
ABSTRACT
Zinc Oxide nanoparticle is of particular interest among researchers due to its wide range of applications. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has many benefits like being eco-friendly, less time consuming, cost effective, stable operation, and more importantly the process can be carried out without the involvement of any hazardous chemicals. Clove and cinnamon are known to have antimicrobial activity. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon against oral pathogens. METHODSThis is an in vitro study. The organisms used were Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria were inoculated in their respective medium and incubated overnight. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoparticles at 25 µL, 50 µL and 100 µL. RESULTSZone of inhibition was found to be highest at 100 µL against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (15 mm, 13 mm, and 13 mm respectively). CONCLUSIONSFindings from this study suggest that zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon extracts has the potential as an antimicrobial agent against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and can be used as an alternative to commercially available antimicrobial agents.
ABSTRACT
Purpose:Infections due to invasive non-typhoid salmonella can be dangerous and fatal. The mode of infection and the severity varies from the typhoidal fevers. It is important to find the association between clinical features and the infecting serovar to understand the pathophysiology and course of treatment Methods:In the present study, extra-intestinal specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid and pus) from three patients suffering from septicaemia, meningitis and osteomyelitis were received. Micro-biological and biochemical test for species identification and antibiotic susceptibility was done as per standard protocol.Further, PCR based amplification and sequencing of a portion of the flagellin gene (FliC) was done to confirm the serovar.Results: Salmonellaentericawas identified from all the threeby microbiological and biochemical examination.The sequence of the Flic gene confirmed the serovar to be S.typhimurium. All the patients were treated successfully for the infectionby appropriate antibiotic therapy. Conclusion:The study highlights that serovarTyphimurium is common in invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis and its pathophysiology and virulence factors expression should be understood in various organ types for better treatment options and outcomes
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda-The traditional medicinal science in India has holistic approach and practiced widely in the subcontinent. Large parts of the Ayurvedic drugs are heromineral preparations. These preparations are broad spectrum as far as its indications are concerned. Definite mode of action of these drugs are inexplicable. Vyadhividhwansana Rasa is an herbomineral preparation used for treating acute fever, interrupted fever, fever of unknown origin, ascites, splenomegaly, colic pain, Vata vyadhi, Aama jwara (first stage of fever) and Vishama jwara (irregular fever). In view of its therapeutic indications an antimicrobial study was designed to ascertain its probable mode of action. The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Vyadhividhwansana Rasa against test organisms at different concentration. Vyadhividhwansana Rasa was prepared as per Ayurvedic texts. Positive control Streptomycin [5mg(w/v)] and negative control 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were prepared. Solution of Vyadhividhwansana Rasa were prepared in three concentrations at 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml in DMSO and was tested for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi by agar-well diffusion method. The measured Inhibition Zone ranged from 4-34 mm for all the sensitive bacteria. All the bacteria except Salmonella typhi were found Susceptible (S) against Vyadhividhwansana Rasa compared to standard. Salmonella typhi was found Intermediate sensitive (I). The antimicrobial activity of the extracts increased when the solution is more concentrated.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The present study was aimed to synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Zanthoxylum ovalifolium leaf essential oil extracts and to screen the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial potential of the same. Place and Duration of Study: The studies were carried out at Department of Botany, AVK College for Women, Hassan and Department of Biochemistry, Aurora’s Degree & PG College, Hyderabad from July 2017 to June 2018 Methodology: The essential oil from leaves of Zanthoxylum ovalifolium was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles of essential oil extract was carried out and characterized by using UV-VIS spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated in all the extracts. Furthermore, all the extracts were evaluated for anti-microbial activity against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria and four pathogenic fungi using agar disc diffusion technique. Subsequently the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined. Results: The major compounds identified were Limonene, isofenchol, Geijerene, isothujanol, Borneol, dihydrocarveol, isobornyl acetate, pregeijerene, b-elemene, trans-caryophyllene and Germacrene D. The TEM analysis of nanoparticles synthesized showed a size of 8 to 14 nm with a lmax of 450nm. All the extracts were evaluated for in vitro anti-oxidant activity where the AgNP of essential oil extract showed maximum activity of 89.61% and 84.92% respectively for both DPPH free radical scavenging and Hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assays at a concentration of 100µg/ml. Among all the bacteria tested, B. subtilis was most susceptible at 100µg/ml with zone of inhibition of 22.5mm. While among all the fungi tested, A. niger inhibited more effectively by the AgNP of essential oil extract at 100µg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.2mm. Conclusion: The results obtained were remarkable suggesting that AgNP of essential oil extract possess excellent anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity and can be an alternative bio-friendly source for various pharmaceutical industries.
ABSTRACT
Background: Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PVPI) is a step towards participation in WHO programme for International Drug Safety Monitoring. Pharmacovigilance (PV) system is an integral part of drug therapy, which helps in detection, monitoring and designing strategies to minimize the occurrence of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADRs). The present study is done to study the patterns of ADRs in a tertiary care government hospital.Methods: A total of 327 suspected ADR reports submitted to the pharmacovigilance unit at department of pharmacology under PVPI were evaluated for a period of two years with respect to age, sex, causative drug, organ system involvement and seriousness of ADRs. The causality assessment was done using WHO assessment method.Results: Female patients experienced more (54.13%) ADRs. The highest percentage (49.24%) of ADRs were seen in age group of 18-44 years, followed by 45-60 years (33.33%). Medicine department reported the maximum number (42.20%) of ADRs. Antimicrobial agents (27.83%) were the commonest group of drugs causing ADRs, followed by anti psychotics (15.90%) and analgesic drugs (10.70%). Skin is the major organ system affected (30.28%). Causality assessment revealed (51.99%) of the ADRs were possible. Majority of the ADRs (79.82%) were nonserious and (20.18%) were serious requiring hospitalization. Death occurred in five patients.Conclusions: The results suggest that there is under reporting and there is a need to create awareness among health care professionals(HCP) about the importance of Pharmacovigilance .The data also helps in designing strategies for framing policies towards safer use of drugs in future.
ABSTRACT
Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban (Umbelliferae) which is also known as ‘pegaga’ is highly consumed and eaten raw as ‘ulam’ in Malaysia. C. asiatica is used in traditional medicines to treat various health conditions such as rheumatism, inflammation, syphilis, skin diseases and diarrhoea. Various reports exhibited that the crude extracts and isolated bioactive compounds of C. asiatica possessed a broad range of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, wound healing, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and memory enhancing properties. The pharmacological validation on anti-microbial and immunomodulatory of C. asiatica is very limited and several existence review papers related for this plant had not been focused for both activities. This review therefore attempts to combine the existing literature to offer immense scope for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and bioactivities of this plant related with anti-microbial and immunomodulatory potential.
Subject(s)
Centella , Complex Mixtures , Inflammation , Malaysia , Memory , Plants , Rheumatic Diseases , Syphilis, Cutaneous , Wound HealingABSTRACT
Background: Currently there is a rise in resistance to anti-microbials which is a matter of concern in treatment of systemic infections. Blood culture is considered “gold standard” in diagnosis of suspected systemic infection. The susceptibility to antibiotics thereafter determine the future course of treatment. The current study aims to find out the sensitivity and resistance pattern of the blood culture isolates.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on the blood culture samples sent within 24hours of admission of the adult patients reporting fever for 7 days or more with no history of consumption of any antibiotics within last month. Total 134 blood samples were analysed. The proportion of sensitivity and resistance to anti-bacterial agents was calculated among those samples which showed growth in the culture. Background information of the patients in terms of age, sex and religion were also noted.Results: Mean age of the patients was 39.33 (±12.19) years. Overall 47.76% were female patients and remaining were male. Among the Hindu patients majority were male while among Muslims majority were female. Of the total number of blood cultures examined 46.27% showed growth of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently found bacteria isolated in cultures, followed by coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. Of the frequently used antibiotics, higher sensitivity was seen with vancomycin, amikacin, netilmycin, imipenem, gentamicin. High resistance was observed in use of antibiotics like cefixime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and azithromycin.Conclusions: High level of resistance to several commonly used advanced antibiotics warrant judicial and evidence-based use of these drugs.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of anti-microbia-l coated central venous catheter (CVC),compared with routine CVC,on catheter-associated deep venous thrombosis (CADVT). Methods A total of 1 359 patients,aged 26-82 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,undergoing internal jugular,axillary-subclavian,or femoral vein CVC catheterization during January to June of 2017,were retrospectively reviewed.The patients were divided into intoanti-microbial-coated CVC group (group A)and routine CVC group (group B).Gender,age,ASA class,pre-operative risk of thrombus (Caprini score),CVC site,surgical site,ultrasound-guided catheterization,and anticoagu-lation therapy,CADVT and the degree,as well as the other adverse events were recorded.Results A total of 938 patients were successfully matched.There were 323 (34.4%)articipants diagnosed with CADVT with bedside point-of-care ultrasound,in which 172 cases (36.7%)in group A and 151 (32.2%)in group B.There was no statistical significance of CADVT and the degree between the two groups.The subgroup analysis results indicated that the patients using anti-microbial-coated CVC with high risk of thrombus (Caprini score ≥ 5 points)(OR 1.34,95% C I 1.01-1.78),undergoing catheterization according to anatomical landmark (OR 1.69,95% C I 1.04-2.74),and not-receiving anticoagulation therapy (OR 1.39,95% C I 1.01-1.92)had an increased risk of CADVT compared with those using routine CVC.A significantly decreased incidence of catheter-associated infection in group A was observed compared with group B (0.9% vs 4.1%,P<0.05).Conclusion Anti-micro-bial-coated CVC does not increase the incidence of CADVT.
ABSTRACT
Objective Try to find the new biological compounds, the research on the chemical constituents in the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii had been carried out. Methods The chemical constituents in this fermentation products were isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and RP-HPLC methods. Their structures were elucidated by using various spectroscopic techniques. Results Four pentylated diphenyl ethers (1-4) were isolated from this fermentation products, and the new compound (1) was evaluated for its anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. Compounds 2-4 were identified as diorcinol C, diorcinol D, and diorcinol E. Conclusion Compounds 2-4 are isolated from the fermentation products of endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii for the first time. Compound 1 is a new compound named phomodiphenyl ether A and given the system name of 1-[4-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl]-3-methylbut- 3-en-2-one. Compound 1 also shows strong anti-MRSA activity with MIC90 value of (54 ± 4) μg/mL. This valve is close to that of positive control, levofloxacin with MIC90 value of [≥ (56 ± 6) μg/mL].
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity in vitro of the fermentation broth of 10 endophytic strains isolated from Lycium barbarum were determined to screen high activity endophytic strains. Sequences analysis of ITS and 16S rDNA was used for molecular identification of the strains. The results showed that 5 endophytic fungi had no inhibitory activity against the tested pathogens. Endophytic actinomycete strain AL6 had a certain inhibitory effect on 3 kinds of pathogenic fungi, and strain AL5 only had strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the anti-tumor activity of endophytic fungi was significantly higher than that of actinomycetes. Four endophytic fungi strains exhibited the growth inhibition rate of above 50% against at least one of the tested tumor cells when the concentration of fermentation broth was 0.2 g•L⁻¹. Sequences analysis showed that 5 endophytic fungi strains belonged to genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Emericella, and the 5 endophytic actinomycetes strains belonged to genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Emericella. Aspergillus strain FL1 had stronger inhibitory activity against A549 and HeLa cells, and the IC₅₀ values were 0.022，0.028 g•L⁻¹, respectively, which was worthy of further study.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii (K. alvarezii) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) and to compare the microbial inhibition activities between these two crude extracts. Methods Both K. alvarezii and A. paniculata were extracted with methanol before the commencement of antimicrobial properties studies. There were a total of eight species of bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. The antimicrobial activity was tested by disk diffusion method. Results Crude extract of K. alvarezii was found not effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, A. paniculata showed higher inhibition towards the growth of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed that Bacillus subtilis was susceptible at lower concentration of A. paniculata crude extract however Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most susceptible towards A. paniculata at higher concentration. Although the inhibition zones produced by the crude extract were smaller than that of the positive control, streptomycin disc, A. paniculata crude extract still can be considered as potential antimicrobial agents either because it is a natural product or the active compound which is yet identified from its crude extract. Conclusions Crude extract of K. alvarezii has zero inhibition in bacteria growth whereas A. paniculata exerted higher inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria. The bioactive compounds contained by A. paniculata can be evaluated in order to yield a better vision towards the mode of action.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii (K. alvarezii) and Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) and to compare the microbial inhibition activities between these two crude extracts. Methods: Both K. alvarezii and A. paniculata were extracted with methanol before the commencement of antimicrobial properties studies. There were a total of eight species of bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylo-coccus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. The antimicrobial activity was tested by disk diffusion method. Results: Crude extract of K. alvarezii was found not effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, A. paniculata showed higher inhibi-tion towards the growth of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Results revealed that Bacillus subtilis was susceptible at lower concentration of A. paniculata crude extract however Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most suscep-tible towards A. paniculata at higher concentration. Although the inhibition zones pro-duced by the crude extract were smaller than that of the positive control, streptomycin disc, A. paniculata crude extract still can be considered as potential antimicrobial agents either because it is a natural product or the active compound which is yet identified from its crude extract. Conclusions: Crude extract of K. alvarezii has zero inhibition in bacteria growth whereas A. paniculata exerted higher inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria. The bioactive compounds contained by A. paniculata can be evaluated in order to yield a better vision towards the mode of action.